ArrayBlockingQueue
一个由数组支持的有界阻塞队列。此队列按 FIFO(先进先出)原则对元素进行排序。队列的头部是在队列中存在时间最长的元素。队列的尾部是在队列中存在时间最短的元素。新元素插入到队列的尾部,队列获取操作则是从队列头部开始获得元素。这是一个典型的“有界缓存区”,固定大小的数组在其中保持生产者插入的元素和使用者提取的元素。一旦创建了这样的缓存区,就不能再增加其容量。试图向已满队列中放入元素会导致操作受阻塞;试图从空队列中提取元素将导致类似阻塞。
此类支持对等待的生产者线程和使用者线程进行排序的可选公平策略。默认情况下,不保证是这种排序。然而,通过将公平性(fairness)设置为true而构造的队列允许按照 FIFO 顺序访问线程。公平性通常会降低吞吐量,但也减少了可变性和避免了“不平衡性”。
源码参考:
/** Main lock guarding all access */
final ReentrantLock lock;
public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
checkNotNull(e);
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lockInterruptibly();
try {
while (count == items.length)
notFull.await();
insert(e);
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
private void insert(E x) {
items[putIndex] = x;
putIndex = inc(putIndex);
++count;
notEmpty.signal();
}
final int inc(int i) {
return (++i == items.length) ? 0 : i;
}
public E take() throws InterruptedException {
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lockInterruptibly();
try {
while (count == 0)
notEmpty.await();
return extract();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
private E extract() {
final Object[] items = this.items;
E x = this.<E>cast(items[takeIndex]);
items[takeIndex] = null;
takeIndex = inc(takeIndex);
--count;
notFull.signal();
return x;
}
final int dec(int i) {
return ((i == 0) ? items.length : i) - 1;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
static <E> E cast(Object item) {
return (E) item;
}
ArrayBlockingQueue只使用了一个lock来控制互斥访问,所有的互斥访问都在这个lock的try finally中实现。
LinkedBlockingQueue
一个基于已链接节点的、范围任意的blocking queue。此队列按 FIFO(先进先出)排序元素。队列的头部是在队列中时间最长的元素。队列的尾部是在队列中时间最短的元素。新元素插入到队列的尾部,并且队列获取操作会获得位于队列头部的元素。链接队列的吞吐量通常要高于基于数组的队列,但是在大多数并发应用程序中,其可预知的性能要低。
可选的容量范围构造方法参数作为防止队列过度扩展的一种方法。如果未指定容量,则它等于Integer.MAX_VALUE。除非插入节点会使队列超出容量,否则每次插入后会动态地创建链接节点。
如果构造一个LinkedBlockingQueue对象,而没有指定其容量大小,LinkedBlockingQueue会默认一个类似无限大小的容量(Integer.MAX_VALUE),这样的话,如果生产者的速度一旦大于消费者的速度,也许还没有等到队列满阻塞产生,系统内存就有可能已被消耗殆尽了。
一些实现代码:
/** The capacity bound, or Integer.MAX_VALUE if none */
private final int capacity;
/** Current number of elements */
private final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);
/** Lock held by take, poll, etc */
private final ReentrantLock takeLock = new ReentrantLock();
/** Wait queue for waiting takes */
private final Condition notEmpty = takeLock.newCondition();
/** Lock held by put, offer, etc */
private final ReentrantLock putLock = new ReentrantLock();
/** Wait queue for waiting puts */
private final Condition notFull = putLock.newCondition();
public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
if (e == null) throw new NullPointerException();
// Note: convention in all put/take/etc is to preset local var
// holding count negative to indicate failure unless set.
int c = -1;
Node<E> node = new Node(e);
final ReentrantLock putLock = this.putLock;
final AtomicInteger count = this.count;
putLock.lockInterruptibly();
try {
/*
* Note that count is used in wait guard even though it is
* not protected by lock. This works because count can
* only decrease at this point (all other puts are shut
* out by lock), and we (or some other waiting put) are
* signalled if it ever changes from capacity. Similarly
* for all other uses of count in other wait guards.
*/
while (count.get() == capacity) {
notFull.await();
}
enqueue(node);
c = count.getAndIncrement();
if (c + 1 < capacity)
notFull.signal();
} finally {
putLock.unlock();
}
if (c == 0)
signalNotEmpty();
}
public E take() throws InterruptedException {
E x;
int c = -1;
final AtomicInteger count = this.count;
final ReentrantLock takeLock = this.takeLock;
takeLock.lockInterruptibly();
try {
while (count.get() == 0) {
notEmpty.await();
}
x = dequeue();
c = count.getAndDecrement();
if (c > 1)
notEmpty.signal();
} finally {
takeLock.unlock();
}
if (c == capacity)
signalNotFull();
return x;
}
从源代码实现来看,LinkedBlockingQueue使用了2个lock,一个takelock和一个putlock,读和写用不同的lock来控制,这样并发效率更高。
ConcurrentLinkedQueue
ArrayBlockingQueue和LinkedBlockingQueue都是使用lock来实现的,也就是阻塞式的队列,而ConcurrentLinkedQueue使用CAS来实现,是非阻塞式的“lock-free”实现。ConcurrentLinkedQueue源代码的实现有点复杂,另文分析。