Spring Boot - 构建Spring Boot系统及相关配置详解

概要

       前面我们讲述了如何搭建一个简单的 Spring Boot 应用(参见Spring Boot - 初探),这里,我们来学习如何对项目进行相关的配置,包括系统构建、自动配置、依赖注入、开发工具等,使其更好地运行。

系统构建

       为了便于依赖管理,官方建议我们使用Maven或者Gradle,以便进行依赖管理。当然,Spring Boot 也支持其他系统构建方式(如Ant)。
       使用 Spring Boot ,你不需要提供相关依赖的版本,Spring Boot 会自动对其进行管理。当你进行系统升级的时候,只需要修改Spring Boot 的版本号就行了,Spring Boot 会自动对其他的依赖进行升级。当然,你也可以根据具体的需要,指定依赖版本来覆盖Spring Boot 的推荐的依赖版本。

Maven

       我们知道,可以通过继承spring-boot-starter-parent 的方式来添加 Spring Boot 的相关支持,这个父项目为我们提供以下几个默认配置:

  • Java 1.6 编译级别
  • UTF-8编码方式
  • 依赖管理模块,你在添加依赖的时候可以省略<version>标签,继承自 spring-boot-dependencies POM
  • 资源文件过滤(将${…​}定义的变量,在输出到target文件中时,替换为变量的值)
  • 插件配置(exec plugin, surefire, Git commit ID, shade)
  • application.properties 和 application.yml 文件过滤

       POM项目只支持单继承,但有的时候,我们必须要继承其他POM,或者使用我们自己的配置。这时,如果我们要添加 Spring Boot 的支持,可以通过其他方式。

       我们可以通过引入spring-boot-dependencies,并且设置scope=import,让Spring Boot来进行依赖管理:

代码清单1 - 将依赖交给Spring Boot管理
<dependencyManagement>
     <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <!-- Import dependency management from Spring Boot -->
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
            <version>1.3.6.RELEASE</version>
            <type>pom</type>
            <scope>import</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

       我们可以通过在spring-boot-dependencies之前,引入我们需要的依赖的版本来覆盖 Spring Boot 提供的依赖版本,例如:

代码清单2 - 覆盖Spring Boot提供的依赖
<dependencyManagement>
    <dependencies>
        <!-- Override Spring Data release train provided by Spring Boot -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.data</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-data-releasetrain</artifactId>
            <version>Fowler-SR2</version>
            <scope>import</scope>
            <type>pom</type>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
            <version>1.3.6.RELEASE</version>
            <type>pom</type>
            <scope>import</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

       若想使用新的Java编译器版本,可添加一个Java版本的属性,如下:

代码清单3 - 使用较新的Java版本
<properties>
    <java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>

       若要将项目打包成一个可执行的文件,需要在<plugins>中添加 spring-boot-maven-plugin 插件,如下:

代码清单4 - 将项目打包成可执行jar
<build>
    <plugins>
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
        </plugin>
    </plugins>
</build>

Gradle

       Gradle和Maven不同,没有提供相应的父项目来共享配置,只能通过引入相关的”starter POMs”依赖。spring-boot-gradle-plugin 用于将项目打包成可执行文件,并且将相关依赖交给 Spring Boot 进行管理,其构建项目的脚本如下:

代码清单5 - Gradle构建项目脚本
buildscript {
    repositories {
        jcenter()
    }

    dependencies {
        classpath("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle-plugin:1.3.6.RELEASE")
    }
}

apply plugin: 'java'
apply plugin: 'spring-boot'

repositories {
    jcenter()
}

dependencies {
    compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web")
    testCompile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test")
}

Ant

       我们使用Ant+Ivy同样也能构建一个Spring Boot项目,使用spring-boot-antlib来帮助我们创建一个可执行的jar。
       ivy.xml的配置如下:

代码清单6 - ivy.xml
<ivy-module version="2.0">
    <info organisation="org.springframework.boot" module="spring-boot-sample-ant" />
    <configurations>
        <conf name="compile" description="everything needed to compile this module" />
        <conf name="runtime" extends="compile" description="everything needed to run this module" />
    </configurations>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency org="org.springframework.boot" name="spring-boot-starter"
            rev="${spring-boot.version}" conf="compile" />
    </dependencies>
</ivy-module>

       build.xml的配置如下:

