1800万知乎用户的爬取

近日爬取了18,037,764个知乎用户；1,627,302篇文章；7,309,906个提问，42,825,840个回答,记录其主要过程

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爬取工具：python3+scrapy+redis+mongo
知识要点：python3，scrapy-redis框架，redis数据库，mongo数据库，http请求，正则表达式， xpath,https代理。
爬取思路：从过百万粉丝的张佳伟/李开复等几个知乎大V开始爬取，递归爬取关注列表和粉丝列表。

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python教程推荐：
1：Python 基础教程 | 菜鸟教程[1]
2：廖雪峰的官方网站[2]
scrapy-redis推荐：Scrapy 1.0 文档http://scrapy-chs.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/1.0/index.html
redis+mongo推荐：菜鸟教程http://www.runoob.com/
http推荐：《http权威指南》
正则表达式推荐：《精通正则表达式》
xpath推荐：w3cschool https://www.w3cschool.cn/xpath/
https代理:快代理/西刺代理/goubanjia
phantomjs:更新知乎令牌专用。
验证码：由于不需要太多验证码，因此没有采用深度学习训练模型，而采用云速打码(90%的准确率)的方式

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scrapy是非常非常优秀\快捷\高效的爬虫框架，其原理图这里不附，网上很多，简单说就是请求-去重-入队-调度-出队-下载。  
首先需要写的代码就是item，也就是要下载的内容。很简单，字段/属性而已

from scrapy.item import Item, Field
class UserItem(Item):   
    locations = Field()#所在地
    educations = Field()#教育背景
    employments = Field()#工作信息
    badge = Field()
    business = Field()  
    id = Field()
    name = Field()#用户昵称
    avatar_url = Field()
    headline = Field()
    description = Field()#个人描述
    #url = Field()
    url_token = Field()#知乎给予的每个人用户主页唯一的ID
    gender = Field()
    #cover_url = Field()
    type = Field()
    is_active=Field()
    is_advertiser=Field() ##是否是广告用户
    is_org=Field()  ##是否是组织 
    answer_count = Field()#回答数量
    articles_count = Field()#写过的文章数
    commercial_question_count = Field()
    favorite_count = Field()#收藏数量
    favorited_count = Field()#被收藏次数
    follower_count = Field()#粉丝数量
    following_columns_count = Field()#关注的专栏
    following_count = Field()#关注了多少人
    following_favlists_count = Field()#关注的收藏数量
    following_question_count = Field()#关注问题数量
    following_topic_count = Field()#关注话题数量
    hosted_live_count = Field()#举办live数
    logs_count = Field()#参与公共编辑
    marked_answers_count = Field()##知乎收录
    participated_live_count = Field()     
    pins_count = Field()#分享总数
    question_count = Field()#提问数量
    thank_from_count = Field()
    thank_to_count = Field()
    thanked_count = Field()#获得的感谢数
    vote_from_count = Field()
    vote_to_count = Field()
    voteup_count = Field()#获得的赞数    

  #接下来是spider的代码。
from scrapy_redis.spiders import RedisSpider
from scrapy.http import Request
from zhihu.items import UserItem
class ZhuanlanSpider(RedisSpider):
    name = "zhihu"  ##定义spider名字的字符串。
    allowed_domains = ["www.zhihu.com"] ##可选。包含了spider允许爬取的域名(domain)列表(list)
    user_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/{user}?include={include}'
    follows_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/{user}/followees?include={include}&limit={limit}&offset={offset}'
    followers_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/{user}/followers?include={include}&limit={limit}&offset={offset}'    
    start_user = 'zhang-jia-wei'    
    user_query = 'locations,employments,gender,educations,business,voteup_count,thanked_Count,
        following_favlists_count,following_columns_count,answer_count,articles_count,
        pins_count,question_count,commercial_question_count,favorite_count,favorited_count,
        logs_count,marked_answers_count,marked_answers_text,message_thread_token,
        account_status,is_active,is_force_renamed,is_bind_sina,sina_weibo_url,
        sina_weibo_name,show_sina_weibo,is_blocking,is_blocked,is_following,is_followed,
        thank_from_count,thanked_count,description,hosted_live_count,
        participated_live_count,allow_message,industry_category,org_name,
        org_homepage,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'
    follows_query = 'data[*].answer_count,articles_count,gender,follower_count,is_followed,is_following,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'
    followers_query = 'data[*].answer_count,articles_count,gender,follower_count,is_followed,is_following,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'
    start_urls =[]
    def start_requests(self):##当spider启动爬取并且未指定start_urls时，该方法被调用
        user=self.start_user
        url=self.user_url.format(user=user, include=self.user_query)  
        yield Request(url, self.parse_user)
        yield Request(self.follows_url.format(user=user, include=self.follows_query, limit=20, offset=0),self.parse_follows)
        yield Request(self.followers_url.format(user=user, include=self.followers_query, limit=20, offset=0), self.parse_followers)  
    def parse_user(self,response):
        item=UserItem() 
        result = json.loads(response.text)
        self.DealResult(result)#处理educations，employments，business，locations，badge
        for field in item.fields:
            if field in result.keys():
                item[field] = result.get(field)  
        yield item
        if item["following_count"]>0:
            yield Request(self.follows_url.format(user=result.get('url_token'), include=self.follows_query, limit=20, offset=0) , self.parse_follows)
        if item['follower_count']>0: 
            yield Request(self.followers_url.format(user=result.get('url_token'), include=self.followers_query, limit=20, offset=0) , self.parse_followers)                  
#def parse_follows()  parse_followers(）更为简单，这里就不再放上来了。
#
... prompt'''

本想全部放上，发现实在太长了，还是说说一些要点就好了。

1. queue出队入队中，为了减少内存占用，入队时把链接压缩为user%s0，出队时再补足。且出队优先级中，user_url>follows_url|followers_url
2. HeaderMidware中,随机更换知乎令牌及https代理服务器，在获取服务器回复后，发现401，403错误则更新知乎令牌，404错误则记录url后忽略,其余错误则依次把链接重新入队、输出错误、忽略请求。并非采用重试几次的做法。
3. bloomfilter去重算法，则参考九茶的代码
4. 用户数据保存到mongo数据库，这里必须提一下educations，employments，business，locations，badge这几个字段必须处理(上诉代码中DealResult(),限于篇幅没有放上去,需要可私信),否则保存时可能因为引号出现错误。这里也吐槽一下知乎，在这几个字段里有太多太长的wiki数据。
5. 稍后代码会上传github，相关知乎用户数据分析，请查看《大数据报告：1800万知乎用户的简单分析(一)》[3]《大数据报告:1800万知乎用户之最(二)》[4]《大数据报告：1800万知乎用户之机构用户与广告用户》[5]等系列文章
   谢谢

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[1] http://www.runoob.com/python/python-tutorial.html
[2] https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000
[3] https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/30051491
[4] https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/30106090
[5] https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/30144848