[Network]网络协议结构体及文件

    本文，集中汇集了各个协议头部，通过理解头部，可以帮助理解网络协议的组成，或者应用开发等。

    然而，一开始学习的时候，发现在/usr/include目录里面，子目录Linux和netinet都分别有定义网络协议的相关文件。后来：whats-the-practical-difference-between-the-headers-linux-in-h-and-netinet-in， 链接

结论：

    Linux子目录是给 内核开发 使用，而我们一般 应用开发 是使用netinet目录下的头文件。

    为什么要写这篇文章？上面已经给出了一部分原因了，还有就是，作为嵌入式工程师或者是网络工程师，我确实感受到了网络的需求，有一次实现多网卡切换，就需要修改MAC帧结构。

    Linux网络结构体与定义文件， 链接：帮助搜索文件位置

顺序

1. MAC帧
2. ARP协议结构
3. IP帧
4. ICMP协议结构
5. UDP帧
6. TCP帧

MAC帧

net/ethernet.h

---

/* This is a name for the 48 bit ethernet address available on many systems.  */

struct ether_addr

{

  u_int8_t ether_addr_octet[ETH_ALEN];

} __attribute__ ((__packed__));

struct ether_header

{

  u_int8_t  ether_dhost[ETH_ALEN];    /* destination eth addr    */

  u_int8_t  ether_shost[ETH_ALEN];    /* source ether addr    */

  u_int16_t ether_type;                /* packet type ID field    */

} __attribute__ ((__packed__));

ARP协议结构

net/if_ether.h

---

/*

* Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol.

*

* See RFC 826 for protocol description.  Structure below is adapted

* to resolving internet addresses.  Field names used correspond to

* RFC 826.

*/

struct    ether_arp {

    struct    arphdr ea_hdr;        /* fixed-size header */

    u_int8_t arp_sha[ETH_ALEN];    /* sender hardware address */

    u_int8_t arp_spa[4];        /* sender protocol address */

    u_int8_t arp_tha[ETH_ALEN];    /* target hardware address */

    u_int8_t arp_tpa[4];        /* target protocol address */

};

理解：我是IPxxx，我的硬件地址是MACxxx，我想知道IPyyy的硬件地址MACyyy

IP帧

netinet/ip.h

---

struct iphdr

  {

#if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN

    unsigned int ihl:4;

    unsigned int version:4;

#elif __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN

    unsigned int version:4;

    unsigned int ihl:4;

#else

# error    "Please fix <bits/endian.h>"

#endif

    u_int8_t tos;

    u_int16_t tot_len;

    u_int16_t id;

    u_int16_t frag_off;

    u_int8_t ttl;

    u_int8_t protocol;

    u_int16_t check;

    u_int32_t saddr;

    u_int32_t daddr;

    /*The options start here. */

  };

ICMP协议结构

netinet/ip_icmp.h

---

struct icmphdr

{

  u_int8_t type;        /* message type */

  u_int8_t code;        /* type sub-code */

  u_int16_t checksum;

  union

  {

    struct

    {

      u_int16_t    id;

      u_int16_t    sequence;

    } echo;            /* echo datagram */

    u_int32_t    gateway;    /* gateway address */

    struct

    {

      u_int16_t    __glibc_reserved;

      u_int16_t    mtu;

    } frag;            /* path mtu discovery */

  } un;

};

UDP帧

netinet/udp.h

---

/* UDP header as specified by RFC 768, August 1980. */

struct udphdr

{

  __extension__ union

  {

    struct

    {

      u_int16_t uh_sport;        /* source port */

      u_int16_t uh_dport;        /* destination port */

      u_int16_t uh_ulen;        /* udp length */

      u_int16_t uh_sum;        /* udp checksum */

    };

    struct

    {

      u_int16_t source;

      u_int16_t dest;

      u_int16_t len;

      u_int16_t check;

    };

  };

};

TCP帧

netinet/tcp.h

---

typedef    u_int32_t tcp_seq;

/*

* TCP header.

* Per RFC 793, September, 1981.

*/

struct tcphdr

  {

    __extension__ union

    {

      struct

      {

    u_int16_t th_sport;        /* source port */

    u_int16_t th_dport;        /* destination port */

    tcp_seq th_seq;        /* sequence number */

    tcp_seq th_ack;        /* acknowledgement number */

# if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN

    u_int8_t th_x2:4;        /* (unused) */

    u_int8_t th_off:4;        /* data offset */

# endif

# if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN

    u_int8_t th_off:4;        /* data offset */

    u_int8_t th_x2:4;        /* (unused) */

# endif

    u_int8_t th_flags;

# define TH_FIN    0x01

# define TH_SYN    0x02

# define TH_RST    0x04

# define TH_PUSH    0x08

# define TH_ACK    0x10

# define TH_URG    0x20

    u_int16_t th_win;        /* window */

    u_int16_t th_sum;        /* checksum */

    u_int16_t th_urp;        /* urgent pointer */

      };

      struct

      {

    u_int16_t source;

    u_int16_t dest;

    u_int32_t seq;

    u_int32_t ack_seq;

# if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN

    u_int16_t res1:4;

    u_int16_t doff:4;

    u_int16_t fin:1;

    u_int16_t syn:1;

    u_int16_t rst:1;

    u_int16_t psh:1;

    u_int16_t ack:1;

    u_int16_t urg:1;

    u_int16_t res2:2;

# elif __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN

    u_int16_t doff:4;

    u_int16_t res1:4;

    u_int16_t res2:2;

    u_int16_t urg:1;

    u_int16_t ack:1;

    u_int16_t psh:1;

    u_int16_t rst:1;

    u_int16_t syn:1;

    u_int16_t fin:1;

# else

#  error "Adjust your <bits/endian.h> defines"

# endif

    u_int16_t window;

    u_int16_t check;

    u_int16_t urg_ptr;

      };

    };

};