代码清单7 - build.xml
<project
    xmlns:ivy="antlib:org.apache.ivy.ant"
    xmlns:spring-boot="antlib:org.springframework.boot.ant"
    name="myapp" default="build">

    <property name="spring-boot.version" value="1.3.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT" />

    <target name="resolve" description="--> retrieve dependencies with ivy">
        <ivy:retrieve pattern="lib/[conf]/[artifact]-[type]-[revision].[ext]" />
    </target>

    <target name="classpaths" depends="resolve">
        <path id="compile.classpath">
            <fileset dir="lib/compile" includes="*.jar" />
        </path>
    </target>

    <target name="init" depends="classpaths">
        <mkdir dir="build/classes" />
    </target>

    <target name="compile" depends="init" description="compile">
        <javac srcdir="src/main/java" destdir="build/classes" classpathref="compile.classpath" />
    </target>

    <target name="build" depends="compile">
        <spring-boot:exejar destfile="build/myapp.jar" classes="build/classes">
            <spring-boot:lib>
                <fileset dir="lib/runtime" />
            </spring-boot:lib>
        </spring-boot:exejar>
    </target>
</project>

Starter POMs

       Starter POMs 是由很多方便的依赖集合组成,如果你需要使用某种技术,通过添加少量的jar就可以把相关的依赖加入到项目中去。
       以下是 Spring Boot 应用相关的 Starter POMs 以及说明:

表格1 - Spring Boot 应用相关的 Starter POMs
名称描述
spring-boot-starterThe core Spring Boot starter, including auto-configuration support, logging and YAML.
spring-boot-starter-actuatorProduction ready features to help you monitor and manage your application.
spring-boot-starter-amqpSupport for the “Advanced Message Queuing Protocol” via spring-rabbit.
spring-boot-starter-aopSupport for aspect-oriented programming including spring-aop and AspectJ.
spring-boot-starter-artemisSupport for “Java Message Service API” via Apache Artemis.
spring-boot-starter-batchSupport for “Spring Batch” including HSQLDB database.
spring-boot-starter-cacheSupport for Spring’s Cache abstraction.
spring-boot-starter-cloud-connectorsSupport for “Spring Cloud Connectors” which simplifies connecting to services in cloud platforms like Cloud Foundry and Heroku.
spring-boot-starter-data-elasticsearchSupport for the Elasticsearch search and analytics engine including spring-data-elasticsearch.
spring-boot-starter-data-gemfireSupport for the GemFire distributed data store including spring-data-gemfire.
spring-boot-starter-data-jpaSupport for the “Java Persistence API” including spring-data-jpa, spring-orm and Hibernate.
spring-boot-starter-data-mongodbSupport for the MongoDB NoSQL Database, including spring-data-mongodb.
spring-boot-starter-data-restSupport for exposing Spring Data repositories over REST via spring-data-rest-webmvc.
spring-boot-starter-data-solrSupport for the Apache Solr search platform, including spring-data-solr.
spring-boot-starter-freemarkerSupport for the FreeMarker templating engine.
spring-boot-starter-groovy-templatesSupport for the Groovy templating engine.
spring-boot-starter-hateoasSupport for HATEOAS-based RESTful services via spring-hateoas.
spring-boot-starter-hornetqSupport for “Java Message Service API” via HornetQ.
spring-boot-starter-integrationSupport for common spring-integration modules.
spring-boot-starter-jdbcSupport for JDBC databases.
spring-boot-starter-jerseySupport for the Jersey RESTful Web Services framework.
spring-boot-starter-jta-atomikosSupport for JTA distributed transactions via Atomikos.
spring-boot-starter-jta-bitronixSupport for JTA distributed transactions via Bitronix.
spring-boot-starter-mailSupport for javax.mail.
spring-boot-starter-mobileSupport for spring-mobile.
spring-boot-starter-mustacheSupport for the Mustache templating engine.
spring-boot-starter-redisSupport for the REDIS key-value data store, including spring-redis.
spring-boot-starter-securitySupport for spring-security.
spring-boot-starter-social-facebookSupport for spring-social-facebook.
spring-boot-starter-social-linkedinSupport for spring-social-linkedin.
spring-boot-starter-social-twitterSupport for spring-social-twitter.
spring-boot-starter-testSupport for common test dependencies, including JUnit, Hamcrest and Mockito along with the spring-test module.
spring-boot-starter-thymeleafSupport for the Thymeleaf templating engine, including integration with Spring.
spring-boot-starter-velocitySupport for the Velocity templating engine.
spring-boot-starter-webSupport for full-stack web development, including Tomcat and spring-webmvc.
spring-boot-starter-websocketSupport for WebSocket development.
spring-boot-starter-wsSupport for Spring Web Services.


