Microprocessor( μ P,mp)
- Central Dvice of a multi chip Micro Computer System
Two basic architectures:
- ”von Neumann”-Architecture
- Shared memory space between code and data
- Shared memory busses between code and data
- Example:Intel’s x86 Pentiun Processor family
- “Harvard”-Architecture:
- Two independent memory spaces for code and data
- Two memory bus systems for code and data
- ”von Neumann”-Architecture
A μ P needs additional external devices to operate properly
Microprocessor block diagram
Microprocesser exectution flow
CPU of a microprocessor
CPU=Central Processing Unit
- Consists of:
- few internal memory cells (“Register“)for operands
- calculation unit:”Arithmetic Logic Unit”(ALU)
- instruction register(IR) and instruction decoder
- address unit
Address unit:
- read data and instruction from memory
- write data into memory
Instruction:
- analyses current instruction and controls subsequent actions of other modules
Register:
- store data for instantaneous instruction and computation
Note:today’s microprocessors have a much finer granularity and sometimes parallel units.However,the basics are still the very same.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit of a microprocessor)
calculates arithmetical and / or logical function:
- At least:
- arithmetical: Addition(ADD)
- logical: Negation(NEG) Conjunction(AND) Typical:
- arithmetical: Subtraction(SUB) Multiplication(MUL)
- logical: Comparison(CMP) Disjunction(OR) Antivalence(EXOR)
- miscellaneous: Right-and Left Shift(ASR,ASL)
Rotation(ROL,ROR) Register-Bit-anipulation(set,clear,toggle,test)a ALU is able to process two binary values with equal length(N)->N-Bit ALU with N=4,8,16,32 or 64
- most ALU’s process Fixed Point Numbers
- a few ALU’s,used especially in Digital Signal Processors and desktop processors,are capable to operate on Floating Point Numbers or on both formats.
Our Desktop - PC
Microcomputer
- Micro Computer = microprocessor( μ P) + memory + peripherals
Example: your Desktop-PC
Peripherals Include:
- Digital Input / Output Lines
- Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC)
- Digital to Analogue Converter (DAC)
- Timer / Counter units
- Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Digital Output Lines
- Digital Capture Input Lines
- Network Interface Units:
- Serial Communication Interface (SCI) -UART
- Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
- Inter Integrated Circuit (I 2 C) - Bus
- Controller Area Network (CAN)
- Local Interconnect Network (LIN)
- Universal Serial Bus (USB)
- Local / Wide Area Networks (LAN,WAN)
- Graphical Output Devices
- and more …
System on Chip
Microcontroller( μ C,MCU)
- Nothing more than a Microcomputer as a single silicon chip!
- All computing power and input/output channels that are required to design a real time control system are “on chip”!
- Guarantee cost efficient and powerful solution for embedded control applications
Backbone for almost every type of modern product
Over 200 independent families of μ C
Both μ P - Architectures(“Von Neumann” and “Harvard”) are used inside Microcontrollers
Digital Signal Processor
A Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is:
Similar to a micro processor ( μ P), e.g. core of a computing system
Additional Hardware Units to speed up computing of sophisticated mathematical operations:
- Additional Hardware Multiply Unit(s)
- Additional Pointer Arithmetic Unit(s)
- Additional Bus Systems for parallel access
- Additional Hardware Shifter for scaling and / or multiply / divide by 2 n
What are typical DSP algorithms?
An equation,called”Sum of Products”(SOP) is the key element in most DSP algorithms: