启动参数手册

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man bootparam

BOOTPARAM(7) Linux Programmer's Manual BOOTPARAM(7)

NAME

bootparam - Introduction to boot time parameters of the Linux kernel

DESCRIPTION

The Linux kernel accepts certain 'command-line options' or 'boot time parameters' at

the moment it is started. In general this is used to supply the kernel with informa‐

tion about hardware parameters that the kernel would not be able to determine on its

own, or to avoid/override the values that the kernel would otherwise detect.

When the kernel is booted directly by the BIOS (say from a floppy to which you copied a

kernel using 'cp zImage /dev/fd0'), you have no opportunity to specify any parameters.

So, in order to take advantage of this possibility you have to use software that is

able to pass parameters, like LILO or loadlin. For a few parameters one can also mod‐

ify the kernel image itself, using rdev, see rdev(8) for further details.

The LILO program (LInux LOader) written by Werner Almesberger is the most commonly

used. It has the ability to boot various kernels, and stores the configuration infor‐

mation in a plain text file. (See lilo(8) and lilo.conf(5).) LILO can boot DOS, OS/2,

Linux, FreeBSD, UnixWare, etc., and is quite flexible.

The other commonly used Linux loader is 'LoadLin' which is a DOS program that has the

capability to launch a Linux kernel from the DOS prompt (with boot-args) assuming that

certain resources are available. This is good for people that want to launch Linux

from DOS.

It is also very useful if you have certain hardware which relies on the supplied DOS

driver to put the hardware into a known state. A common example is 'SoundBlaster Com‐

patible' sound cards that require the DOS driver to twiddle a few mystical registers to

put the card into a SB compatible mode. Booting DOS with the supplied driver, and then

loading Linux from the DOS prompt with loadlin avoids the reset of the card that hap‐

pens if one rebooted instead.

The Argument List

The kernel command line is parsed into a list of strings (boot arguments) separated by

spaces空格. Most of the boot args take the form of:

name[=value_1][,value_2]...[,value_10]

where 'name' is a unique keyword that is used to identify what part of the kernel the

associated values (if any) are to be given to. Note the limit of 10 is real, as the

present code only handles 10 comma separated parameters per keyword. (However, you can

re-use the same keyword with up to an additional 10 parameters in unusually complicated

situations, assuming the setup function supports it.)

Most of the sorting goes on in linux/init/main.c. First, the kernel checks to see if

the argument is any of the special arguments 'root=', 'nfsroot=', 'nfsaddrs=', 'ro',

'rw', 'debug' or 'init'. The meaning of these special arguments is described below.

Then it walks a list of setup functions (contained in the bootsetups array) to see if

the specified argument string (such as 'foo') has been associated with a setup function

('foo_setup()') for a particular device or part of the kernel. If you passed the ker‐

nel the line foo=3,4,5,6 then the kernel would search the bootsetups array to see if

'foo' was registered. If it was, then it would call the setup function associated with

'foo' (foo_setup()) and hand it the arguments 3, 4, 5 and 6 as given on the kernel com‐

mand line.

Anything of the form 'foo=bar' that is not accepted as a setup function as described

above is then interpreted as an environment variable to be set. A (useless?) example

would be to use 'TERM=vt100' as a boot argument.

Any remaining arguments that were not picked up by the kernel and were not interpreted

as environment variables are then passed onto process one, which is usually the init

program. The most common argument that is passed to the init process is the word 'sin‐

gle' which instructs init to boot the computer in single user mode, and not launch all

the usual daemons. Check the manual page for the version of init installed on your

system to see what arguments it accepts.

General Non-device Specific Boot Arguments

'init=...'

This sets the initial command to be executed by the kernel. If this is not set,

or cannot be found, the kernel will try /sbin/init, then /etc/init, then

/bin/init, then /bin/sh and panic if all of this fails.

'nfsaddrs=...'

This sets the nfs boot address to the given string. This boot address is used

in case of a net boot.

'nfsroot=...'

This sets the nfs root name to the given string. If this string does not begin

with '/' or ',' or a digit, then it is prefixed by '/tftpboot/'. This root name

is used in case of a net boot.如果不是/或者数字开头，就默认为/tftpboot，用于网络启动。

'no387'

(Only when CONFIG_BUGi386 is defined.) Some i387 coprocessor chips have bugs

that show up when used in 32 bit protected mode. For example, some of the early

ULSI-387 chips would cause solid lockups while performing floating-point calcu‐

lations. Using the 'no387' boot arg causes Linux to ignore the maths coproces‐

sor even if you have one. Of course you must then have your kernel compiled

with math emulation support!

'no-hlt'

(Only when CONFIG_BUGi386 is defined.) Some of the early i486DX-100 chips have

a problem with the 'hlt' instruction, in that they can't reliably return to

operating mode after this instruction is used. Using the 'no-hlt' instruction

tells Linux to just run an infinite loop when there is nothing else to do, and

to not halt the CPU. This allows people with these broken chips to use Linux.

