关于SQLServer2005的学习笔记——SQL查询解析步骤

最近一来因工作上的事情比较闹心，没心事再研究 SQLServer2005 的体系结构；一来关于体系结构确实过于复杂，远远不如应用来的直接明了，所以暂时搁笔。

出于工作上的需要，对应用开发需要更多的了解，所以把心事暂时放到这方面。

 

先从最简单的 SQL 入手来分析一下 SQL 的执行步骤，为什么了解执行步骤，其实与 JOIN 后的 ON 条件和 WHERE 条件容易混淆有关系。

是先执行 ON 还是先执行 WHERE ，很大程度上会决定 SQL 的结果集正确与否。

CREATE TABLE Customers (   CustomerID  CHAR(5)     NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,   City        VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE Orders (   OrderID     INT     NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,   CustomerID  CHAR(5) NULL REFERENCES Customers(CustomerID) );   INSERT INTO Customers VALUES('FISSA','Madrid'); INSERT INTO Customers VALUES('FRNDO','Madrid'); INSERT INTO Customers VALUES('KRLOS','Madrid'); INSERT INTO Customers VALUES('MRPHS','Zion'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(1,'FRNDO'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(2,'FRNDO'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(3,'KRLOS'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(4,'KRLOS'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(5,'KRLOS'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(6,'MRPHS'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(7,NULL);

 

试看看以上两个语句有什么不同，你就会发现很有趣的现象。

SELECT C.CustomerID,COUNT(O.OrderID) AS NumOrders   FROM Customers C   LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O     ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID   WHERE C.City='Madrid'   GROUP BY C.CustomerID   HAVING COUNT(O.OrderID)<3   ORDER BY NumOrders;   SELECT C.CustomerID,COUNT(O.OrderID) AS NumOrders   FROM Customers C   LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O     ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID     AND C.City='Madrid'   GROUP BY C.CustomerID   HAVING COUNT(O.OrderID)<3   ORDER BY NumOrders;

 

--Step1 ，首先对 FROM 后面的表进行笛卡尔乘积，生成虚表 STEP1

WITH STEP1 AS ( SELECT C.CustomerID C_CustomerID,C.City C_City,O.OrderID O_OrderID,O.CustomerID O_CustomerID   FROM Customers C,Orders O ) SELECT * FROM STEP1

 

--Step2 ，再次应用 ON 语句中的条件，如果没有外关联的话，这里的 ON 和 WHERE 实际上是没有什么差别的，生成虚表 STEP2

WITH STEP2 AS ( SELECT C.CustomerID C_CustomerID,C.City C_City,O.OrderID O_OrderID,O.CustomerID O_CustomerID   FROM Customers C   JOIN Orders O     ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID ) SELECT * FROM STEP2

 

--Step3 ，如果指定了 OUTER JOIN ， SQL 会自动把 STEP2 表中未匹配的行作为外部行添加到 STEP3 中，此处找到了 CustomerID=FISSA,City=Madrid ，这个没有订单但又有相关名字的用户

WITH STEP3 AS ( SELECT C.CustomerID C_CustomerID,C.City C_City,O.OrderID O_OrderID,O.CustomerID O_CustomerID   FROM Customers C   LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O     ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID ) SELECT * FROM STEP3

 

--Step4 ，应用 WHERE 条件，过滤不符合条件的记录

AS ( SELECT C.CustomerID C_CustomerID,C.City C_City,O.OrderID O_OrderID,O.CustomerID O_CustomerID   FROM Customers C   LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O     ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID   WHERE C.City='Madrid' ) SELECT * FROM STEP4

 

--Step5 ，对以上的结果集进行分组

WITH STEP5 AS ( SELECT C.CustomerID,COUNT(O.OrderID) AS NumOrders   FROM Customers C   LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O     ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID   WHERE C.City='Madrid'   GROUP BY C.CustomerID ) SELECT * FROM STEP5

 

--Step6 ，处理 CUBE 、 ROLLUP 之类的语句，此处无此需求

略 SELECT * FROM STEP6

 

--Step7 处理 Having 筛选器，与 WHERE 条件有些类似

WITH STEP7 AS ( SELECT C.CustomerID,COUNT(O.OrderID) AS NumOrders   FROM Customers C   LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O     ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID   WHERE C.City='Madrid'   GROUP BY C.CustomerID   HAVING COUNT(O.OrderID)<3 ) SELECT * FROM STEP7

 

--Step8 ，处理 SELECT 列表，即别名转换把 COUNT(O.OrderID) 转换成 NumOrders

略 SELECT * FROM STEP8

 

--Step9 ，应用 DISTINCT 语句，此处无此需求

略 SELECT * FROM STEP9

 

--Step10 ，应用 ORDER BY 语句进行排序

SELECT C.CustomerID,COUNT(O.OrderID) AS NumOrders   FROM Customers C   LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O     ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID   WHERE C.City='Madrid'   GROUP BY C.CustomerID   HAVING COUNT(O.OrderID)<3   ORDER BY NumOrders

 

--Step11 ，执行 TOP 选项，此处无此需求

略 SELECT * FROM STEP11