       以下是 Spring Boot 帮助项目进行监控和管理的 Starter POMs:

表格2 - Spring Boot 监控、管理相关的 Starter POMs
名称描述
spring-boot-starter-actuatorAdds production ready features such as metrics and monitoring.
spring-boot-starter-remote-shellAdds remote ssh shell support.


       除此之外,Spring Boot 还提供了一些其他方面的技术支持可供选择或者替换的Starter POMs,如下表:

表格3 - Spring Boot 其他方面技术支持的 Starter POMs
名称描述
spring-boot-starter-jettyImports the Jetty HTTP engine (to be used as an alternative to Tomcat).
spring-boot-starter-log4jSupport the Log4J logging framework.
spring-boot-starter-loggingImport Spring Boot’s default logging framework (Logback).
spring-boot-starter-tomcatImport Spring Boot’s default HTTP engine (Tomcat).
spring-boot-starter-undertowImports the Undertow HTTP engine (to be used as an alternative to Tomcat).

配置类

       Spring Boot提供了基于Java类的配置。官方建议使用一个带有@Configuration注解的类来替代XML配置文件进行应用的配置。你可以把配置写入不同的类,然后通过@Import注解导入外部的配置类。如果你一定要使用基于XML文件的配置,那么,你可以在@Configuration类中使用@ImportResource导入XML配置文件。
       这里,我们使用一个示例进行说明。

代码清单8 - SubConfiguration.java
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration
public class SubConfiguration {
    ...
}
代码清单9 - sub-config.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
    ...
</beans>
代码清单10 - Application.java
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Import;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
@SpringBootApplication
@Import(SubConfiguration.class)
@ImportResource("classpath:config/sub-config.xml")
public class Application {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication springApplication =
                new SpringApplication(Application.class);
        springApplication.run(args);
    }

}

       Application.java作为主要的类,使用 @Import 和 @ImportResource 分别将外部配置SubConfiguration.java 和 sub-config.xml 进行导入。

自动配置

       Spring Boot 通过项目中添加的依赖自动对应用进行相应的配置。Spring Boot 的自动配置,是通过在配置类上添加@EnableAutoConfiguration 或者 @SpringBootApplication 注解实现的。你也可以在任何地方,定义自己的配置来覆盖Spring Boot的自动配置。
       如果你想禁用禁用某些配置,可以通过 @EnableAutoConfiguration 注解的exclude属性来禁用它。如下:

代码清单11 - 禁用指定的配置
package com.example.service;

import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.*;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.*;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.*;

@Configuration
@EnableAutoConfiguration(exclude = {DataSourceAutoConfiguration.class})
public class MyConfiguration {
}

       你也可以通过设置配置文件的spring.autoconfigure.exclude属性,来禁用 Spring Boot 的相关配置。
@Configuration, @EnableAutoConfiguration 和 @ComponentScan 经常同时使用,Spring Boot 提供了 @SpringBootApplication 注解,等价于以上三个注解一起使用(这三个注解都是默认值)。

代码清单12 - 使用@SpringBootApplication 注解
package com.example.myproject;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication // same as @Configuration @EnableAutoConfiguration @ComponentScan
public class Application {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
    }

}

运行应用

       Spring Boot 支持多种运行应用的方式,有如下几种方式:
- 直接运行main方法所在的应用入口类
- 作为一个可执行的jar包来运行

$ java -jar target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar

       或以调试模式运行:

$ java -Xdebug -Xrunjdwp:server=y,transport=dt_socket,address=8000,suspend=n \
       -jar target/myproject-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
  • 使用Spring Boot 的Maven插件运行
$ mvn spring-boot:run
  • 使用Spring Boot 的Gradle插件运行
$ gradle bootRun

开发者工具

       Spring Boot 提供了一个为开发者服务的模块——spring-boot-devtools,能够提升开发体验。主要包括以下内容:

  • 开发环境属性默认值
  • 自动重启(热部署)
  • 资源重新加载
  • 全局设置
  • 远程应用

       可以通过以下方式引入spring-boot-devtools:

       Maven.

