Linux字符设备驱动之同步互斥阻塞
互斥的实现
为了实现同一时绝对的只能有一个进程使用某个设备需要互斥机制,linux互斥机制有多种,如原子变量、互斥锁、信号量、自旋锁、读写锁等等。
1、原子操作
指执行的过程中不会被别的代码路径所中断的操作
1.1 其常使用的函数有:
atomic_t v = ATOMIC_INIT(0); //定义原子变量v并初始化为0
atomic_read(atomic_t *v); //返回原子变量的值
void atomic_inc(atomic_t *v); //原子变量增加1
void atomic_dec(atomic_t *v); //原子变量减少1
int atomic_dec_and_test(atomic_t *v); //自减操作后测试其是否为0,为0则返回true,否则返回false
1.2 使用过程
(1)设置原子变量,用来标记设备是否被占用
如定义原子变量canopen:
static atomic_t canopen = ATOMIC_INIT(1); //定义原子变量并初始化为1
(2)在打开设备之前先测试设备是否可用
假设我们用1表示可用,检测函数如下:
if (!atomic_dec_and_test(&canopen))//检测,设备不可用执行if语句
{
atomic_inc(&canopen);//将原子变量变回原来的值
return -EBUSY;
}
设备可用时,原子变量减1后为0,检测函数返回ture,非ture为false,则不执行if语句,此时原子变量也变为0,表示设备不可用。
(3)在关闭设备的函数里最后把设备标记为未被占用。即使用
atomic_inc(atomic_t *v)
让原子变量为1,表示设备可用。
使用原子变量,在原子变量加减的时候,不能其他操作打断,因而保证了绝对互斥,同一时间设备只能被一个进程使用。
2、信号量
信号量(Semaphore),有时被称为信号灯,是在多线程环境下使用的一种设施, 它负责协调各个线程, 以保证它们能够正确、合理的使用公共资源。
只有获取到信号量的进程才能才能执行临界区代码,获取不到信号量的进程返回或休眠。
2.1 使用函数
定义信号量sem:
struct semaphore sem;
初始化信号量:
void sema_init (struct semaphore *sem, int val);
void init_MUTEX(struct semaphore *sem); //初始化为0
可用使用DECLARE_MUTEX,实现信号量的定义并初始化,如:
DECLARE_MUTEX(name); //定义一个信号量name,并初始化它的值为1
注意init_MUTEX(),DECLARE_MUTEX 在linux2.6.38以后已被移除。其中DECLARE_MUTEX(name)被DEFINE_SEMAPHORE替代,为避免与DEFINE_MUTEX 互斥锁相近引起开发者误解。
获得信号量:
void down(struct semaphore * sem);
int down_interruptible(struct semaphore * sem); //获取不到休眠,可被中断
int down_trylock(struct semaphore * sem); //获取不到立即返回
释放信号量:
void up(struct semaphore * sem);
2.2 使用过程
(1)定义一个信号量。如,定义一个信号量button_lock:
static DECLARE_MUTEX(button_lock);//定义互斥锁
(2)打开设备时先获得信号量:
down(&button_lock);
也可用其他函数。第一个进程执行到down函数时可以申请到信号量button_lock,第二个进程如果再申请则申请不到,进入休眠状态,直到信号量被释放,第二个进程就可以进行。
(3)关闭设备最后释放信号量:
up(&button_lock);
阻塞、非阻塞的实现
1 阻塞操作:是指在执行设备操作时若不能获得资源则挂起进程,直到满足可操作的条件后再进行操作。被挂起的进程进入休眠状态,被从调度器的运行队列移走,直到等待的条件被满足。
非阻塞操作:进程在不能进行设备操作时并不挂起,它或者放弃,或者不停地查询,直至可以进行操作为止。
2 通过判断函数带入的参数file的file->f_flags来判断是否为阻塞,以做相应的操作。
if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK)
{
//非阻塞,实现立即返回
}
else
{
//阻塞,实现休眠
}
实现后,应用程序调用实现后的函数时,可以选择阻塞或非阻塞方式,阻塞时陷入休眠,非阻塞时立即返回信息。一般默认是阻塞,应用程序设置非阻塞方式打开使用O_NONBLOCK,如下:
fd = open("...", O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK);
示例程序
原子操作
驱动程序
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/irq.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/irq.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/arch/regs-gpio.h>
#include <asm/hardware.h>
#include <linux/poll.h>
static struct class *fifthdrv_class;
static struct class_device*fifthdrv_class_dev;
volatile unsigned long *gpfcon;
volatile unsigned long *gpfdat;
volatile unsigned long *gpgcon;
volatile unsigned long *gpgdat;
/*定义并初始化等待队列头*/
static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(button_waitq);
/* 中断事件标志, 中断服务程序将它置1,fifth_drv_read将它清0 */
static volatile int ev_press = 0;
static struct fasync_struct *button_async;
struct pin_desc{
unsigned int pin;
unsigned int key_val;
};
/* 键值: 按下时, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04 */
/* 键值: 松开时, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83, 0x84 */
static unsigned char key_val;
struct pin_desc pins_desc[4] = {
{S3C2410_GPF0, 0x01},