'root=...' 用于根文件系统的设备

This argument tells the kernel what device is to be used as the root file system

while booting. The default of this setting is determined at compile time, and

usually is the value of the root device of the system that the kernel was built

on. To override this value, and select the second floppy drive as the root

device, one would use 'root=/dev/fd1'. (The root device can also be set using

rdev(8).)

The root device can be specified symbolically or numerically. A symbolic符号speci‐

fication has the form /dev/XXYN, where XX designates the device type设备类型('hd' for

ST-506 compatible hard disk, with Y in 'a'-'d'; 'sd' for SCSI compatible disk,

with Y in 'a'-'e'; 'ad' for Atari ACSI disk, with Y in 'a'-'e', 'ez' for a

Syquest EZ135 parallel port removable drive, with Y='a', 'xd' for XT compatible

disk, with Y either 'a' or 'b'; 'fd' for floppy disk, with Y the floppy drive

number — fd0 would be the DOS 'A:' drive, and fd1 would be 'B:'), Y the driver

letter or number, and N the number (in decimal) of the partition on this device

(absent in the case of floppies). Recent kernels allow many other types, mostly

for CD-ROMs: nfs, ram, scd, mcd, cdu535, aztcd, cm206cd, gscd, sbpcd, sonycd,

bpcd. (The type nfs specifies a net boot; ram refers to a ram disk.)

Note that this has nothing to do with the designation名称 of these devices on your

file system. The '/dev/' part is purely conventional通用的.

The more awkward尴尬的 and less portable numeric specification of the above possible

root devices in major/minor format is also accepted. (E.g., /dev/sda3 is major

8, minor 3, so you could use 'root=0x803' as an alternative.)

'ro' and 'rw' 只读或读写的根文件系统

The 'ro' option tells the kernel to mount the root file system as 'read-only' so

that file system consistency一致性 check programs (fsck) can do their work on a quies‐

cent file system. No processes can write to files on the file system in ques‐

tion until it is 'remounted' as read/write capable, for example, by 'mount -w -n

-o remount /'. (See also mount(8).)

The 'rw' option tells the kernel to mount the root file system read/write. This

is the default.默认根文件系统是可读写的

The choice between read-only and read/write can also be set using rdev(8).

'reserve=...'

This is used to protect I/O port regions from probes. The form of the command

is:

reserve=iobase,extent[,iobase,extent]...

In some machines it may be necessary to prevent device drivers from checking for

devices (auto-probing) in a specific region. This may be because of hardware

that reacts badly to the probing, or hardware that would be mistakenly identi‐

fied, or merely hardware you don't want the kernel to initialize.

The reserve boot-time argument specifies an I/O port region that shouldn't be

probed. A device driver will not probe a reserved region, unless another boot

argument explicitly specifies that it do so.

For example, the boot line

reserve=0x300,32 blah=0x300

keeps all device drivers except the driver for 'blah' from probing 0x300-0x31f.

'mem=...'

The BIOS call defined in the PC specification that returns the amount of

installed memory was only designed to be able to report up to 64MB. Linux uses

this BIOS call at boot to determine how much memory is installed BIOS调用决定到底需要多少RAM启动. If you have

more than 64MB of RAM installed, you can use this boot arg to tell Linux how

much memory you have. The value is in decimal or hexadecimal (prefix 0x), and

the suffixes 'k' (times 1024) or 'M' (times 1048576) can be used. Here is a

quote from Linus on usage of the 'mem=' parameter.

The kernel will accept any 'mem=xx' parameter you give it, and if it turns

out that you lied to it, it will crash horribly sooner or later. The

parameter indicates the highest addressable RAM address, so 'mem=0x1000000（2的24次）'

means you have 16MB（1M是2的20次方） of memory, for example. For a 96MB machine this would

be 'mem=0x6000000'.

NOTE NOTE NOTE: some machines might use the top of memory for BIOS caching

or whatever, so you might not actually have up to the full 96MB address‐

able. The reverse is also true: some chipsets will map the physical memory

that is covered by the BIOS area into the area just past the top of memory,

so the top-of-mem might actually be 96MB + 384kB for example. If you tell

linux that it has more memory than it actually does have, bad things will

happen: maybe not at once, but surely eventually.

You can also use the boot argument 'mem=nopentium' to turn off 4 MB page tables

on kernels configured for IA32 systems with a pentium or newer CPU.

'panic=N'

By default the kernel will not reboot after a panic, but this option will cause

a kernel reboot after N seconds (if N is greater than zero). This panic timeout

can also be set by "echo N > /proc/sys/kernel/panic".

'reboot=[warm|cold][,[bios|hard]]'

(Only when CONFIG_BUGi386 is defined.) Since 2.0.22 a reboot is by default a

cold reboot. One asks for the old default with 'reboot=warm'. (A cold reboot

may be required to reset certain hardware, but might destroy not yet written

data in a disk cache. A warm reboot may be faster.) By default a reboot is

hard, by asking the keyboard controller to pulse the reset line low, but there

is at least one type of motherboard where that doesn't work. The option

'reboot=bios' will instead jump through the BIOS.