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
        <optional>true</optional>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

       Gradle.

dependencies {
    compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-devtools")
}

开发环境属性默认值

       程序猿在开发环境进行开发的时候,往往关注的是程序有没有什么问题,而用户则关心的是用户体验,所以,很多参数在开发环境和正式环境是有区别的。spring-boot-devtools 为程序员提供了一些适合开发时的参数默认值,以便于程序员进行开发和查找问题。属性默认值如下:

代码清单13 - spring-boot-devtools 属性默认值
Map<String, Object> properties = new HashMap<String, Object>();
properties.put("spring.thymeleaf.cache", "false");
properties.put("spring.freemarker.cache", "false");
properties.put("spring.groovy.template.cache", "false");
properties.put("spring.velocity.cache", "false");
properties.put("spring.mustache.cache", "false");
properties.put("server.session.persistent", "true");
properties.put("spring.h2.console.enabled", "true");
properties.put("spring.resources.cache-period", "0");

自动重启(热部署)

       使用了spring-boot-devtools,将会对类路径下的所有文件进行监控,当类路径下面的文件发生更改的时候,应用就会自动重启。其原理是使用了两个classLoader,一个base classloader加载那些不会改变的类(第三方Jar包),另一个classLoader加载频繁更改的类,称为 restart classLoader,这样在有代码更改的时候,原来的 restart classLoader 被丢弃,重新创建一个新的 restart classLoader,由于需要加载的类相比较少,所以实现了较快的重启时间。

       当然,并不是所有的更改都需要重启应用(如静态资源、视图模板),我们可以通过设置 spring.devtools.restart.exclude,使这些文件的更改不会触发应用重启。例如,我们要设置/static和/public下的所有文件更新都不触发应用重启:

spring.devtools.restart.exclude=static/**,public/**

       如果某个文件不再类路径下,如果其改变了也需要重启应用,你也可以通过设置spring.devtools.restart.additional-paths 属性对其添加监控:

spring.devtools.restart.additional-paths=/restart/**

       如果你不需要使用 spring-boot-devtools 提供的自动重启功能,可以通过以下方式禁用重启功能:

代码清单14 - 禁用spring-boot-devtools 自动重启
public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.setProperty("spring.devtools.restart.enabled", "false");
    SpringApplication.run(MyApp.class, args);
}

       通过前面我们知道,spring-boot-devtools 的自动重启功能是通过两个classloader实现的。大多数时候,它可很好的工作,但由于我们的项目是由多个不同的模块组成,如果所有的jar都放到不会改变的base classloader中,有时候也会导致类加载问题。我们可以添加一个文件META-INF/spring-devtools.properties,通过设置以restart.exclude.或者restart.include.为前缀的属性,来手动设置哪些jar需要包含在 restart classloader 中,例如:

restart.include.companycommonlibs=/mycorp-common-[\\w-]+\.jar
restart.include.projectcommon=/mycorp-myproj-[\\w-]+\.jar

       对象通过标准的ObjectInputStream反序列化以后,热部署功能就会失效。使用Spring提供的ConfigurableObjectInputStream以及Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader() 将会避免此问题的发生。

LiveReload

       spring-boot-devtools内嵌了LiveReload的服务,当静态资源发生改变时,也会触发浏览器的刷新。你可以通过安装LiveReload的浏览器扩展来支持该功能,详见 livereload.com
       如果你不想使用LiveReload,可以通过设置spring.devtools.livereload.enabled=false来禁止LiveReload的服务启用。

全局参数设置

       在当前用户根目录下添加一个名为.spring-boot-devtools.properties的文件,里面设置的属性将会对所有的使用了spring-boot-devtools的Spring Boot项目生效