{S3C2410_GPF2, 0x02},
{S3C2410_GPG3, 0x03},
{S3C2410_GPG11, 0x04},
};
static atomic_t canopen = ATOMIC_INIT(1); //定义原子变量并初始化为1
/*
* 确定按键值
*/
static irqreturn_t buttons_irq(int irq, void *dev_id)
{
struct pin_desc * pindesc = (struct pin_desc *)dev_id;
unsigned int pinval;
pinval = s3c2410_gpio_getpin(pindesc->pin);
if (pinval)
{
/* 松开 */
key_val = 0x80 | pindesc->key_val;
}
else
{
/* 按下 */
key_val = pindesc->key_val;
}
ev_press = 1; /* 表示中断发生了 */
wake_up_interruptible(&button_waitq); /* 唤醒休眠的进程 */
kill_fasync (&button_async, SIGIO, POLL_IN);
return IRQ_RETVAL(IRQ_HANDLED);
}
static int fifth_drv_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
if (!atomic_dec_and_test(&canopen)) //减1后不等于0则返回false
{
atomic_inc(&canopen); //自加1
return -EBUSY;
}
/* 配置GPF0,2为输入引脚 */
/* 配置GPG3,11为输入引脚 */
request_irq(IRQ_EINT0, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "S2", &pins_desc[0]);
request_irq(IRQ_EINT2, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "S3", &pins_desc[1]);
request_irq(IRQ_EINT11, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "S4", &pins_desc[2]);
request_irq(IRQ_EINT19, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "S5", &pins_desc[3]);
return 0;
}
ssize_t fifth_drv_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t size, loff_t *ppos)
{
if (size != 1)
return -EINVAL;
/* 如果没有按键动作, 休眠 */
wait_event_interruptible(button_waitq, ev_press);
/* 如果有按键动作, 返回键值 */
copy_to_user(buf, &key_val, 1);
ev_press = 0;
return 1;
}
int fifth_drv_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
/*释放原子变量,即加1,因为open的时候有减1测试操作*/
atomic_inc(&canopen);
free_irq(IRQ_EINT0, &pins_desc[0]);
free_irq(IRQ_EINT2, &pins_desc[1]);
free_irq(IRQ_EINT11, &pins_desc[2]);
free_irq(IRQ_EINT19, &pins_desc[3]);
return 0;
}
static unsigned fifth_drv_poll(struct file *file, poll_table *wait)
{
unsigned int mask = 0;
poll_wait(file, &button_waitq, wait); // 不会立即休眠
if (ev_press)
mask |= POLLIN | POLLRDNORM;
return mask;
}
static int fifth_drv_fasync (int fd, struct file *filp, int on)
{
printk("driver: fifth_drv_fasync\n");
return fasync_helper (fd, filp, on, &button_async);
}
static struct file_operations sencod_drv_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE, /* 这是一个宏,推向编译模块时自动创建的__this_module变量 */
.open = fifth_drv_open,
.read = fifth_drv_read,
.release = fifth_drv_close,
.poll = fifth_drv_poll,
.fasync = fifth_drv_fasync,
};
int major;
static int fifth_drv_init(void)
{
major = register_chrdev(0, "fifth_drv", &sencod_drv_fops);
fifthdrv_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "fifth_drv");
fifthdrv_class_dev = class_device_create(fifthdrv_class, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, "buttons"); /* /dev/buttons */
gpfcon = (volatile unsigned long *)ioremap(0x56000050, 16);
gpfdat = gpfcon + 1;
gpgcon = (volatile unsigned long *)ioremap(0x56000060, 16);
gpgdat = gpgcon + 1;
return 0;
}
static void fifth_drv_exit(void)
{
unregister_chrdev(major, "fifth_drv");
class_device_unregister(fifthdrv_class_dev);
class_destroy(fifthdrv_class);
iounmap(gpfcon);
iounmap(gpgcon);
return 0;
}
module_init(fifth_drv_init);
