import numpy as np
data1=[[34,2,3,4],
[22,45,67,21],
[56,89,78.7,77.5] ]
arr1=np.array(data1)
print arr1.ndim #2
print arr1.shape # (3L, 4L)
print arr1.size #12
print arr1.dtype #float64
print arr1.itemsize # 8Numpy 入门教程( http://scipy.github.io/old-wiki/pages/Tentative_NumPy_Tutorial.html )
NumPy 提供了对多维数组的支持，与Python原生支持的List类型不同，数组的所有元素必须同样的类型。数组的维度被称为axes，维数称为 rank。
Numpy的数组类型为 ndarray， ndarray 的重要属性包括:
- ndarray.ndim：数组的维数，也称为rank
- ndarray.shape：数组各维的大小tuple 类型，对一个n 行m 列的矩阵来说， shape 为 (n,m)。
- ndarray.size：元素的总数。
- Ndarray.dtype：每个元素的类型，可以是 numpy.int32, numpy.int16, and numpy.float64 等。
- Ndarray.itemsize：每个元素占用的字节数。
- Ndarray.data：指向数据内存。
- ----------------------常用的方法---------------------------------
- transpose() ，根据轴组成的编号进行转置，.T 属性仅代表转置， dot() 计算矩阵内积 Xt.X
创建ndarray(
生成数组
):有许多种方法生成数组。比如，可以将Python list 或 tuple 转化为数组，转化后的数组元素的类型由原来的对象的类型来决定。
1)arr1=np.array([12,34,56,11,890])
2)arr2=np.zeros(10) ; np.zeros((3,2))
3)arr3=np.ones(10)
4)arr4=np.empty(10)
>> from numpy import *
>>> a = array( [2,3,4] )
>>> a
array([2, 3, 4])
>>> a.dtype
dtype('int32')
>>> b = array([1.2, 3.5, 5.1])
>>> b.dtype
dtype('float64')
>>> b = array( [ (1.5,2,3), (4,5,6) ] )
>>> b
array([[ 1.5, 2. , 3. ],
[ 4. , 5. , 6. ]])</span>
生成数组时也可以指定元素的数据类型:
>> from numpy import *
>>> a = array( [2,3,4] )
>>> a
array([2, 3, 4])
>>> a.dtype
dtype('int32')
>>> b = array([1.2, 3.5, 5.1])
>>> b.dtype
dtype('float64')
>>> b = array( [ (1.5,2,3), (4,5,6) ] )
>>> b
array([[ 1.5, 2. , 3. ],
[ 4. , 5. , 6. ]])</span>>> c = array( [ [1,2], [3,4] ], dtype=complex )
>>> c
array([[ 1.+0.j, 2.+0.j],
[ 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j]])</span>
>> c = array( [ [1,2], [3,4] ], dtype=complex )
>>> c
array([[ 1.+0.j, 2.+0.j],
[ 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j]])</span>通常，我们无法事先知道数组元素的具体值，但是数组大小是已知的。 这时可以用下面几种方法生成数组。
zeros 函数生成元素全部为0的数组，ones函数生成元素全部为1的数组empty函数生成元素没有赋值的数组，这时元素值由内存中原来的内容决定。 默认的，生成的数组的元素类型为float64.
>> zeros( (3,4) )
array([[0., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0.]])</span>
<span style="font-size:12px;">>> ones( (2,3,4), dtype=int16 ) # dtype can also be specified
array([[[ 1, 1, 1, 1],
[ 1, 1, 1, 1],
[ 1, 1, 1, 1]],
[[ 1, 1, 1, 1],
[ 1, 1, 1, 1],
[ 1, 1, 1, 1]]], dtype=int16)
>>empty( (2,3) )
array([[ 3.73603959e-262, 6.02658058e-154, 6.55490914e-260],
[ 5.30498948e-313, 3.14673309e-307, 1.00000000e+000]])</span></span>In [21]: arr
Out[21]: array([12, 34, 21])
In [22]: arr.dtype
Out[22]: dtype('int32')
In [23]: arr_float=arr.astype(np.float64) #修改类型
In [24]: arr_float
Out[24]: array([ 12., 34., 21.])</span>
>>> arange( 10, 30, 5 )
array([10, 15, 20, 25])
>>> arange( 0, 2, 0.3 ) # it accepts float arguments
array([ 0. , 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8])
屏幕输出 Arrays
当用print 打印一个 array时, 输出结果类似于 lists:
>> a = arange(6) # 1d array
>>> print a
[0 1 2 3 4 5]
>>> b = arange(12).reshape(4,3) # 2d array
>>> print b
[[ 0 1 2]
[ 3 4 5]
[ 6 7 8]
[ 9 10 11]]
>>> c = arange(24).reshape(2,3,4) # 3d array
>>> print c
[[[ 0 1 2 3]
[ 4 5 6 7]
[ 8 9 10 11]]
[[12 13 14 15]
[16 17 18 19]
[20 21 22 23]]]- >>> set_printoptions(threshold='nan')
数组与标量之间的运算：
<span style="font-weight: normal;">data1=[[1,2,3,4],
[6,8,10,12] ]
arr1=np.array(data1)
print arr1
print arr1*arr1
print 1/arr1
print arr1-arr1
print arr1*0.5
print arr1**2</span>
结果为如下所示：
<span style="font-weight: normal;">[[ 1 2 3 4]
[ 6 8 10 12]]
[[ 1 4 9 16]
[ 36 64 100 144]]
[[1 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0]]
[[0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0]]
[[ 0.5 1. 1.5 2. ]
[ 3. 4. 5. 6. ]]
[[ 1 4 9 16]
[ 36 64 100 144]]</span>
基本的操作：
<span style="font-weight: normal;">data1=[[1,2,3,4],
[6,8,10,12] ]
arr1=np.array(data1)
print arr1
print arr1*arr1
print 1/arr1
print arr1-arr1
print arr1*0.5
print arr1**2</span>结果为如下所示：<span style="font-weight: normal;">[[ 1 2 3 4]
[ 6 8 10 12]]
[[ 1 4 9 16]
[ 36 64 100 144]]
[[1 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0]]
[[0 0 0 0]
[0 0 0 0]]
[[ 0.5 1. 1.5 2. ]
[ 3. 4. 5. 6. ]]
[[ 1 4 9 16]
[ 36 64 100 144]]</span>>>> a = array( [20,30,40,50] )
>>> b = arange( 4 )
>>> b
array([0, 1, 2, 3])
>>> c = a-b
>>> c
array([20, 29, 38, 47])
>>> b**2
array([0, 1, 4, 9])
>>> 10*sin(a)
array([ 9.12945251, -9.88031624, 7.4511316 , -2.62374854])
>>> a<35
array([True, True, False, False], dtype=bool)>>> A = array( [[1,1],
... [0,1]] )
>>> B = array( [[2,0],
... [3,4]] )
>>> A*B # elementwise product
array([[2, 0],
[0, 4]])
>>> dot(A,B) # matrix product
array([[5, 4],
[3, 4]])>>> a = ones((2,3), dtype=int)
>>> b = random.random((2,3))
>>> a *= 3
>>> a
array([[3, 3, 3],
[3, 3, 3]])
>>> b += a
>>> b
array([[ 3.69092703, 3.8324276 , 3.0114541 ],
[ 3.18679111, 3.3039349 , 3.37600289]])
>>> a += b # b is converted to integer type
>>> a
array([[6, 6, 6],
[6, 6, 6]])>>> B = arange(3)
>>> B
array([0, 1, 2])
>>> exp(B)
array([ 1. , 2.71828183, 7.3890561 ])
>>> sqrt(B)
array([ 0. , 1. , 1.41421356])
>>> C = array([2., -1., 4.])
>>> add(B, C)
array([ 2., 0., 6.])索引与切片： 你若想得到 ndarray切片的一个副本，而不是视图，请显式的进行复制操作，请使用 a[:].copy()
1）对于一维的，与python的list很相似。
>>> a = arange(10)**3
>>> a
array([ 0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729])
>>> a[2]
8
>>> a[2:5]
array([ 8, 27, 64])
>>> a[:6:2] = -1000 # equivalent to a[0:6:2] = -1000; from start to position 6, exclusive, set every 2nd element to -1000
>>> a
array([-1000, 1, -1000, 27, -1000, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729])
>>> a[ : :-1] # reversed a
array([ 729, 512, 343, 216, 125, -1000, 27, -1000, 1, -1000])
>>> for i in a:
... print i**(1/3.),
...
nan 1.0 nan 3.0 nan 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0>> def f(x,y):
... return 10*x+y
...
>>> b = fromfunction(f,(5,4),dtype=int)
>>> b
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[10, 11, 12, 13],
[20, 21, 22, 23],
[30, 31, 32, 33],
[40, 41, 42, 43]])
>>> b[2,3]
23
>>> b[0:5, 1] # each row in the second column of b
array([ 1, 11, 21, 31, 41])
>>> b[ : ,1] # equivalent to the previous example
array([ 1, 11, 21, 31, 41])
>>> b[1:3, : ] # each column in the second and third row of b
array([[10, 11, 12, 13],
[20, 21, 22, 23]])
>>> b[-1] # the last row. Equivalent to b[-1,:]
arra>>> c = array( [ [[ 0, 1, 2], # a 3D array (two stacked 2D arrays)
... [ 10, 12, 13]],
...
... [[100,101,102],
... [110,112,113]] ] )
>>> c.shape
(2, 2, 3)
>>> c[1,...] # same as c[1,:,:] or c[1]
array([[100, 101, 102],
[110, 112, 113]])
>>> c[...,2] # same as c[:,:,2]
array([[ 2, 13],
[102, 113]])y([40, 41, 42, 43])遍历矩阵时：
>>> for row in b:
... print row
...
[0 1 2 3]
[10 11 12 13]
[20 21 22 23]
[30 31 32 33]
[40 41 42 43]>>> for element in b.flat:
... print element,
...
0 1 2 3 10 11 12 13 20 21 22 23 30 31 32 33 40 41 42 43改变矩阵的形态：
>>> a = floor(10*random.random((3,4)))
>>> a
array([[ 7., 5., 9., 3.],
[ 7., 2., 7., 8.],
[ 6., 8., 3., 2.]])
>>> a.shape
(3, 4)>>> a.ravel() # flatten the array
array([ 7., 5., 9., 3., 7., 2., 7., 8., 6., 8., 3., 2.])
>>> a.shape = (6, 2)
>>> a.transpose()
array([[ 7., 9., 7., 7., 6., 3.],
[ 5., 3., 2., 8., 8., 2.]])>>> a
array([[ 7., 5.],
[ 9., 3.],
[ 7., 2.],
[ 7., 8.],
[ 6., 8.],
[ 3., 2.]])
>>> a.resize((2,6))
>>> a
array([[ 7., 5., 9., 3., 7., 2.],
[ 7., 8., 6., 8., 3., 2.]])>>> a.reshape(3,-1)
array([[ 7., 5., 9., 3.],
[ 7., 2., 7., 8.],
[ 6., 8., 3., 2.]])
numpy中随机数的生成：http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/routines.random.html
numpy.random模块对python内置的random进行了补充
In [26]: np.random.normal(size=(4,4))
Out[26]:
array([[-0.56862985, 1.13477237, 1.53181856, 1.09971751],
[-0.65793394, -0.46014882, 0.06231399, -0.02359219],
[-1.12955345, 0.42734625, -0.19184542, 1.36723331],
[-0.81741533, -0.53757344, -0.39070445, 0.28765111]])In [30]: np.random.rand(2,3)
Out[30]:
array([[ 0.96702984, 0.54723225, 0.97268436],
[ 0.71481599, 0.69772882, 0.2160895 ]])
In [31]: 2.5*np.random.randn(2,3)+3 #正态分布N(3,6.25)
Out[31]:
array([[ 1.9542462 , -0.96144309, 1.38073308],
[ 4.49643793, 3.83062508, 0.13130842]])>>> from numpy import *
>>> from numpy.linalg import *
>>> a = array([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]])
>>> print a
[[ 1. 2.]
[ 3. 4.]]
>>> a.transpose() #转置，a.T
array([[ 1., 3.],
[ 2., 4.]])
>>> inv(a) #方阵的逆
array([[-2. , 1. ],
[ 1.5, -0.5]])
>>> u = eye(2) # unit 2x2 matrix; "eye" represents "I" 生成单位矩阵
>>> u
array([[ 1., 0.],
[ 0., 1.]])
>>> j = array([[0.0, -1.0], [1.0, 0.0]])
>>> dot (j, j) # matrix product dot,为矩阵的内积
array([[-1., 0.],
[ 0., -1.]])
>>> trace(u) # trace 对角线上元素的和
2.0
>>> y = array([[5.], [7.]])
>>> solve(a, y) #解线性方程，AX=b，其中，A为方阵
array([[-3.],
[ 4.]])
>>> eig(j) #求特征值与特征向量。
(array([ 0.+1.j, 0.-1.j]),
array([[ 0.70710678+0.j, 0.70710678+0.j],
[ 0.00000000-0.70710678j, 0.00000000+0.70710678j]]))
Parameters:
square matrix
Returns
The eigenvalues, each repeated according to its multiplicity.
The normalized (unit "length") eigenvectors, such that the
column ``v[:,i]`` is the eigenvector corresponding to the
eigenvalue ``w[i]`` .In [40]: arr=np.arange(10)
In [41]: arr
Out[41]: array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
In [42]: np.save('test_arr',arr)
In [43]: np.load('test_arr.npy')
Out[43]: array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])arr=np.loadtxt('array_ex.txt',delimiter=',')
np.savetxt()
genfromtxt() #读数据a = np.arange(0,12,0.5).reshape(4,-1)
a
array([[ 0. , 0.5, 1. , 1.5, 2. , 2.5],
[ 3. , 3.5, 4. , 4.5, 5. , 5.5],
[ 6. , 6.5, 7. , 7.5, 8. , 8.5],
[ 9. , 9.5, 10. , 10.5, 11. , 11.5]])
np.savetxt("a.txt", a)
np.loadtxt("a.txt")
array([[ 0. , 0.5, 1. , 1.5, 2. , 2.5],
[ 3. , 3.5, 4. , 4.5, 5. , 5.5],
[ 6. , 6.5, 7. , 7.5, 8. , 8.5],
[ 9. , 9.5, 10. , 10.5, 11. , 11.5]])
np.savetxt("a.txt", a, fmt="%d", delimiter=",") #指定存储数据类型为整型，分隔符为,
np.loadtxt("a.txt", delimiter=',') #以，分隔符读取
array([[ 0., 0., 1., 1., 2., 2.],
[ 3., 3., 4., 4., 5., 5.],
[ 6., 6., 7., 7., 8., 8.],
[ 9., 9., 10., 10., 11., 11.]])
Numpy高级应用(常用的)
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