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I. Spring Boot Documentation 1. About the Documentation 2. Getting Help 3. First Steps 4. Working with Spring Boot 5. Learning about Spring Boot Features 6. Moving to Production 7. Advanced Topics II. Getting Started 8. Introducing Spring Boot 9. System Requirements 9.1. Servlet Containers 10. Installing Spring Boot 10.1. Installation Instructions for the Java Developer 10.1.1. Maven Installation 10.1.2. Gradle Installation 10.2. Installing the Spring Boot CLI 10.2.1. Manual Installation 10.2.2. Installation with SDKMAN! 10.2.3. OSX Homebrew Installation 10.2.4. MacPorts Installation 10.2.5. Command-line Completion 10.2.6. Quick-start Spring CLI Example 10.3. Upgrading from an Earlier Version of Spring Boot 11. Developing Your First Spring Boot Application 11.1. Creating the POM 11.2. Adding Classpath Dependencies 11.3. Writing the Code 11.3.1. The @RestController and @RequestMapping Annotations 11.3.2. The @EnableAutoConfiguration Annotation 11.3.3. The “main” Method 11.4. Running the Example 11.5. Creating an Executable Jar 12. What to Read Next III. Using Spring Boot 13. Build Systems 13.1. Dependency Management 13.2. Maven 13.2.1. Inheriting the Starter Parent 13.2.2. Using Spring Boot without the Parent POM 13.2.3. Using the Spring Boot Maven Plugin 13.3. Gradle 13.4. Ant 13.5. Starters 14. Structuring Your Code 14.1. Using the “default” Package 14.2. Locating the Main Application Class 15. Configuration Classes 15.1. Importing Additional Configuration Classes 15.2. Importing XML Configuration 16. Auto-configuration 16.1. Gradually Replacing Auto-configuration 16.2. Disabling Specific Auto-configuration Classes 17. Spring Beans and Dependency Injection 18. Using the @SpringBootApplication Annotation 19. Running Your Application 19.1. Running from an IDE 19.2. Running as a Packaged Application 19.3. Using the Maven Plugin 19.4. Using the Gradle Plugin 19.5. Hot Swapping 20. Developer Tools 20.1. Property Defaults 20.2. Automatic Restart 20.2.1. Logging changes in condition evaluation 20.2.2. Excluding Resources 20.2.3. Watching Additional Paths 20.2.4. Disabling Restart 20.2.5. Using a Trigger File 20.2.6. Customizing the Restart Classloader 20.2.7. Known Limitations 20.3. LiveReload 20.4. Global Settings 20.5. Remote Applications 20.5.1. Running the Remote Client Application 20.5.2. Remote Update 21. Packaging Your Application for Production 22. What to Read Next IV. Spring Boot features 23. SpringApplication 23.1. Startup Failure 23.2. Customizing the Banner 23.3. Customizing SpringApplication 23.4. Fluent Builder API 23.5. Application Events and Listeners 23.6. Web Environment 23.7. Accessing Application Arguments 23.8. Using the ApplicationRunner or CommandLineRunner 23.9. Application Exit 23.10. Admin Features 24. Externalized Configuration 24.1. Configuring Random Values 24.2. Accessing Command Line Properties 24.3. Application Property Files 24.4. Profile-specific Properties 24.5. Placeholders in Properties 24.6. Using YAML Instead of Properties 24.6.1. Loading YAML 24.6.2. Exposing YAML as Properties in the Spring Environment 24.6.3. Multi-profile YAML Documents 24.6.4. YAML Shortcomings 24.7. Type-safe Configuration Properties 24.7.1. Third-party Configuration 24.7.2. Relaxed Binding 24.7.3. Merging Complex Types 24.7.4. Properties Conversion Converting durations 24.7.5. @ConfigurationProperties Validation 24.7.6. @ConfigurationProperties vs. @Value 25. Profiles 25.1. Adding Active Profiles 25.2. Programmatically Setting Profiles 25.3. Profile-specific Configuration Files 26. Logging 26.1. Log Format 26.2. Console Output 26.2.1. Color-coded Output 26.3. File Output 26.4. Log Levels 26.5. Custom Log Configuration 26.6. Logback Extensions 26.6.1. Profile-specific Configuration 26.6.2. Environment Properties 27. Developing Web Applications 27.1. The “Spring Web MVC Framework” 27.1.1. Spring MVC Auto-configuration 27.1.2. HttpMessageConverters 27.1.3. Custom JSON Serializers and Deserializers 27.1.4. MessageCodesResolver 27.1.5. Static Content 27.1.6. Welcome Page 27.1.7. Custom Favicon 27.1.8. Path Matching and Content Negotiation 27.1.9. ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer 27.1.10. Template Engines 27.1.11. Error Handling Custom Error Pages Mapping Error Pages outside of Spring MVC 27.1.12. Spring HATEOAS 27.1.13. CORS Support 27.2. The “Spring WebFlux Framework” 27.2.1. Spring WebFlux Auto-configuration 27.2.2. HTTP Codecs with HttpMessageReaders and HttpMessageWriters 27.2.3. Static Content 27.2.4. Template Engines 27.2.5. Error Handling Custom Error Pages 27.2.6. Web Filters 27.3. JAX-RS and Jersey 27.4. Embedded Servlet Container Support 27.4.1. Servlets, Filters, and listeners Registering Servlets, Filters, and Listeners as Spring Beans 27.4.2. Servlet Context Initialization Scanning for Servlets, Filters, and listeners 27.4.3. The ServletWebServerApplicationContext 27.4.4. Customizing Embedded Servlet Containers Programmatic Customization Customizing ConfigurableServletWebServerFactory Directly 27.4.5. JSP Limitations 28. Security 28.1. MVC Security 28.2. WebFlux Security 28.3. OAuth2 28.3.1. Client 28.3.2. Server 28.4. Actuator Security 28.4.1. Cross Site Request Forgery Protection 29. Working with SQL Databases 29.1. Configure a DataSource 29.1.1. Embedded Database Support 29.1.2. Connection to a Production Database 29.1.3. Connection to a JNDI DataSource 29.2. Using JdbcTemplate 29.3. JPA and “Spring Data” 29.3.1. Entity Classes 29.3.2. Spring Data JPA Repositories 29.3.3. Creating and Dropping JPA Databases 29.3.4. Open EntityManager in View 29.4. Using H2’s Web Console 29.4.1. Changing the H2 Console’s Path 29.5. Using jOOQ 29.5.1. Code Generation 29.5.2. Using DSLContext 29.5.3. jOOQ SQL Dialect 29.5.4. Customizing jOOQ 30. Working with NoSQL Technologies 30.1. Redis 30.1.1. Connecting to Redis 30.2. MongoDB 30.2.1. Connecting to a MongoDB Database 30.2.2. MongoTemplate 30.2.3. Spring Data MongoDB Repositories 30.2.4. Embedded Mongo 30.3. Neo4j 30.3.1. Connecting to a Neo4j Database 30.3.2. Using the Embedded Mode 30.3.3. Neo4jSession 30.3.4. Spring Data Neo4j Repositories 30.3.5. Repository Example 30.4. Gemfire 30.5. Solr 30.5.1. Connecting to Solr 30.5.2. Spring Data Solr Repositories 30.6. Elasticsearch 30.6.1. Connecting to Elasticsearch by Using Jest 30.6.2. Connecting to Elasticsearch by Using Spring Data 30.6.3. Spring Data Elasticsearch Repositories 30.7. Cassandra 30.7.1. Connecting to Cassandra 30.7.2. Spring Data Cassandra Repositories 30.8. Couchbase 30.8.1. Connecting to Couchbase 30.8.2. Spring Data Couchbase Repositories 30.9. LDAP 30.9.1. Connecting to an LDAP Server 30.9.2. Spring Data LDAP Repositories 30.9.3. Embedded In-memory LDAP Server 30.10. InfluxDB 30.10.1. Connecting to InfluxDB 31. Caching 31.1. Supported Cache Providers 31.1.1. Generic 31.1.2. JCache (JSR-107) 31.1.3. EhCache 2.x 31.1.4. Hazelcast 31.1.5. Infinispan 31.1.6. Couchbase 31.1.7. Redis 31.1.8. Caffeine 31.1.9. Simple 31.1.10. None 32. Messaging 32.1. JMS 32.1.1. ActiveMQ Support 32.1.2. Artemis Support 32.1.3. Using a JNDI ConnectionFactory 32.1.4. Sending a Message 32.1.5. Receiving a Message 32.2. AMQP 32.2.1. RabbitMQ support 32.2.2. Sending a Message 32.2.3. Receiving