'nosmp' and 'maxcpus=N'

(Only when __SMP__ is defined.) A command-line option of 'nosmp' or 'maxcpus=0'

will disable SMP activation entirely; an option 'maxcpus=N' limits the maximum

number of CPUs activated in SMP mode to N.

Boot Arguments for Use by Kernel Developers

'debug'

Kernel messages are handed off to the kernel log daemon klogd so that they may

be logged to disk. Messages with a priority above console_loglevel are also

printed on the console. (For these levels, see <linux/kernel.h>.) By default

this variable is set to log anything more important than debug messages. This

boot argument will cause the kernel to also print the messages of DEBUG prior‐

ity. The console loglevel can also be set at run time via an option to klogd.

See klogd(8).

'profile=N'

It is possible to enable a kernel profiling function, if one wishes to find out

where the kernel is spending its CPU cycles. Profiling is enabled by setting

the variable prof_shift to a non-zero value. This is done either by specifying

CONFIG_PROFILE at compile time, or by giving the 'profile=' option. Now the

value that prof_shift gets will be N, when given, or CONFIG_PROFILE_SHIFT, when

that is given, or 2, the default. The significance of this variable is that it

gives the granularity of the profiling: each clock tick, if the system was exe‐

cuting kernel code, a counter is incremented:

profile[address >> prof_shift]++;

The raw profiling information can be read from /proc/profile. Probably you'll

want to use a tool such as readprofile.c to digest it. Writing to /proc/profile

will clear the counters.

'swap=N1,N2,N3,N4,N5,N6,N7,N8'

Set the eight parameters max_page_age, page_advance, page_decline, page_ini‐

tial_age, age_cluster_fract, age_cluster_min, pageout_weight, bufferout_weight

that control the kernel swap algorithm. For kernel tuners only.

'buff=N1,N2,N3,N4,N5,N6'

Set the six parameters max_buff_age, buff_advance, buff_decline, buff_ini‐

tial_age, bufferout_weight, buffermem_grace that control kernel buffer memory

management. For kernel tuners only.

Boot Arguments for Ramdisk Use

(Only if the kernel was compiled with CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM.) In general it is a bad idea

to use a ramdisk under Linux — the system will use available memory more efficiently

itself. But while booting (or while constructing boot floppies) it is often useful to

load the floppy contents into a ramdisk. One might also have a system in which first

some modules (for file system or hardware) must be loaded before the main disk can be

accessed.

In Linux 1.3.48, ramdisk handling was changed drastically. Earlier, the memory was

allocated statically, and there was a 'ramdisk=N' parameter to tell its size. (This

could also be set in the kernel image at compile time, or by use of rdev(8).) These

days ram disks use the buffer cache, and grow dynamically. For a lot of information

(e.g., how to use rdev(8) in conjunction with the new ramdisk setup), see

/usr/src/linux/Documentation/ramdisk.txt.

There are four parameters, two boolean and two integral.

'load_ramdisk=N'

If N=1, do load a ramdisk. If N=0, do not load a ramdisk. (This is the

default.)

'prompt_ramdisk=N'

If N=1, do prompt for insertion of the floppy. (This is the default.) If N=0,

do not prompt. (Thus, this parameter is never needed.)

'ramdisk_size=N' or (obsolete) 'ramdisk=N'

Set the maximal size of the ramdisk(s) to N kB. The default is 4096 (4 MB).

'ramdisk_start=N'

Sets the starting block number (the offset on the floppy where the ramdisk

starts) to N. This is needed in case the ramdisk follows a kernel image.

'noinitrd'

(Only if the kernel was compiled with CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM and CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INI‐

TRD.) These days it is possible to compile the kernel to use initrd. When this

feature is enabled, the boot process will load the kernel and an initial

ramdisk; then the kernel converts initrd into a "normal" ramdisk, which is

mounted read-write as root device; then /linuxrc is executed; afterwards the

"real" root file system is mounted, and the initrd file system is moved over to

/initrd; finally the usual boot sequence (e.g., invocation of /sbin/init) is

performed.

For a detailed description of the initrd feature, see /usr/src/linux/Documenta‐

tion/initrd.txt.

The 'noinitrd' option tells the kernel that although it was compiled for opera‐

tion with initrd, it should not go through the above steps, but leave the initrd

data under /dev/initrd. (This device can be used only once: the data is freed

as soon as the last process that used it has closed /dev/initrd.)

Boot Arguments for SCSI Devices

General notation for this section:

iobase -- the first I/O port that the SCSI host occupies. These are specified in hexa‐

decimal notation, and usually lie in the range from 0x200 to 0x3ff.

irq -- the hardware interrupt that the card is configured to use. Valid values will be

dependent on the card in question, but will usually be 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 15.