module_exit(fifth_drv_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
测试程序
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int fd;
void my_signal_fun(int signum)
{
unsigned char key_val;
read(fd, &key_val, 1);
printf("key_val: 0x%x\n", key_val);
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
unsigned char key_val;
int ret;
int Oflags;
signal(SIGIO, my_signal_fun);
fd = open("/dev/buttons", O_RDWR);
if (fd < 0)
{
printf("can't open!\n");
return -1;
}
fcntl(fd, F_SETOWN, getpid());
Oflags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, Oflags | FASYNC);
while (1)
{
sleep(1000);
}
return 0;
}
测试步骤:
insmod key_interrupt_atomic.ko
./test_atomic &
./test_atomic
can't open!
第二次运行测试程序打开失败。
信号量和阻塞
驱动程序
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/irq.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/irq.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/arch/regs-gpio.h>
#include <asm/hardware.h>
#include <linux/poll.h>
static struct class *sixthdrv_class;
static struct class_device *sixthdrv_class_dev;
volatile unsigned long *gpfcon;
volatile unsigned long *gpfdat;
volatile unsigned long *gpgcon;
volatile unsigned long *gpgdat;
/*定义并初始化等待队列头*/
static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(button_waitq);
/* 中断事件标志, 中断服务程序将它置1,sixth_drv_read将它清0 */
static volatile int ev_press = 0;
static struct fasync_struct *button_async;
struct pin_desc{
unsigned int pin;
unsigned int key_val;
};
/* 键值: 按下时, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04 */
/* 键值: 松开时, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83, 0x84 */
static unsigned char key_val;
struct pin_desc pins_desc[4] = {
{S3C2410_GPF0, 0x01},
{S3C2410_GPF2, 0x02},
{S3C2410_GPG3, 0x03},
{S3C2410_GPG11, 0x04},
};
/*定义一个信号量并初始化为1*/
static DEFINE_SEMAPHORE(button_lock);
/*
* 确定按键值
*/
static irqreturn_t buttons_irq(int irq, void *dev_id)
{
struct pin_desc * pindesc = (struct pin_desc *)dev_id;
unsigned int pinval;
pinval = s3c2410_gpio_getpin(pindesc->pin);
if (pinval)
{
/* 松开 */
key_val = 0x80 | pindesc->key_val;
}
else
{
/* 按下 */
key_val = pindesc->key_val;
}
ev_press = 1;/* 表示中断发生了 */
wake_up_interruptible(&button_waitq);/* 唤醒休眠的进程 */
kill_fasync (&button_async, SIGIO, POLL_IN);
return IRQ_RETVAL(IRQ_HANDLED);
}
static int sixth_drv_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
/*非阻塞*/
if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK)
{
if (down_trylock(&button_lock)) //获取信号量,失败返回非0
return -EBUSY;
}
else
{
/* 获取信号量 */
//如果无法获取信号量,则会休眠
down(&button_lock);
}
/* 配置GPF0,2为输入引脚 */
/* 配置GPG3,11为输入引脚 */
request_irq(IRQ_EINT0, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "S2", &pins_desc[0]);
request_irq(IRQ_EINT2, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "S3", &pins_desc[1]);
request_irq(IRQ_EINT11, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "S4", &pins_desc[2]);
request_irq(IRQ_EINT19, buttons_irq, IRQT_BOTHEDGE, "S5", &pins_desc[3]);
return 0;
}
ssize_t sixth_drv_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t size, loff_t *ppos)
{
if (size != 1)
return -EINVAL;
/* 当没有按键按下时,休眠
* 即ev_press = 0;
* 当有按键按下时,发生中断,在中断处理函数会唤醒
* 即ev_press = 1;
* 唤醒后,接着继续将数据通过copy_to_user函数传递给应用程序
