012 corejava 前几章基础知识

第一章介绍java语言的历史与特性，并没有什么深入的地方，

第二章介绍java环境的配置，使用命令行，ide,已经applet的使用,firefox不支持。

export JAVA_HOME=/home/wang/srccomputer/jdk1.8.0_111
export PATH=${JAVA_HOME}/bin:${JAVA_HOME}/jre/bin:$PATH
export CLASSPATH=.:$CLASSPATH:${JAVA_HOME}/lib:${JAVA_HOME}/jre/lib

第三章 基本语法

This chapter shows you how the basic programming concepts such as data types, branches, and loops are implemented in java.

简单的例子

/**
 * This is the first sample program in Core Java Chapter 3
 * @version 1.01 1997-03-22
 * @author Gary Cornell
 */
public class FirstSample
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      System.out.println("We will not use 'Hello, World!'");
   }
}

The String API

一个很重要的类。

First, construct an empty string builder:

StringBuilder builder = new StringBiuilder();

Each time you need to add another part, call the append method.

builder.append(ch);
builder.append(str);

String completeString = builder.toString();

输入

Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

To read an integer, use the nextInt method.

int age = in.nextInt();

import java.util.Scanner;

/**
 * Created by wang on 17-7-1.
 */
public class InputTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("What is your name? ");
        String name = in.nextLine();

        System.out.print("How old are you? ");
        int age = in.nextInt();

        System.out.println("Hello, " + name + ". Next year, you'll be " + (age + 1));
    }
}

输出

What is your name? wangrl
How old are you? 25
Hello, wangrl. Next year, you'll be 26

You can use the static String.format method to create a formatted string without printing it:

String message = String.format("Hello, %s. Next year, you'll be %d", name, age);

打印日期

System.out.printf("%tc", new Date());

Sat Jul 01 23:46:33 CST 2017

c Complete date and time.

文件的输入输出

Scanner in = new Scanner(Paths.get("myfile.txt"), "UTF-8");

PrintWriter out = new Printer("myfile.txt", "UTF-8");

控制流

import java.util.Scanner;

/**
 * Created by wang on 17-7-1.
 */
public class Retirement {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("How much money do you need to retire? ");
        double goal = in.nextDouble();

        System.out.print("How much money do you need to retire? ");
        double payment = in.nextDouble();

        System.out.print("Interest rate in %:");
        double interestRate = in.nextDouble();

        double balance = 0;
        int years = 0;

        // update account balance while goal isn't reached
        while (balance < goal) {
            balance += payment;
            double interest = balance * interestRate / 100;
            balance += interest;
            years++;
        }
        System.out.println("You can retire in " + years + " years.");
    }
}

How much money do you need to retire? 100
How much money do you need to retire? 10
Interest rate in %:10
You can retire in 7 years.

import java.util.Scanner;

/**
 * Created by wang on 17-7-2.
 */
public class LotteryOdds {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("How many members do you need to draw? ");
        int k = in.nextInt();
        
        System.out.print("What is the hightest number you can draw? ");
        int n = in.nextInt();

        int lotteryOdds = 1;
        for (int i = 1; i <= k; i++) {
            lotteryOdds = lotteryOdds * (n - i + 1) / i;
        }
        System.out.println("Your odds are 1 in " + lotteryOdds + ". Good luck!");
    }
}

How many members do you need to draw? 7
What is the hightest number you can draw? 51
Your odds are 1 in 115775100. Good luck!

超级大数

BigInteger a = BigInteger.valueOf(100);

lotteryOdds = lotteryOdds.multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(n - i + 1).divide(BigInteger.valueOf(i)));

数组

for each循环

for (int element : a)
    System.out.println(element);

类的三种关系

1. dependence "uses-a" relationship. Thus, a class depends on another class if its methods use or manipulate objects of that class.

2. aggregation "has-a" relationship. Containment means that objects of class A contain objects of class B.

3. The inheritance, "is-a" relationship. a more special and a more general class.

类的构造

In Java, the value of any object variable is a reference to an object that is stored elsewhere. The return value of the new operator is also a reference.