The other values are usually used for common peripherals like IDE hard disks, floppies,

serial ports, etc.

scsi-id -- the ID that the host adapter uses to identify itself on the SCSI bus. Only

some host adapters allow you to change this value, as most have it permanently speci‐

fied internally. The usual default value is 7, but the Seagate and Future Domain

TMC-950 boards use 6.

parity -- whether the SCSI host adapter expects the attached devices to supply a parity

value with all information exchanges. Specifying a one indicates parity checking is

enabled, and a zero disables parity checking. Again, not all adapters will support

selection of parity behavior as a boot argument.

'max_scsi_luns=...'

A SCSI device can have a number of 'sub-devices' contained within itself. The

most common example is one of the new SCSI CD-ROMs that handle more than one

disk at a time. Each CD is addressed as a 'Logical Unit Number' (LUN) of that

particular device. But most devices, such as hard disks, tape drives and such

are only one device, and will be assigned to LUN zero.

Some poorly designed SCSI devices cannot handle being probed for LUNs not equal

to zero. Therefore, if the compile-time flag CONFIG_SCSI_MULTI_LUN is not set,

newer kernels will by default only probe LUN zero.

To specify the number of probed LUNs at boot, one enters 'max_scsi_luns=n' as a

boot arg, where n is a number between one and eight. To avoid problems as

described above, one would use n=1 to avoid upsetting such broken devices.

SCSI tape configuration

Some boot time configuration of the SCSI tape driver can be achieved by using

the following:

st=buf_size[,write_threshold[,max_bufs]]

The first two numbers are specified in units of kB. The default buf_size is

32kB, and the maximum size that can be specified is a ridiculous 16384kB. The

write_threshold is the value at which the buffer is committed to tape, with a

default value of 30kB. The maximum number of buffers varies with the number of

drives detected, and has a default of two. An example usage would be:

st=32,30,2

Full details can be found in the file Documentation/scsi/st.txt (or driv‐

ers/scsi/README.st for older kernels) in the kernel source.

Adaptec aha151x, aha152x, aic6260, aic6360, SB16-SCSI configuration

The aha numbers refer to cards and the aic numbers refer to the actual SCSI chip

on these type of cards, including the Soundblaster-16 SCSI.

The probe code for these SCSI hosts looks for an installed BIOS, and if none is

present, the probe will not find your card. Then you will have to use a boot

arg of the form:

aha152x=iobase[,irq[,scsi-id[,reconnect[,parity]]]]

If the driver was compiled with debugging enabled, a sixth value can be speci‐

fied to set the debug level.

All the parameters are as described at the top of this section, and the recon‐

nect value will allow device disconnect/reconnect if a non-zero value is used.

An example usage is as follows:

aha152x=0x340,11,7,1

Note that the parameters must be specified in order, meaning that if you want to

specify a parity setting, then you will have to specify an iobase, irq, scsi-id

and reconnect value as well.

Adaptec aha154x configuration

The aha1542 series cards have an i82077 floppy controller onboard, while the

aha1540 series cards do not. These are busmastering cards, and have parameters

to set the "fairness" that is used to share the bus with other devices. The

boot arg looks like the following.

aha1542=iobase[,buson,busoff[,dmaspeed]]

Valid iobase values are usually one of: 0x130, 0x134, 0x230, 0x234, 0x330,

0x334. Clone cards may permit other values.

The buson, busoff values refer to the number of microseconds that the card domi‐

nates the ISA bus. The defaults are 11us on, and 4us off, so that other cards

(such as an ISA LANCE Ethernet card) have a chance to get access to the ISA bus.

The dmaspeed value refers to the rate (in MB/s) at which the DMA (Direct Memory

Access) transfers proceed. The default is 5MB/s. Newer revision cards allow

you to select this value as part of the soft-configuration, older cards use

jumpers. You can use values up to 10MB/s assuming that your motherboard is

capable of handling it. Experiment with caution if using values over 5MB/s.

Adaptec aha274x, aha284x, aic7xxx configuration

These boards can accept an argument of the form:

aic7xxx=extended,no_reset

The extended value, if non-zero, indicates that extended translation for large

disks is enabled. The no_reset value, if non-zero, tells the driver not to

reset the SCSI bus when setting up the host adapter at boot.

AdvanSys SCSI Hosts configuration ('advansys=')

The AdvanSys driver can accept up to four i/o addresses that will be probed for

an AdvanSys SCSI card. Note that these values (if used) do not effect EISA or

PCI probing in any way. They are only used for probing ISA and VLB cards. In

addition, if the driver has been compiled with debugging enabled, the level of

debugging output can be set by adding an 0xdeb[0-f] parameter. The 0-f allows

setting the level of the debugging messages to any of 16 levels of verbosity.

AM53C974

AM53C974=host-scsi-id,target-scsi-id,max-rate,max-offset

BusLogic SCSI Hosts configuration ('BusLogic=')

BusLogic=N1,N2,N3,N4,N5,S1,S2,...