*/
/* 非阻塞 */
if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK)
{
if (!ev_press) //没有按键按下直接返回
return -EAGAIN;
}
/* 阻塞 */
else
{
/* 如果没有按键动作, 休眠 */
wait_event_interruptible(button_waitq, ev_press);
}
/* 如果有按键动作, 返回键值 */
copy_to_user(buf, &key_val, 1);
/* 将ev_press清零 */
ev_press = 0;
return 1;
}
int sixth_drv_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
//atomic_inc(&canopen);
free_irq(IRQ_EINT0, &pins_desc[0]);
free_irq(IRQ_EINT2, &pins_desc[1]);
free_irq(IRQ_EINT11, &pins_desc[2]);
free_irq(IRQ_EINT19, &pins_desc[3]);
/*释放互斥信号量*/
up(&button_lock);
return 0;
}
static unsigned sixth_drv_poll(struct file *file, poll_table *wait)
{
unsigned int mask = 0;
poll_wait(file, &button_waitq, wait);// 不会立即休眠
if (ev_press)
mask |= POLLIN | POLLRDNORM;
return mask;
}
static int sixth_drv_fasync (int fd, struct file *filp, int on)
{
printk("driver: sixth_drv_fasync\n");
return fasync_helper (fd, filp, on, &button_async);
}
static struct file_operations sencod_drv_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE, /* 这是一个宏,推向编译模块时自动创建的__this_module变量 */
.open = sixth_drv_open,
.read = sixth_drv_read,
.release = sixth_drv_close,
.poll = sixth_drv_poll,
.fasync = sixth_drv_fasync,
};
int major;
static int sixth_drv_init(void)
{
major = register_chrdev(0, "sixth_drv", &sencod_drv_fops);
sixthdrv_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "sixth_drv");
sixthdrv_class_dev = class_device_create(sixthdrv_class, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, "buttons"); /* /dev/buttons */
gpfcon = (volatile unsigned long *)ioremap(0x56000050, 16);
gpfdat = gpfcon + 1;
gpgcon = (volatile unsigned long *)ioremap(0x56000060, 16);
gpgdat = gpgcon + 1;
return 0;
}
static void sixth_drv_exit(void)
{
unregister_chrdev(major, "sixth_drv");
class_device_unregister(sixthdrv_class_dev);
class_destroy(sixthdrv_class);
iounmap(gpfcon);
iounmap(gpgcon);
return 0;
}
module_init(sixth_drv_init);
module_exit(sixth_drv_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
测试程序
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
/* sixthdrvtest
*/
int fd;
void my_signal_fun(int signum)
{
unsigned char key_val;
read(fd, &key_val, 1);
printf("key_val: 0x%x\n", key_val);
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
unsigned char key_val;
int ret;
int Oflags;
fd = open("/dev/buttons", O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK);
//fd = open("/dev/buttons", O_RDWR);//默认阻塞
if (fd < 0)
{
printf("can't open!\n");
return -1;
}
while (1)
{
ret = read(fd, &key_val, 1);
printf("key_val: 0x%x, ret = %d\n", key_val, ret);
sleep(5);
}
return 0;
}
信号量互斥(阻塞时)测试结果:
./test_signal_block &
./test_signal_block &
root@freescale /opt$ busybox ps
PID USER VSZ STAT COMMAND
1 root 2188 S init
2 root 0 SW [kthreadd]
2580 root 2368 S -sh
2590 root 1460 S ./test_signal_block
2591 root 1460 D ./test_signal_block
由上面的测试结果可知:当多次执行./test_signal_block &时,进程2590的状态为S即睡眠状态(阻塞状态时未按下按键时休眠),2591的状态为D即僵死状态(无法获取信号量休眠),只有杀死2590,2591才能变成S.
非阻塞测试结果(与信号量无关):
key_val: 0x0, ret = -1
key_val: 0x0, ret = -1
key_val: 0x0, ret = -1
key_val: 0x0, ret = -1
key_val: 0x0, ret = -1
未按下按键5s打印获取一次,结果是直接返回的。