a Message 32.3. Apache Kafka Support 32.3.1. Sending a Message 32.3.2. Receiving a Message 32.3.3. Additional Kafka Properties 33. Calling REST Services with RestTemplate 33.1. RestTemplate Customization 34. Calling REST Services with WebClient 34.1. WebClient Customization 35. Validation 36. Sending Email 37. Distributed Transactions with JTA 37.1. Using an Atomikos Transaction Manager 37.2. Using a Bitronix Transaction Manager 37.3. Using a Narayana Transaction Manager 37.4. Using a Java EE Managed Transaction Manager 37.5. Mixing XA and Non-XA JMS Connections 37.6. Supporting an Alternative Embedded Transaction Manager 38. Hazelcast 39. Quartz Scheduler 40. Spring Integration 41. Spring Session 42. Monitoring and Management over JMX 43. Testing 43.1. Test Scope Dependencies 43.2. Testing Spring Applications 43.3. Testing Spring Boot Applications 43.3.1. Detecting Web Application Type 43.3.2. Detecting Test Configuration 43.3.3. Excluding Test Configuration 43.3.4. Testing with a running server 43.3.5. Using JMX 43.3.6. Mocking and Spying Beans 43.3.7. Auto-configured Tests 43.3.8. Auto-configured JSON Tests 43.3.9. Auto-configured Spring MVC Tests 43.3.10. Auto-configured Spring WebFlux Tests 43.3.11. Auto-configured Data JPA Tests 43.3.12. Auto-configured JDBC Tests 43.3.13. Auto-configured jOOQ Tests 43.3.14. Auto-configured Data MongoDB Tests 43.3.15. Auto-configured Data Neo4j Tests 43.3.16. Auto-configured Data Redis Tests 43.3.17. Auto-configured Data LDAP Tests 43.3.18. Auto-configured REST Clients 43.3.19. Auto-configured Spring REST Docs Tests Auto-configured Spring REST Docs Tests with Mock MVC Auto-configured Spring REST Docs Tests with REST Assured 43.3.20. User Configuration and Slicing 43.3.21. Using Spock to Test Spring Boot Applications 43.4. Test Utilities 43.4.1. ConfigFileApplicationContextInitializer 43.4.2. TestPropertyValues 43.4.3. OutputCapture 43.4.4. TestRestTemplate 44. WebSockets 45. Web Services 46. Creating Your Own Auto-configuration 46.1. Understanding Auto-configured Beans 46.2. Locating Auto-configuration Candidates 46.3. Condition Annotations 46.3.1. Class Conditions 46.3.2. Bean Conditions 46.3.3. Property Conditions 46.3.4. Resource Conditions 46.3.5. Web Application Conditions 46.3.6. SpEL Expression Conditions 46.4. Testing your Auto-configuration 46.4.1. Simulating a Web Context 46.4.2. Overriding the Classpath 46.5. Creating Your Own Starter 46.5.1. Naming 46.5.2. autoconfigure Module 46.5.3. Starter Module 47. Kotlin support 47.1. Requirements 47.2. Null-safety 47.3. Kotlin API 47.3.1. runApplication 47.3.2. Extensions 47.4. Dependency management 47.5. @ConfigurationProperties 47.6. Testing 47.7. Resources 47.7.1. Further reading 47.7.2. Examples 48. What to Read Next V. Spring Boot Actuator: Production-ready features 49. Enabling Production-ready Features 50. Endpoints 50.1. Enabling Endpoints 50.2. Exposing Endpoints 50.3. Securing HTTP Endpoints 50.4. Configuring Endpoints 50.5. Hypermedia for Actuator Web Endpoints 50.6. Actuator Web Endpoint Paths 50.7. CORS Support 50.8. Implementing Custom Endpoints 50.8.1. Receiving Input Input type conversion 50.8.2. Custom Web Endpoints Web Endpoint Request Predicates Path HTTP method Consumes Produces Web Endpoint Response Status Web Endpoint Range Requests Web Endpoint Security 50.8.3. Servlet endpoints 50.8.4. Controller endpoints 50.9. Health Information 50.9.1. Auto-configured HealthIndicators 50.9.2. Writing Custom HealthIndicators 50.9.3. Reactive Health Indicators 50.9.4. Auto-configured ReactiveHealthIndicators 50.10. Application Information 50.10.1. Auto-configured InfoContributors 