For an extensive discussion of the BusLogic command line parameters, see

/usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/BusLogic.c (lines 3149-3270 in the kernel version I

am looking at). The text below is a very much abbreviated extract.

The parameters N1-N5 are integers. The parameters S1,... are strings. N1 is

the I/O Address at which the Host Adapter is located. N2 is the Tagged Queue

Depth to use for Target Devices that support Tagged Queuing. N3 is the Bus Set‐

tle Time in seconds. This is the amount of time to wait between a Host Adapter

Hard Reset which initiates a SCSI Bus Reset and issuing any SCSI Commands. N4

is the Local Options (for one Host Adapter). N5 is the Global Options (for all

Host Adapters).

The string options are used to provide control over Tagged Queuing (TQ:Default,

TQ:Enable, TQ:Disable, TQ:<Per-Target-Spec>), over Error Recovery (ER:Default,

ER:HardReset, ER:BusDeviceReset, ER:None, ER:<Per-Target-Spec>), and over Host

Adapter Probing (NoProbe, NoProbeISA, NoSortPCI).

EATA/DMA configuration

The default list of i/o ports to be probed can be changed by

eata=iobase,iobase,....

Future Domain TMC-16x0 configuration

fdomain=iobase,irq[,adapter_id]

Great Valley Products (GVP) SCSI controller configuration

gvp11=dma_transfer_bitmask

Future Domain TMC-8xx, TMC-950 configuration

tmc8xx=mem_base,irq

The mem_base value is the value of the memory mapped I/O region that the card

uses. This will usually be one of the following values: 0xc8000, 0xca000,

0xcc000, 0xce000, 0xdc000, 0xde000.

IN2000 configuration

in2000=S

where S is a comma-separated string of items keyword[:value]. Recognized key‐

words (possibly with value) are: ioport:addr, noreset, nosync:x, period:ns, dis‐

connect:x, debug:x, proc:x. For the function of these parameters, see

/usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/in2000.c.

NCR5380 and NCR53C400 configuration

The boot arg is of the form

ncr5380=iobase,irq,dma

ncr53c400=iobase,irq

If the card doesn't use interrupts, then an IRQ value of 255 (0xff) will disable

interrupts. An IRQ value of 254 means to autoprobe. More details can be found

in the file Documentation/scsi/g_NCR5380.txt (or drivers/scsi/README.g_NCR5380

for older kernels) in the kernel source.

NCR53C8xx configuration

ncr53c8xx=S

where S is a comma-separated string of items keyword:value. Recognized keywords

are: mpar (master_parity), spar (scsi_parity), disc (disconnection), specf (spe‐

cial_features), ultra (ultra_scsi), fsn (force_sync_nego), tags (default_tags),

sync (default_sync), verb (verbose), debug (debug), burst (burst_max). For the

function of the assigned values, see /usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/ncr53c8xx.c.

NCR53c406a configuration

ncr53c406a=iobase[,irq[,fastpio]]

Specify irq = 0 for non-interrupt driven mode. Set fastpio = 1 for fast pio

mode, 0 for slow mode.

Pro Audio Spectrum configuration

The PAS16 uses a NC5380 SCSI chip, and newer models support jumperless configu‐

ration. The boot arg is of the form:

pas16=iobase,irq

The only difference is that you can specify an IRQ value of 255, which will tell

the driver to work without using interrupts, albeit at a performance loss. The

iobase is usually 0x388.

Seagate ST-0x configuration

If your card is not detected at boot time, you will then have to use a boot arg

of the form:

st0x=mem_base,irq

The mem_base value is the value of the memory mapped I/O region that the card

uses. This will usually be one of the following values: 0xc8000, 0xca000,

0xcc000, 0xce000, 0xdc000, 0xde000.

Trantor T128 configuration

These cards are also based on the NCR5380 chip, and accept the following

options:

t128=mem_base,irq

The valid values for mem_base are as follows: 0xcc000, 0xc8000, 0xdc000,

0xd8000.

UltraStor 14F/34F configuration

The default list of i/o ports to be probed can be changed by

eata=iobase,iobase,....

WD7000 configuration

wd7000=irq,dma,iobase

Commodore Amiga A2091/590 SCSI controller configuration

wd33c93=S

where S is a comma-separated string of options. Recognized options are

nosync:bitmask, nodma:x, period:ns, disconnect:x, debug:x, clock:x, next. For

details, see /usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/wd33c93.c.

Hard Disks

IDE Disk/CD-ROM Driver Parameters

The IDE driver accepts a number of parameters, which range from disk geometry

specifications, to support for broken controller chips. Drive-specific options

are specified by using 'hdX=' with X in 'a'-'h'.

Non-drive-specific options are specified with the prefix 'hd='. Note that using

a drive-specific prefix for a non-drive-specific option will still work, and the

option will just be applied as expected.