A statement such as

Date deadline = new Date();

import java.time.DayOfWeek;
import java.time.LocalDate;

/**
 * Created by wang on 17-7-3.
 */
public class CalenderTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();
        int month = date.getMonthValue();
        int today = date.getDayOfMonth();

        date = date.minusDays(today - 1);

        DayOfWeek weekday = date.getDayOfWeek();
        int value = weekday.getValue();    // 1 = Monday, ... 7 = sunday

        System.out.println("Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun");

        for (int i = 1; i < value; i++) {
            System.out.print("    ");
        }
        while (date.getMonthValue() == month) {
            System.out.printf("%3d", date.getDayOfMonth());
            if (date.getDayOfMonth() == today) {
                System.out.print("*");
            } else {
                System.out.print(" ");
            }
            date = date.plusDays(1);
            if (date.getDayOfWeek().getValue() == 1) System.out.println();

        }
        if (date.getDayOfWeek().getValue() != 1) System.out.println();
    }
}

输出：

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
                      1   2
  3*  4   5   6   7   8   9
 10  11  12  13  14  15  16
 17  18  19  20  21  22  23
 24  25  26  27  28  29  30
 31

方法的几个作用

A method cannot modify a parameter of a primitive type(that is, numbers or boolean values).

A method can change the state of an object parameter.

A method cannot make an object parameter refer to a new object.

构造器知识

import java.util.Random;

/**
 * Created by wang on 17-7-6.
 */
public class Employee {
    private static int nextId;
    private int id;
    private String name = "";
    private double salary;

    // static initialization block
    static {
        Random generator = new Random();
        nextId = Math.abs(generator.nextInt());
    }

    // object initialization block
    {
        id = nextId;
        nextId++;
    }

    // three overload constructors
    public Employee(String n, double s) {
        name = n;
        salary = s;
    }

    public Employee(double s) {
        // calls the Employee(String, double) constructor
        this("Employee #" + nextId, s);
    }

    // the default constructor
    public Employee() {
        // name initialized to "" --see above
        // salary not explicity set -- initialized to 0
        // id initialized in initialization block
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public double getSalary() {
        return salary;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }
}

import java.util.Random;

/**
 * Created by wang on 17-7-6.
 */
public class Employee {
    private static int nextId;
    private int id;
    private String name = "";
    private double salary;

    // static initialization block
    static {
        Random generator = new Random();
        nextId = Math.abs(generator.nextInt());
    }

    // object initialization block
    {
        id = nextId;
        nextId++;
    }

    // three overload constructors
    public Employee(String n, double s) {
        name = n;
        salary = s;
    }

    public Employee(double s) {
        // calls the Employee(String, double) constructor
        this("Employee #" + nextId, s);
    }

    // the default constructor
    public Employee() {
        // name initialized to "" --see above
        // salary not explicity set -- initialized to 0
        // id initialized in initialization block
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public double getSalary() {
        return salary;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }
}

name=Harry,id=1531055212, salary=4000.0
name=Employee #1531055213,id=1531055213, salary=60000.0
name=,id=1531055214, salary=0.0

包的使用

package

All standard Java packages are inside the java and javax package hierarchies.

Instead, super is a special keyword that directs the compiler to invoke the superclass method.

Subclass Constructor

call the constructor of the Employee superclass.

this

recall that the this keyword has two meanings: to denote a reference to the implicit parameter and to call another constructor of the same class.

The fact that an object variable can refer to multiple actual types is called polymorhpism.

/**
 * Created by wang on 17-7-7.
 */
public class ManagerTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // construct a Manager object
        Manager boss = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12,15);
        boss.setBonus(5000);

        Employee[] staff = new Employee[3];

        staff[0] = boss;
        staff[1] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);
        staff[2] = new Employee("Tommy Tester", 40000, 1990, 3, 15);

        for (Employee e : staff) {
            System.out.println("name=" + e.getName() + ",salary=" + e.getSalary());
        }
    }
}

import java.time.LocalDate;

/**
 * Created by wang on 17-7-7.
 */
public class Employee {
    private String name;
    private double salary;
    private LocalDate hireday;

    public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) {
        this.name = name;
        this.salary = salary;
        hireday = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public double getSalary() {
        return salary;
    }

    public void setSalary(double salary) {
        this.salary = salary;
    }

    public LocalDate getHireday() {
        return hireday;
    }

    public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) {
        double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
        salary += raise;
    }
}

/**
 * Created by wang on 17-7-7.
 */
public class Manager extends Employee{
    private double bonus;

    public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) {
        super(name, salary, year, month, day);
        bonus = 0;
    }

    public double getSalary() {
        double baseSalary = super.getSalary();
        return baseSalary + bonus;
    }

    public void setBonus(double b) {
        bonus = b;
    }
}

name=Carl Cracker,salary=85000.0
name=Harry Hacker,salary=50000.0
name=Tommy Tester,salary=40000.0