最近一来因工作上的事情比较闹心,没心事再研究 SQLServer2005 的体系结构;一来关于体系结构确实过于复杂,远远不如应用来的直接明了,所以暂时搁笔。
出于工作上的需要,对应用开发需要更多的了解,所以把心事暂时放到这方面。
先从最简单的 SQL 入手来分析一下 SQL 的执行步骤,为什么了解执行步骤,其实与 JOIN 后的 ON 条件和 WHERE 条件容易混淆有关系。
是先执行 ON 还是先执行 WHERE ,很大程度上会决定 SQL 的结果集正确与否。
CREATE TABLE Customers ( CustomerID CHAR(5) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, City VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE Orders ( OrderID INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, CustomerID CHAR(5) NULL REFERENCES Customers(CustomerID) );
INSERT INTO Customers VALUES('FISSA','Madrid'); INSERT INTO Customers VALUES('FRNDO','Madrid'); INSERT INTO Customers VALUES('KRLOS','Madrid'); INSERT INTO Customers VALUES('MRPHS','Zion'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(1,'FRNDO'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(2,'FRNDO'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(3,'KRLOS'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(4,'KRLOS'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(5,'KRLOS'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(6,'MRPHS'); INSERT INTO Orders VALUES(7,NULL); |
试看看以上两个语句有什么不同,你就会发现很有趣的现象。
SELECT C.CustomerID,COUNT(O.OrderID) AS NumOrders FROM Customers C LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID WHERE C.City='Madrid' GROUP BY C.CustomerID HAVING COUNT(O.OrderID)<3 ORDER BY NumOrders;
SELECT C.CustomerID,COUNT(O.OrderID) AS NumOrders FROM Customers C LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID AND C.City='Madrid' GROUP BY C.CustomerID HAVING COUNT(O.OrderID)<3 ORDER BY NumOrders; |
--Step1 ,首先对 FROM 后面的表进行笛卡尔乘积,生成虚表 STEP1
WITH STEP1 AS ( SELECT C.CustomerID C_CustomerID,C.City C_City,O.OrderID O_OrderID,O.CustomerID O_CustomerID FROM Customers C,Orders O ) SELECT * FROM STEP1 |
--Step2 ,再次应用 ON 语句中的条件,如果没有外关联的话,这里的 ON 和 WHERE 实际上是没有什么差别的,生成虚表 STEP2
WITH STEP2 AS ( SELECT C.CustomerID C_CustomerID,C.City C_City,O.OrderID O_OrderID,O.CustomerID O_CustomerID FROM Customers C JOIN Orders O ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID ) SELECT * FROM STEP2 |
--Step3 ,如果指定了 OUTER JOIN , SQL 会自动把 STEP2 表中未匹配的行作为外部行添加到 STEP3 中,此处找到了 CustomerID=FISSA,City=Madrid ,这个没有订单但又有相关名字的用户
WITH STEP3 AS ( SELECT C.CustomerID C_CustomerID,C.City C_City,O.OrderID O_OrderID,O.CustomerID O_CustomerID FROM Customers C LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID ) SELECT * FROM STEP3 |
--Step4 ,应用 WHERE 条件,过滤不符合条件的记录
AS ( SELECT C.CustomerID C_CustomerID,C.City C_City,O.OrderID O_OrderID,O.CustomerID O_CustomerID FROM Customers C LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID WHERE C.City='Madrid' ) SELECT * FROM STEP4 |
--Step5 ,对以上的结果集进行分组
WITH STEP5 AS ( SELECT C.CustomerID,COUNT(O.OrderID) AS NumOrders FROM Customers C LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID WHERE C.City='Madrid' GROUP BY C.CustomerID ) SELECT * FROM STEP5 |
--Step6 ,处理 CUBE 、 ROLLUP 之类的语句,此处无此需求
略 SELECT * FROM STEP6 |
--Step7 处理 Having 筛选器,与 WHERE 条件有些类似
WITH STEP7 AS ( SELECT C.CustomerID,COUNT(O.OrderID) AS NumOrders FROM Customers C LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID WHERE C.City='Madrid' GROUP BY C.CustomerID HAVING COUNT(O.OrderID)<3 ) SELECT * FROM STEP7 |
--Step8 ,处理 SELECT 列表,即别名转换把 COUNT(O.OrderID) 转换成 NumOrders
略 SELECT * FROM STEP8 |
--Step9 ,应用 DISTINCT 语句,此处无此需求
略 SELECT * FROM STEP9 |
--Step10 ,应用 ORDER BY 语句进行排序
SELECT C.CustomerID,COUNT(O.OrderID) AS NumOrders FROM Customers C LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O ON C.CustomerID=O.CustomerID WHERE C.City='Madrid' GROUP BY C.CustomerID HAVING COUNT(O.OrderID)<3 ORDER BY NumOrders |
--Step11 ,执行 TOP 选项,此处无此需求
略 SELECT * FROM STEP11 |