观察者模式（Observer）

1.    定义

       定义了一种一对多的依赖关系，让多个观察者对象同时监听某一个主题对象。这个主题对象在状态发生变化时，会通知所有观察者对象，使它们能够自动更新自己。

2.      UML 类图

 

3.      结构代码

// Observer pattern -- Structural example

using System; using System.Collections.Generic;   namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Observer.Structural {   /// <summary>   /// MainApp startup class for Structural   /// Observer Design Pattern.   /// </summary>   class MainApp   {     /// <summary>     /// Entry point into console application.     /// </summary>     static void Main()     {       // Configure Observer pattern       ConcreteSubject s = new ConcreteSubject();         s.Attach(new ConcreteObserver(s, "X"));       s.Attach(new ConcreteObserver(s, "Y"));       s.Attach(new ConcreteObserver(s, "Z"));         // Change subject and notify observers       s.SubjectState = "ABC";       s.Notify();         // Wait for user       Console.ReadKey();     }   }     /// <summary>   /// The 'Subject' abstract class   /// </summary>   abstract class Subject   {     private List<Observer> _observers = new List<Observer>();       public void Attach(Observer observer)     {       _observers.Add(observer);     }       public void Detach(Observer observer)     {       _observers.Remove(observer);     }       public void Notify()     {       foreach (Observer o in _observers)       {         o.Update();       }     }   }     /// <summary>   /// The 'ConcreteSubject' class   /// </summary>   class ConcreteSubject : Subject   {     private string _subjectState;       // Gets or sets subject state     public string SubjectState     {       get { return _subjectState; }       set { _subjectState = value; }     }   }     /// <summary>   /// The 'Observer' abstract class   /// </summary>   abstract class Observer   {     public abstract void Update();   }     /// <summary>   /// The 'ConcreteObserver' class   /// </summary>   class ConcreteObserver : Observer   {     private string _name;     private string _observerState;     private ConcreteSubject _subject;       // Constructor     public ConcreteObserver(       ConcreteSubject subject, string name)     {       this._subject = subject;       this._name = name;     }       public override void Update()     {       _observerState = _subject.SubjectState;       Console.WriteLine("Observer {0}'s new state is {1}",         _name, _observerState);     }       // Gets or sets subject     public ConcreteSubject Subject     {       get { return _subject; }       set { _subject = value; }     }   } }

Output Observer X's new state is ABC Observer Y's new state is ABC Observer Z's new state is ABC

4.      实例代码

// Observer pattern -- Real World example

using System; using System.Collections.Generic;   namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Observer.RealWorld {   /// <summary>   /// MainApp startup class for Real-World   /// Observer Design Pattern.   /// </summary>   class MainApp   {     /// <summary>     /// Entry point into console application.     /// </summary>     static void Main()     {       // Create IBM stock and attach investors       IBM ibm = new IBM("IBM", 120.00);       ibm.Attach(new Investor("Sorros"));       ibm.Attach(new Investor("Berkshire"));         // Fluctuating prices will notify investors       ibm.Price = 120.10;       ibm.Price = 121.00;       ibm.Price = 120.50;       ibm.Price = 120.75;         // Wait for user       Console.ReadKey();     }   }     /// <summary>   /// The 'Subject' abstract class   /// </summary>   abstract class Stock   {     private string _symbol;     private double _price;     private List<IInvestor> _investors = new List<IInvestor>();       // Constructor     public Stock(string symbol, double price)     {       this._symbol = symbol;       this._price = price;     }       public void Attach(IInvestor investor)     {       _investors.Add(investor);     }       public void Detach(IInvestor investor)     {       _investors.Remove(investor);     }       public void Notify()     {       foreach (IInvestor investor in _investors)       {         investor.Update(this);       }         Console.WriteLine("");     }       // Gets or sets the price     public double Price     {       get { return _price; }       set       {         if (_price != value)         {           _price = value;           Notify();         }       }     }       // Gets the symbol     public string Symbol     {       get { return _symbol; }     }   }     /// <summary>   /// The 'ConcreteSubject' class   /// </summary>   class IBM : Stock   {     // Constructor     public IBM(string symbol, double price)       : base(symbol, price)     {     }   }     /// <summary>   /// The 'Observer' interface   /// </summary>   interface IInvestor   {     void Update(Stock stock);   }     /// <summary>   /// The 'ConcreteObserver' class   /// </summary>   class Investor : IInvestor   {     private string _name;     private Stock _stock;       // Constructor     public Investor(string name)     {       this._name = name;     }       public void Update(Stock stock)     {       Console.WriteLine("Notified {0} of {1}'s " +         "change to {2:C}", _name, stock.Symbol, stock.Price);     }       // Gets or sets the stock     public Stock Stock     {       get { return _stock; }       set { _stock = value; }     }   } }

Output Notified Sorros of IBM's change to $120.10 Notified Berkshire of IBM's change to $120.10 Notified Sorros of IBM's change to $121.00 Notified Berkshire of IBM's change to $121.00 Notified Sorros of IBM's change to $120.50 Notified Berkshire of IBM's change to $120.50 Notified Sorros of IBM's change to $120.75 Notified Berkshire of IBM's change to $120.75

该文章来自：http://www.dofactory.com/Patterns/PatternObserver.aspx