What are some lesser known but useful Unix commands?

Source : Joshua Levy    Date : 2011-12-27 09:27:49  

A few that come to mind, some less known, some more:

• xargs or parallel: run things in parallel, with lots of options
• sed and awk: more well-known but still super useful for processing text files, and faster than Python or Ruby
• m4: simple macro processor
• screen: powerful terminal multiplexing and session persistence
• yes: print a string a lot
• cal: nice calendar
• env: run a command (useful in scripts)
• look: find English words (or lines in a file) beginning with a string
• cut and paste and join: data manipulation
• fmt: format text paragraphs
• pr: format text into pages/columns
• fold: wrap lines of text
• column: format text into columns or tables
• expand and unexpand: convert between tabs and spaces
• nl: add line numbers
• seq: print numbers
• bc: calculator
• factor: factor integers
• nc: network debugging and data transfer
• dd: moving data between files or devices
• file: identify type of a file
• stat: file info
• tac: print files in reverse
• shuf: random selection of lines from a file
• comm: compare sorted files line by line
• hd and bvi: dump or edit binary files
• strings: extract text from binary files
• tr: character translation or manipulation
• iconv or uconv: conversion for text encodings
• split and csplit: splitting files
• 7z: high-ratio file compression
• ldd: dynamic library info
• nm: symbols from object files
• ab: benchrmarking web servers
• strace: system call debugging
• mtr: better traceroute for network debugging
• cssh: visual concurrent shell
• wireshark and tshark: packet capture and network debugging
• host and dig: DNS lookups
• lsof: process file descriptor and socket info
• dstat: useful system stats
• iostat: CPU and disk usage stats
• htop: improved version of top
• last: login history
• w: who's logged on
• id: user/group identity info
• sar: historic system stats
• iftop or nethogs: network utilization by socket or process
• ss: socket statistics
• dmesg: boot and system error messages
• (Linux) hdparm: SATA/ATA disk manipulation/performance
• (Linux) lsb_release: Linux distribution info
• (Linux) lshw: hardware information
• fortune, ddate, and sl: um, well, it depends on whether you consider steam locomotives and Zippy quotations "useful"

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