观察者模式中,一个被观察者管理所有相依于它的观察者物件,并且在本身的状态改变时主动发出通知。这通常通过呼叫各观察者所提供的方法来实现。此种模式通常被用来实现事件处理系统。
角色
抽象被观察者角色:把所有对观察者对象的引用保存在一个集合中,每个被观察者角色都可以有任意数量的观察者。被观察者提供一个接口,可以增加和删除观察者角色。一般用一个抽象类和接口来实现。
抽象观察者角色:为所有具体的观察者定义一个接口,在得到主题的通知时更新自己。
具体被观察者角色:在被观察者内部状态改变时,给所有登记过的观察者发出通知。具体被观察者角色通常用一个子类实现。
具体观察者角色:该角色实现抽象观察者角色所要求的更新接口,以便使本身的状态与主题的状态相协调。通常用一个子类实现。如果需要,具体观察者角色可以保存一个指向具体主题角色的引用。
适用场景
1) 当一个抽象模型有两个方面, 其中一个方面依赖于另一方面。将这二者封装在独立的对象中以使它们可以各自独立地改变和复用。
2) 当对一个对象的改变需要同时改变其它对象, 而不知道具体有多少对象有待改变。
3) 当一个对象必须通知其它对象,而它又不能假定其它对象是谁。换言之, 你不希望这些对象是紧密耦合的。
例子一:java自带接口
1。被观察者实现
package com.test.observermodel;
import java.util.Observable;
public class HouseObservable extends Observable {
public HouseObservable(float price) {
super();
this.price = price;
}
private float price;
public float getPrice() {
return price;
}
public void setPrice(float price) {
super.setChanged();//设置变化点
super.notifyObservers(price);//通知价格变化
this.price = price;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return "房子的价格是:"+this.price;
}
}
2。观察者实现
package com.test.observermodel;
import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;
public class HousePriceObserver implements Observer {
private String observerName;
@Override
public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
if (arg instanceof Float) {
System.out.print(observerName+"观察到的价格改完:");
System.out.println(((Float)arg).floatValue());
}
}
public HousePriceObserver(String observerName) {
super();
this.observerName = observerName;
}
}
3。test
package com.test.observermodel;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testHouse();
}
private static void testHouse() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
HouseObservable houseObservable=new HouseObservable(123000);
HousePriceObserver observer1=new HousePriceObserver("观察者1");
HousePriceObserver observer2=new HousePriceObserver("观察者2");
HousePriceObserver observer3=new HousePriceObserver("观察者3");
houseObservable.addObserver(observer1);
houseObservable.addObserver(observer2);
houseObservable.addObserver(observer3);
System.out.println(houseObservable);
houseObservable.setPrice(8000);
System.out.println(houseObservable);
houseObservable.setPrice(200000);
System.out.println(houseObservable);
}
}
4。结果:
房子的价格是:123000.0
观察者3观察到的价格改完:8000.0
观察者2观察到的价格改完:8000.0
观察者1观察到的价格改完:8000.0
房子的价格是:8000.0
观察者3观察到的价格改完:200000.0
观察者2观察到的价格改完:200000.0
观察者1观察到的价格改完:200000.0
房子的价格是:200000.0
例子二:
1。被观察者接口
package com.test.observermodel;
public interface MyObservable {
public void registerObserver(MyObserver er);
public void removeObserver(MyObserver er);
public void notifyAllObservers();
}
2。被观察者实现
package com.test.observermodel;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class MyObservabeImplJob implements MyObservable {
private List<MyObserver> erList;
private List<String> jobs;
public MyObservabeImplJob() {
super();
this.erList = new ArrayList<MyObserver>();
this.jobs = new ArrayList<String>();
}
@Override
public void registerObserver(MyObserver er) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
erList.add(er);
}
@Override
public void removeObserver(MyObserver er) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
}
@Override
public void notifyAllObservers() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
for (MyObserver er: erList) {
er.update(this);
}
}
public void addJob(String job) {
this.jobs.add(job);
notifyAllObservers();
}
public List<String> getJobs() {
return jobs;
}
public String toString() {
return jobs.toString();
}
}
3。观察者接口
package com.test.observermodel;
public interface MyObserver {
public void update(MyObservable able);
}
4。观察者实现
package com.test.observermodel;
public class MyObserverImpl implements MyObserver{
private String name;
@Override
public void update(MyObservable able) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
System.out.println(this.name + "收到改变通知!");
//print job list
System.out.println(able);
}
public MyObserverImpl(String name) {
super();
this.name = name;
}
}
5。test
package com.test.observermodel;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testJob();
}
private static void testJob() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
MyObservabeImplJob jobCenter=new MyObservabeImplJob();
MyObserverImpl myObserverImpl1=new MyObserverImpl("观察者1");
MyObserverImpl myObserverImpl2=new MyObserverImpl("观察者2");
MyObserverImpl myObserverImpl3=new MyObserverImpl("观察者3");
jobCenter.registerObserver(myObserverImpl1);
jobCenter.registerObserver(myObserverImpl2);
jobCenter.registerObserver(myObserverImpl3);
jobCenter.addJob("程序员");
jobCenter.addJob("护林员");
}
}
6。结果
观察者1收到改变通知!
[程序员]
观察者2收到改变通知!
[程序员]
观察者3收到改变通知!
[程序员]
观察者1收到改变通知!
[程序员, 护林员]
观察者2收到改变通知!
[程序员, 护林员]
观察者3收到改变通知!
[程序员, 护林员]
例子三:
1。被观察者接口
package com.test.observermodel;
public interface Watched {
public void addWatcher(Watcher watcher);
public void removeWatcher(Watcher watcher);
public void notifyWatchers();
}
2。被观察者实现
package com.test.observermodel;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class WatchedImpl implements Watched {
private List<Watcher> list = new ArrayList<Watcher>();
@Override
public void addWatcher(Watcher watcher) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
list.add(watcher);
}
@Override
public void removeWatcher(Watcher watcher) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
list.remove(watcher);
}
@Override
public void notifyWatchers() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
for (Watcher watcher : list) {
watcher.update();
}
}
void changeSomeValue(String value){
//do some
notifyWatchers();
}
}
3。观察者接口
package com.test.observermodel;
public interface Watcher {
public void update();
}
4。观察者实现
package com.test.observermodel;
public class WatcherImpl implements Watcher{
private String name;
public WatcherImpl(String name) {
super();
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public void update() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
System.out.println(name+"接到通知更新");
}
}
5。test
package com.test.observermodel;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testWatch();
}
private static void testWatch() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
WatchedImpl watchedImpl=new WatchedImpl();
WatcherImpl watcherImpl1=new WatcherImpl("观察者1");
WatcherImpl watcherImpl2=new WatcherImpl("观察者2");
WatcherImpl watcherImpl3=new WatcherImpl("观察者3");
watchedImpl.addWatcher(watcherImpl1);
watchedImpl.addWatcher(watcherImpl2);
watchedImpl.addWatcher(watcherImpl3);
watchedImpl.changeSomeValue("111");
}
}
6。结果
观察者1接到通知更新
观察者2接到通知更新
观察者3接到通知更新