select原理
系统提供select函数来实现多路复用输入/输出模型。select系统调用是用来让我们的程序监视多个文件句柄的状态变化的。程序会停在select这里等待,直到被监视的文件句柄有一个或多个发生了状态改变。关于文件句柄,其实就是一个整数,我们最熟悉的句柄是0、1、2三个,0是标准输入,1是标准输出,2是标准错误输出。0、1、2是整数表示的,对应的FILE *结构的表示就是stdin、stdout、stderr
select函数原型
#include <sys/select.h>
int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);
void FD_CLR(int fd, fd_set *set);//将制定位清零
int FD_ISSET(int fd, fd_set *set);//判断指定位是否被设置
void FD_SET(int fd, fd_set *set);//设置指定位
void FD_ZERO(fd_set *set);//全部清空
select模型
理解select模型的关键在于理解fd_set,为说明方便,取fd_set长度为1字节,fd_set中的每一bit可以对应一个⽂文件描述符fd。则1字节长的fd_set最⼤大可以对应8个fd。实际上就是位图
(1)执⾏行fd_set set; FD_ZERO(&set);则set⽤用位表⽰示是0000,0000。
(2)若fd=5,执⾏行FD_SET(fd,&set);后set变为0001,0000(第5位置为1)
(3)若再加入fd=2,fd=1,则set变为0001,0011
(4)执行select(6,&set,0,0,0)阻塞等待
(5)若fd=1,fd=2上都发生可读事件,则select返回,此时set变为0000,0011。注意:没有事件发生的fd=5被清空。
程序代码
server
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <string.h>
static void usage(char* arg)
{
printf("%s[local_ip][local_port]",arg);
}
int starup(char* ip,int port)
{
int sock = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
if(sock < 0)
{
perror("socket");
exit(2);
}
struct sockaddr_in server;
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
server.sin_port = htons(port);
server.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(ip);
int opt = 1;
setsockopt(sock,SOL_SOCKET,SO_REUSEADDR,&opt,sizeof(opt));
if(bind(sock,(struct sockaddr*)&server,sizeof(server)) < 0)
{
perror("bind");
exit(3);
}
if(listen(sock,10) < 0)
{
perror("listen");
exit(4);
}
return sock;
}
int rfds_array[sizeof(fd_set) * 8];
int write_array[sizeof(fd_set) * 8];
int main(int argc,char* argv[])
{
// printf("%d\n",sizeof(fd_set));
if(argc != 3)
{
usage(argv[0]);
return 1;
}
int listen_sock = starup(argv[1],atoi(argv[2]));
int nums = 8 * sizeof(fd_set);
fd_set read_set;
fd_set write_set;
rfds_array[0] = listen_sock;
write_array[0] = -1;
int i = 1;
for(;i < nums; ++i)
{
rfds_array[i] = -1;
write_array[i] = -1;
}
while(1)
{
FD_ZERO(&write_set);
FD_ZERO(&read_set);
int max_fd = -1;
// FD_SET(listen_sock,&read_set);
for(i = 0;i < nums; ++i)
{
if(rfds_array[i] < 0)
continue;
if(max_fd < rfds_array[i])
max_fd = rfds_array[i];
FD_SET(rfds_array[i],&read_set);
}
for(i = 0;i < nums;++i)
{
if(write_array[i] == -1)
continue;
if(max_fd < write_array[i])
max_fd = write_array[i];
FD_SET(write_array[i],&write_set);
}
//struct timeval timeout;
//timeout.tv_sec = 2;
//timeout.tv_usec = 0;
int ret = select(max_fd + 1,&read_set,&write_set,NULL,NULL);
if(ret > 0)
{
for(i = 0; i < nums; ++i)
{
if(i == 0 && FD_ISSET(listen_sock,&read_set))
{
struct sockaddr_in client;
socklen_t len = sizeof(client);
int new_sock = accept(listen_sock,(struct sockaddr*)&client,&len);
if(new_sock <= 0)
{
perror("accept");
// continue;
}
else
{
int j = 1;
for(; j < nums; ++j)
{
if(rfds_array[j] == -1)
break;
}
if(j < nums)
{
rfds_array[j] = new_sock;
}
else
{
printf("fd_set is full\n");
close(new_sock);
// continue;
}
printf("new client come %s %d\n",inet_ntoa(client.sin_addr),ntohs(client.sin_port));
for(j = 0;j < nums;++j)
{
if(write_array[j] == -1)
break;
}
if(j < nums)
write_array[j] = new_sock;
else
{
printf("cannot write\n");
}
}
}//i == 0
else if(i > 0 && FD_ISSET(rfds_array[i],&read_set))
{
char buf[1024];
ssize_t s = read(rfds_array[i],buf,sizeof(buf) - 1);
if(s == 0)
{
printf("client is quit..\n");
close(rfds_array[i]);
int j = 0;
for(;j< nums; ++j)
{
if(write_array[j] == rfds_array[i])
break;
}
if(j < nums)
write_array[j] = -1;
rfds_array[i] = -1;
// continue;
}
else if(s < 0)
{
perror("read");
close(rfds_array[i]);
rfds_array[i] = -1;
// continue;
}
else
{
buf[s] = 0;
// printf("%s %d:",inet_ntoa(client.sin_addr),ntohs(client.sin_port));
printf("%s\n",buf);
// write(rfds_array[i],buf,strlen(buf));
}
}//i > 0
if(write_array[i] != -1 && FD_ISSET(write_array[i],&write_set))
{
char* buf = "hello word";
printf("%s\n",buf);
write(write_array[i],buf,strlen(buf));
}
}//for
}
else if(ret == 0)
{
printf("nothing is ready..\n");
}
else
{
perror("select");
return 5;
}
}
return 0;
}
client
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
static void usage(char* arg)
{
printf("%s[server_ip][server_port]\n",arg);
}
int main(int argc,char* argv[])
{
if(3 != argc)
{
usage(argv[0]);
return 1;
}
int sock = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
if(sock < 0)
{
perror("sock");
return 2;
}
struct sockaddr_in server;
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
server.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2]));
server.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(argv[1]);
if(connect(sock,(struct sockaddr*)&server,sizeof(server)) < 0)
{
perror("connect");
return 3;
}
close(1);
int ret = dup(sock);//使用dup重定向
if(ret<0)
{
perror("dup");
return 4;
}
close(sock);
char buf[1024];
while(1)
{
ssize_t ret = read(0,buf,sizeof(buf)-1);
if(ret<0)
{
perror("read");
return 5;
}
buf[ret-1]=0;
printf("%s",buf);
fflush(stdout);
}
return 0;
}
select优缺点
优点
(1)select()的可移植性更好,在某些Unix系统上不支持poll()
(2)select() 对于超时值提供了更好的精度:微秒,而poll是毫秒
缺点
(1)每次调用select,都需要把fd集合从用户态拷贝到内核态,这个开销在fd很多时会很大
(2)同时每次调用select都需要在内核遍历传递进来的所有fd,这个开销在fd很多时也很大
(3)select支持的文件描述符数量太小了,默认是1024