Also note that 'hd=' can be used to refer to the next unspecified drive in the

(a, ..., h) sequence. For the following discussions, the 'hd=' option will be

cited for brevity. See the file Documentation/ide.txt (or driv‐

ers/block/README.ide for older kernels) in the kernel source for more details.

The 'hd=cyls,heads,sects[,wpcom[,irq]]' options

These options are used to specify the physical geometry of the disk. Only the

first three values are required. The cylinder/head/sectors values will be those

used by fdisk. The write precompensation value is ignored for IDE disks. The

IRQ value specified will be the IRQ used for the interface that the drive

resides on, and is not really a drive-specific parameter.

The 'hd=serialize' option

The dual IDE interface CMD-640 chip is broken as designed such that when drives

on the secondary interface are used at the same time as drives on the primary

interface, it will corrupt your data. Using this option tells the driver to

make sure that both interfaces are never used at the same time.

The 'hd=dtc2278' option

This option tells the driver that you have a DTC-2278D IDE interface. The

driver then tries to do DTC-specific operations to enable the second interface

and to enable faster transfer modes.

The 'hd=noprobe' option

Do not probe for this drive. For example,

hdb=noprobe hdb=1166,7,17

would disable the probe, but still specify the drive geometry so that it would

be registered as a valid block device, and hence usable.

The 'hd=nowerr' option

Some drives apparently have the WRERR_STAT bit stuck on permanently. This

enables a work-around for these broken devices.

The 'hd=cdrom' option

This tells the IDE driver that there is an ATAPI compatible CD-ROM attached in

place of a normal IDE hard disk. In most cases the CD-ROM is identified auto‐

matically, but if it isn't then this may help.

Standard ST-506 Disk Driver Options ('hd=')

The standard disk driver can accept geometry arguments for the disks similar to

the IDE driver. Note however that it only expects three values (C/H/S); any

more or any less and it will silently ignore you. Also, it only accepts 'hd='

as an argument, that is, 'hda=' and so on are not valid here. The format is as

follows:

hd=cyls,heads,sects

If there are two disks installed, the above is repeated with the geometry param‐

eters of the second disk.

XT Disk Driver Options ('xd=')

If you are unfortunate enough to be using one of these old 8 bit cards that move

data at a whopping 125kB/s then here is the scoop. If the card is not recog‐

nized, you will have to use a boot arg of the form:

xd=type,irq,iobase,dma_chan

The type value specifies the particular manufacturer of the card, overriding

autodetection. For the types to use, consult the drivers/block/xd.c source file

of the kernel you are using. The type is an index in the list xd_sigs and in

the course of time types have been added to or deleted from the middle of the

list, changing all type numbers. Today (Linux 2.5.0) the types are 0=generic;

1=DTC 5150cx; 2,3=DTC 5150x; 4,5=Western Digital; 6,7,8=Seagate; 9=Omti;

10=XEBEC, and where here several types are given with the same designation, they

are equivalent.

The xd_setup() function does no checking on the values, and assumes that you

entered all four values. Don't disappoint it. Here is an example usage for a

WD1002 controller with the BIOS disabled/removed, using the 'default' XT con‐

troller parameters:

xd=2,5,0x320,3

Syquest's EZ* removable disks

ez=iobase[,irq[,rep[,nybble]]]

IBM MCA Bus Devices

See also /usr/src/linux/Documentation/mca.txt.

PS/2 ESDI hard disks

It is possible to specify the desired geometry at boot time:

ed=cyls,heads,sectors.

For a ThinkPad-720, add the option

tp720=1.

IBM Microchannel SCSI Subsystem configuration

ibmmcascsi=N

where N is the pun (SCSI ID) of the subsystem.

The Aztech Interface

The syntax for this type of card is:

aztcd=iobase[,magic_number]

If you set the magic_number to 0x79 then the driver will try and run anyway in

the event of an unknown firmware version. All other values are ignored.

Parallel port CD-ROM drives

Syntax:

pcd.driveN=prt,pro,uni,mod,slv,dly

pcd.nice=nice

where 'port' is the base address, 'pro' is the protocol number, 'uni' is the

unit selector (for chained devices), 'mod' is the mode (or -1 to choose the best

automatically), 'slv' is 1 if it should be a slave, and 'dly' is a small integer

for slowing down port accesses. The 'nice' parameter controls the driver's use

of idle CPU time, at the expense of some speed.

The CDU-31A and CDU-33A Sony Interface

This CD-ROM interface is found on some of the Pro Audio Spectrum sound cards,

and other Sony supplied interface cards. The syntax is as follows:

cdu31a=iobase,[irq[,is_pas_card]]

Specifying an IRQ value of zero tells the driver that hardware interrupts aren't

supported (as on some PAS cards). If your card supports interrupts, you should

use them as it cuts down on the CPU usage of the driver.

The is_pas_card should be entered as 'PAS' if using a Pro Audio Spectrum card,

and otherwise it should not be specified at all.

