APUE学习——Ch2.Unix标准化与实现

Unix的标准化

1.ISO C的标准化

按照该标准定义的各个头文件，可将ISO C库分成24个区。POSIX.1标准包含这些头文件以及另一些头文件，（表中也列出了四种UNIX实现所支持的头文件）：

Figure 2.1. Headers defined by the ISO C standard

Header	FreeBSD 5.2.1	Linux 2.4.22	Mac OS X 10.3	Solaris 9	Description
<assert.h>	•	•	•	•	verify program assertion
<complex.h>	•	•	•		complex arithmetic support
<ctype.h>	•	•	•	•	character types
<errno.h>	•	•	•	•	error codes (Section 1.7)
<fenv.h>		•	•		floating-point environment
<float.h>	•	•	•	•	floating-point constants
<inttypes.h>	•	•	•	•	integer type format conversion
<iso646.h>	•	•	•	•	alternate relational operator macros
<limits.h>	•	•	•	•	implementation constants (Section 2.5)
<locale.h>	•	•	•	•	locale categories
<math.h>	•	•	•	•	mathematical constants
<setjmp.h>	•	•	•	•	nonlocal goto (Section 7.10)
<signal.h>	•	•	•	•	signals (Chapter 10)
<stdarg.h>	•	•	•	•	variable argument lists
<stdbool.h>	•	•	•	•	boolean type and values
<stddef.h>	•	•	•	•	standard definitions
<stdint.h>	•	•	•		integer types
<stdio.h>	•	•	•	•	standard I/O library (Chapter 5)
<stdlib.h>	•	•	•	•	utility functions
<string.h>	•	•	•	•	string operations
<tgmath.h>		•			type-generic math macros
<time.h>	•	•	•	•	time and date (Section 6.10)
<wchar.h>	•	•	•	•	extended multibyte and wide character support
<wctype.h>	•	•	•	•	wide character classification and mapping support

2.IEEE POSIX

POSIX指的是可移植的操作系统接口（Portable Operating System Interface）。POSIX.1不仅包括ISO C的标准库函数，还需要包含一些表中列出的头文件：

Figure 2.2. Required headers defined by the POSIX standard

Header	FreeBSD 5.2.1	Linux 2.4.22	Mac OS X 10.3	Solaris 9	Description
<dirent.h>	•	•	•	•	directory entries (Section 4.21)
<fcntl.h>	•	•	•	•	file control (Section 3.14)
<fnmatch.h>	•	•	•	•	filename-matching types
<glob.h>	•	•	•	•	pathname pattern-matching types
<grp.h>	•	•	•	•	group file (Section 6.4)
<netdb.h>	•	•	•	•	network database operations
<pwd.h>	•	•	•	•	password file (Section 6.2)
<regex.h>	•	•	•	•	regular expressions
<tar.h>	•	•	•	•	tar archive values
<termios.h>	•	•	•	•	terminal I/O (Chapter 18)
<unistd.h>	•	•	•	•	symbolic constants
<utime.h>	•	•	•	•	file times (Section 4.19)
<wordexp.h>	•	•		•	word-expansion types
<arpa/inet.h>	•	•	•	•	Internet definitions (Chapter 16)
<net/if.h>	•	•	•	•	socket local interfaces (Chapter 16)
<netinet/in.h>	•	•	•	•	Internet address family (Section 16.3)
<netinet/tcp.h>	•	•	•	•	Transmission Control Protocol definitions
<sys/mman.h>	•	•	•	•	memory management declarations
<sys/select.h>	•	•	•	•	select function (Section 14.5.1)
<sys/socket.h>	•	•	•	•	sockets interface (Chapter 16)
<sys/stat.h>	•	•	•	•	file status (Chapter 4)
<sys/times.h>	•	•	•	•	process times (Section 8.16)
<sys/types.h>	•	•	•	•	primitive system data types (Section 2.8)
<sys/un.h>	•	•	•	•	UNIX domain socket definitions (Section 17.3)
<sys/utsname.h>	•	•	•	•	system name (Section 6.9)
<sys/wait.h>	•	•	•	•	process control (Section 8.6)

Figure 2.3. XSI extension headers defined by the POSIX standard

Header	FreeBSD 5.2.1	Linux 2.4.22	Mac OS X 10.3	Solaris 9	Description
<cpio.h>	•	•		•	cpio archive values
<dlfcn.h>	•	•	•	•	dynamic linking
<fmtmsg.h>	•	•		•	message display structures
<ftw.h>		•		•	file tree walking (Section 4.21)
<iconv.h>		•	•	•	codeset conversion utility
<langinfo.h>	•	•	•	•	language information constants
<libgen.h>	•	•	•	•	definitions for pattern-matching function
<monetary.h>	•	•	•	•	monetary types
<ndbm.h>	•		•	•	database operations
<nl_types.h>	•	•	•	•	message catalogs
<poll.h>	•	•	•	•	poll function (Section 14.5.2)
<search.h>	•	•	•	•	search tables
<strings.h>	•	•	•	•	string operations
<syslog.h>	•	•	•	•	system error logging (Section 13.4)
<ucontext.h>	•	•	•	•	user context
<ulimit.h>	•	•	•	•	user limits
<utmpx.h>		•		•	user accounting database
<sys/ipc.h>	•	•	•	•	IPC (Section 15.6)
<sys/msg.h>	•	•		•	message queues (Section 15.7)
<sys/resource.h>	•	•	•	•	resource operations (Section 7.11)
<sys/sem.h>	•	•	•	•	semaphores (Section 15.8)
<sys/shm.h>	•	•	•	•	shared memory (Section 15.9)
<sys/statvfs.h>	•	•		•	file system information
<sys/time.h>	•	•	•	•	time types
<sys/timeb.h>	•	•	•	•	additional date and time definitions
<sys/uio.h>	•	•	•	•	vector I/O operations (Section 14.7)

Figure 2.4. Optional headers defined by the POSIX standard

Header	FreeBSD 5.2.1	Linux 2.4.22	Mac OS X 10.3	Solaris 9	Description
<aio.h>	•	•	•	•	asynchronous I/O
<mqueue.h>	•			•	message queues
<pthread.h>	•	•	•	•	threads (Chapters 11 and 12)
<sched.h>	•	•	•	•	execution scheduling
<semaphore.h>	•	•	•	•	semaphores
<spawn.h>		•			real-time spawn interface
<stropts.h>		•		•	XSI STREAMS interface (Section 14.4)
<trace.h>					event tracing

3.Single UNIX Specification

Single UNIX Specification(单一UNIX规范)是POSIX.1标准的一个超集，定义了一些附加的接口，这些接口扩展了基本的POSIX.1规范所提供的功能，相应的系统接口全集被称为X/Open系统接口（XSI，X/Open System Interface）。

基本数据类型

头文件<sys/type.h>中定义了某些与实现有关的数据类型，它们被称为基本数据类型（primitive system data type）。

Figure 2.20. Some common primitive system data types

Type	Description
caddr_t	core address (Section 14.9)
clock_t	counter of clock ticks (process time) (Section 1.10)
comp_t	compressed clock ticks (Section 8.14)
dev_t	device numbers (major and minor) (Section 4.23)
fd_set	file descriptor sets (Section 14.5.1)
fpos_t	file position (Section 5.10)
gid_t	numeric group IDs
ino_t	i-node numbers (Section 4.14)
mode_t	file type, file creation mode (Section 4.5)
nlink_t	link counts for directory entries (Section 4.14)
off_t	file sizes and offsets (signed) (lseek, Section 3.6)
pid_t	process IDs and process group IDs (signed) (Sections 8.2 and9.4)
ptrdiff_t	result of subtracting two pointers (signed)
rlim_t	resource limits (Section 7.11)
sig_atomic_t	data type that can be accessed atomically (Section 10.15)
sigset_t	signal set (Section 10.11)
size_t	sizes of objects (such as strings) (unsigned) (Section 3.7)
ssize_t	functions that return a count of bytes (signed) (read,write,Section 3.7)
time_t	counter of seconds of calendar time (Section 1.10)
uid_t	numeric user IDs
wchar_t	can represent all distinct character codes