用Python学《微积分B》（反常积分）

  Riemann积分有两个局限：一是积分区间[a, b]必须有限；二是被积函数f(x)在积分区间[a, b]上有界。而反常积分（Improper Integral）就是对Riemann积分这两个局限的扩展，前者扩展后被称为“无穷积分”，后者扩展后被称为“瑕积分”。
  本节的内容属于“微积分的扩展”，课程中介绍的本就不太详细，主要讨论反常积分的“敛散性”我就不作扩展了，仅用Python辅助，展示课后练习和单元测试的解答。

#Exercise 7-7-1
from sympy import *
init_printing()
x = Symbol('x')
f = 1 / (1 + E ** x) ** 2
f, integrate(f, (x, 0, +oo))

(1(ex+1)2,−12+log(2))

$$\left ( \frac{1}{\left(e^{x} + 1\right)^{2}}, \quad - \frac{1}{2} + \log{\left (2 \right )}\right )$$

#Exercise 7-7-2
x = Symbol('x')
f = 1 / (x ** 2 + 4 * x + 9)
f, integrate(f, (x, -oo, +oo))

(1x2+4x+9,5√π5)

$$\left ( \frac{1}{x^{2} + 4 x + 9}, \quad \frac{\sqrt{5} \pi}{5}\right )$$

#Exercise 7-7-3
x = Symbol('x')
f = log(x) / (1 + x) ** 2
f, integrate(f, (x, 0, +oo))

(log(x)(x+1)2,0)

$$\left ( \frac{\log{\left (x \right )}}{\left(x + 1\right)^{2}}, \quad 0\right )$$

#Exercise 7-7-4
x = Symbol('x')
f = 1 / sqrt(abs((1 - x)))
f1 = 1 / sqrt(1 - x)
f2 = 1 / sqrt(x - 1)
f, integrate(f1, (x, 0, 1)),  integrate(f2, (x, 1, 2))

(1|x−1|−−−−−√,2,2)

$$\left ( \frac{1}{\sqrt{\left|{x - 1}\right|}}, \quad 2, \quad 2\right )$$

#Exercise 7-7-4
%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#x = np.array(filter(lambda t:t != 1, np.linspace(0, 2))).flatten()
x = np.linspace(0, 2)
t = np.asarray([1]).repeat(x.size)
y = 1 / np.sqrt(np.abs((t - x)))
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.show()

Exercise 7-7-5

∫10x1−x−−−−−√dx=?

$$\int_0^1 \sqrt{ \frac {x}{1-x}} \mathrm{d} x = ?$$
解：本题直接用sympy计算不出来，观察它的被积函数，其中含有2次根号，很容易相等“三角函数平方和/差公式”，令$x = sin^2(t)$，得：
$$\int_0^1 \sqrt{ \frac {x}{1-x}} \mathrm{d} x = \int_0^{\frac {\pi}{2}} tan(t) \mathrm{d} [sin^2(t)] = 2\int_0^{\frac {\pi}{2}} sin^2(t) \mathrm{d} t$$

#Exercise 7-7-3
x = Symbol('x')
f = sin(x) ** 2
2 * integrate(f, (x, 0, pi / 2))

π2

$$\frac{\pi}{2}$$

Exercise 7-7-6
$$\int_0^{+\infty} \frac {\mathrm{d} x}{(x+1)\sqrt{x^2 + 1}} = ?$$
解：同样地，用三角函数换元法
$$\int_0^{+\infty} \frac {\mathrm{d} x}{(x+1)\sqrt{x^2 + 1}} = \int_0^{\frac {\pi}{2}} \frac {cos^2(t) \mathrm{d} [tan(t)]}{sin(t)+ cos(t)} \\ = \int_0^{\frac {\pi}{2}} \frac {\mathrm{d} t}{sin(t)+ cos(t)} = \int_0^{\frac {\pi}{2}} \frac {\mathrm{d} t}{\sqrt{2}sin(t + \frac{\pi}{4})}$$

#Exercise 7-7-6
x = Symbol('x')
f = 1 / (sqrt(2) * sin(x + pi / 4))
integrate(f, (x, 0, pi / 2))

2√2log(2√(2√2+1))−2√2log(2√(−2√2+1))

$$\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \log{\left (\sqrt{2} \left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + 1\right) \right )} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \log{\left (\sqrt{2} \left(- \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} + 1\right) \right )}$$

Exercise 7-7-1b

∫+∞2dxxlnp(x)

$$\int_2^{+\infty} \frac {\mathrm{d} x}{xln^p(x)}$$
若上式收敛，求p的范围
解：运用“比阶判别法的极限形式”
$$\lim_{x \rightarrow + \infty} x^qf(x) = \lim_{x \rightarrow + \infty} \frac {x ^ {q-1}}{ln^p(x)}$$
要是这个极限存在，则 $p \geq q - 1 > 1 - 1 = 0$

Exercise 7-7-2b

∫+∞2dxx+x2+2−−−−−√

$$\int_2^{+\infty} \frac {\mathrm{d} x}{x + \sqrt{x^2 + 2}}$$
解：先看被积函数的性质
$$f(x) = \frac {1}{x + \sqrt{x^2 + 2}} = \frac {1}{2}(\sqrt{x^2 + 2} - x)$$

f′(x)=12(xx2+2−−−−−√−1)=x−x2+2−−−−−√2x2+2−−−