The CDU-535 Sony Interface

The syntax for this CD-ROM interface is:

sonycd535=iobase[,irq]

A zero can be used for the I/O base as a 'placeholder' if one wishes to specify

an IRQ value.

The GoldStar Interface

The syntax for this CD-ROM interface is:

gscd=iobase

The ISP16 CD-ROM Interface

Syntax:

isp16=[iobase[,irq[,dma[,type]]]]

(three integers and a string). If the type is given as 'noisp16', the interface

will not be configured. Other recognized types are: 'Sanyo", 'Sony', 'Pana‐

sonic' and 'Mitsumi'.

The Mitsumi Standard Interface

The syntax for this CD-ROM interface is:

mcd=iobase,[irq[,wait_value]]

The wait_value is used as an internal timeout value for people who are having

problems with their drive, and may or may not be implemented depending on a com‐

pile-time #define. The Mitsumi FX400 is an IDE/ATAPI CD-ROM player and does not

use the mcd driver.

The Mitsumi XA/MultiSession Interface

This is for the same hardware as above, but the driver has extended features.

Syntax:

mcdx=iobase[,irq]

The Optics Storage Interface

The syntax for this type of card is:

optcd=iobase

The Phillips CM206 Interface

The syntax for this type of card is:

cm206=[iobase][,irq]

The driver assumes numbers between 3 and 11 are IRQ values, and numbers between

0x300 and 0x370 are I/O ports, so you can specify one, or both numbers, in any

order. It also accepts 'cm206=auto' to enable autoprobing.

The Sanyo Interface

The syntax for this type of card is:

sjcd=iobase[,irq[,dma_channel]]

The SoundBlaster Pro Interface

The syntax for this type of card is:

sbpcd=iobase,type

where type is one of the following (case sensitive) strings: 'SoundBlaster',

'LaserMate', or 'SPEA'. The I/O base is that of the CD-ROM interface, and not

that of the sound portion of the card.

Ethernet Devices

Different drivers make use of different parameters, but they all at least share having

an IRQ, an I/O port base value, and a name. In its most generic form, it looks some‐

thing like this:

ether=irq,iobase[,param_1[,...param_8]],name

The first non-numeric argument is taken as the name. The param_n values (if

applicable) usually have different meanings for each different card/driver.

Typical param_n values are used to specify things like shared memory address,

interface selection, DMA channel and the like.

The most common use of this parameter is to force probing for a second ether‐

card, as the default is to only probe for one. This can be accomplished with a

simple:

ether=0,0,eth1

Note that the values of zero for the IRQ and I/O base in the above example tell

the driver(s) to autoprobe.

The Ethernet-HowTo has extensive documentation on using multiple cards and on

the card/driver-specific implementation of the param_n values where used.

Interested readers should refer to the section in that document on their partic‐

ular card.

The Floppy Disk Driver

There are many floppy driver options, and they are all listed in Documenta‐

tion/floppy.txt (or drivers/block/README.fd for older kernels) in the kernel source.

This information is taken directly from that file.

floppy=mask,allowed_drive_mask

Sets the bit mask of allowed drives to mask. By default, only units 0 and 1 of

each floppy controller are allowed. This is done because certain non-standard

hardware (ASUS PCI motherboards) mess up the keyboard when accessing units 2 or

3. This option is somewhat obsoleted by the cmos option.

floppy=all_drives

Sets the bit mask of allowed drives to all drives. Use this if you have more

than two drives connected to a floppy controller.

floppy=asus_pci

Sets the bit mask to allow only units 0 and 1. (The default)

floppy=daring

Tells the floppy driver that you have a well behaved floppy controller. This

allows more efficient and smoother operation, but may fail on certain con‐

trollers. This may speed up certain operations.

floppy=0,daring

Tells the floppy driver that your floppy controller should be used with caution.

floppy=one_fdc

Tells the floppy driver that you have only floppy controller (default)

floppy=two_fdc or floppy=address,two_fdc

Tells the floppy driver that you have two floppy controllers. The second floppy

controller is assumed to be at address. If address is not given, 0x370 is

assumed.

floppy=thinkpad

Tells the floppy driver that you have a Thinkpad. Thinkpads use an inverted

convention for the disk change line.

floppy=0,thinkpad

Tells the floppy driver that you don't have a Thinkpad.

floppy=drive,type,cmos

Sets the cmos type of drive to type. Additionally, this drive is allowed in the

bit mask. This is useful if you have more than two floppy drives (only two can

be described in the physical cmos), or if your BIOS uses non-standard CMOS

types. Setting the CMOS to 0 for the first two drives (default) makes the

floppy driver read the physical cmos for those drives.

floppy=unexpected_interrupts

Print a warning message when an unexpected interrupt is received (default behav‐

ior)

floppy=no_unexpected_interrupts or floppy=L40SX

Don't print a message when an unexpected interrupt is received. This is needed

on IBM L40SX laptops in certain video modes. (There seems to be an interaction

between video and floppy. The unexpected interrupts only affect performance,

and can safely be ignored.)

The Sound Driver 声卡驱动

The sound driver can also accept boot args to override the compiled in values. This is

not recommended, as it is rather complex. It is described in the kernel source file

Documentation/sound/oss/README.OSS (drivers/sound/Readme.linux in older kernel ver‐

sions). It accepts a boot arg of the form:

sound=device1[,device2[,device3...[,device10]]]

where each deviceN value is of the following format 0xTaaaId and the bytes are

used as follows:

T - device type: 1=FM, 2=SB, 3=PAS, 4=GUS, 5=MPU401, 6=SB16, 7=SB16-MPU401

aaa - I/O address in hex.

I - interrupt line in hex (i.e 10=a, 11=b, ...)

d - DMA channel.

As you can see it gets pretty messy, and you are better off to compile in your

own personal values as recommended. Using a boot arg of 'sound=0' will disable

the sound driver entirely.

ISDN Drivers

The ICN ISDN driver

Syntax:

icn=iobase,membase,icn_id1,icn_id2

where icn_id1,icn_id2 are two strings used to identify the card in kernel mes‐

sages.

The PCBIT ISDN driver

Syntax:

pcbit=membase1,irq1[,membase2,irq2]

where membaseN is the shared memory base of the N'th card, and irqN is the

interrupt setting of the N'th card. The default is IRQ 5 and membase 0xD0000.

The Teles ISDN driver

Syntax:

teles=iobase,irq,membase,protocol,teles_id

where iobase is the i/o port address of the card, membase is the shared memory

base address of the card, irq is the interrupt channel the card uses, and

teles_id is the unique ASCII string identifier.

Serial Port Drivers

The RISCom/8 Multiport Serial Driver ('riscom8=')

Syntax:

riscom=iobase1[,iobase2[,iobase3[,iobase4]]]

More details can be found in /usr/src/linux/Documentation/riscom8.txt.

The DigiBoard Driver ('digi=')

If this option is used, it should have precisely six parameters. Syntax:

digi=status,type,altpin,numports,iobase,membase

The parameters maybe given as integers, or as strings. If strings are used,

then iobase and membase should be given in hexadecimal. The integer arguments

(fewer may be given) are in order: status (Enable(1) or Disable(0) this card),

type (PC/Xi(0), PC/Xe(1), PC/Xeve(2), PC/Xem(3)), altpin (Enable(1) or Dis‐

able(0) alternate pin arrangement), numports (number of ports on this card),

iobase (I/O Port where card is configured (in HEX)), membase (base of memory

window (in HEX)). Thus, the following two boot prompt arguments are equivalent:

digi=E,PC/Xi,D,16,200,D0000

digi=1,0,0,16,0x200,851968

More details can be found in /usr/src/linux/Documentation/digiboard.txt.

The Baycom Serial/Parallel Radio Modem

Syntax:

baycom=iobase,irq,modem

There are precisely 3 parameters; for several cards, give several 'baycom=' com‐

mands. The modem parameter is a string that can take one of the values ser12,

ser12*, par96, par96*. Here the * denotes that software DCD is to be used, and

ser12/par96 chooses between the supported modem types. For more details, see

the file Documentation/networking/baycom.txt (or drivers/net/README.baycom for

older kernels) in the kernel source.

Soundcard radio modem driver

Syntax:

soundmodem=iobase,irq,dma[,dma2[,serio[,pario]]],0,mode

All parameters except the last are integers; the dummy 0 is required because of

a bug in the setup code. The mode parameter is a string with syntax hw:modem,

where hw is one of sbc, wss, wssfdx and modem is one of afsk1200, fsk9600.

The Line Printer Driver

'lp=' Syntax:

lp=0

lp=auto

lp=reset

lp=port[,port...]

You can tell the printer driver what ports to use and what ports not to use.

The latter comes in handy if you don't want the printer driver to claim all

available parallel ports, so that other drivers (e.g., PLIP, PPA) can use them

instead.

The format of the argument is multiple port names. For example, lp=none,par‐

port0 would use the first parallel port for lp1, and disable lp0. To disable

the printer driver entirely, one can use lp=0.

WDT500/501 driver

Syntax:

wdt=io,irq

Mouse Drivers

'bmouse=irq'

The busmouse driver only accepts one parameter, that being the hardware IRQ

value to be used.

'msmouse=irq'

And precisely the same is true for the msmouse driver.

ATARI mouse setup

atamouse=threshold[,y-threshold]

If only one argument is given, it is used for both x-threshold and y-threshold.

Otherwise, the first argument is the x-threshold, and the second the y-thresh‐

old. These values must lie between 1 and 20 (inclusive); the default is 2.

Video Hardware

'no-scroll'

This option tells the console driver not to use hardware scroll (where a scroll

is effected by moving the screen origin in video memory, instead of moving the

data). It is required by certain Braille machines.

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