50.10.2. Custom Application Information 50.10.3. Git Commit Information 50.10.4. Build Information 50.10.5. Writing Custom InfoContributors 51. Monitoring and Management over HTTP 51.1. Customizing the Management Endpoint Paths 51.2. Customizing the Management Server Port 51.3. Configuring Management-specific SSL 51.4. Customizing the Management Server Address 51.5. Disabling HTTP Endpoints 52. Monitoring and Management over JMX 52.1. Customizing MBean Names 52.2. Disabling JMX Endpoints 52.3. Using Jolokia for JMX over HTTP 52.3.1. Customizing Jolokia 52.3.2. Disabling Jolokia 53. Loggers 53.1. Configure a Logger 54. Metrics 54.1. Getting started 54.2. Supported monitoring systems 54.2.1. Atlas 54.2.2. Datadog 54.2.3. Ganglia 54.2.4. Graphite 54.2.5. Influx 54.2.6. JMX 54.2.7. New Relic 54.2.8. Prometheus 54.2.9. SignalFx 54.2.10. Simple 54.2.11. StatsD 54.2.12. Wavefront 54.3. Supported Metrics 54.3.1. Spring MVC Metrics 54.3.2. Spring WebFlux Metrics 54.3.3. RestTemplate Metrics 54.3.4. Cache Metrics 54.3.5. DataSource Metrics 54.3.6. RabbitMQ Metrics 54.4. Registering custom metrics 54.5. Customizing individual metrics 54.5.1. Per-meter properties 54.6. Metrics endpoint 55. Auditing 56. HTTP Tracing 56.1. Custom HTTP tracing 57. Process Monitoring 57.1. Extending Configuration 57.2. Programmatically 58. Cloud Foundry Support 58.1. Disabling Extended Cloud Foundry Actuator Support 58.2. Cloud Foundry Self-signed Certificates 58.3. Custom context path 59. What to Read Next VI. Deploying Spring Boot Applications 60. Deploying to the Cloud 60.1. Cloud Foundry 60.1.1. Binding to Services 60.2. Heroku 60.3. OpenShift 60.4. Amazon Web Services (AWS) 60.4.1. AWS Elastic Beanstalk Using the Tomcat Platform Using the Java SE Platform 60.4.2. Summary 60.5. Boxfuse and Amazon Web Services 60.6. Google Cloud 61. Installing Spring Boot Applications 61.1. Supported Operating Systems 61.2. Unix/Linux Services 61.2.1. Installation as an init.d Service (System V) Securing an init.d Service 61.2.2. Installation as a systemd Service 61.2.3. Customizing the Startup Script Customizing the Start Script when It Is Written Customizing a Script When It Runs 61.3. Microsoft Windows Services 62. What to Read Next VII. Spring Boot CLI 63. Installing the CLI 64. Using the CLI 64.1. Running Applications with the CLI 64.1.1. Deduced “grab” Dependencies 64.1.2. Deduced “grab” Coordinates 64.1.3. Default Import Statements 64.1.4. Automatic Main Method 64.1.5. Custom Dependency Management 64.2. Applications with Multiple Source Files 64.3. Packaging Your Application 64.4. Initialize a New Project 64.5. Using the Embedded Shell 64.6. Adding Extensions to the CLI 65. Developing Applications with the Groovy Beans DSL 66. Configuring the CLI with settings.xml 67. What to Read Next VIII. Build tool plugins 68. Spring Boot Maven Plugin 68.1. Including the Plugin 68.2. Packaging Executable Jar and War Files 69. Spring Boot Gradle Plugin 70. Spring Boot AntLib Module 70.1. Spring Boot Ant Tasks 70.1.1. spring-boot:exejar 70.1.2. Examples 70.2. spring-boot:findmainclass 70.2.1. Examples 71. Supporting Other Build Systems 71.1. Repackaging Archives 71.2. Nested Libraries 71.3. Finding a Main Class 71.4. Example Repackage Implementation 72. What to Read Next IX. ‘How-to’ guides 73. Spring Boot Application 73.1. Create Your Own FailureAnalyzer 73.2. Troubleshoot Auto-configuration 73.3. Customize the Environment or ApplicationContext Before It Starts 73.4. Build an ApplicationContext Hierarchy (Adding a Parent or Root Context) 73.5. Create a Non-web Application 74. Properties and Configuration 74.1. Automatically Expand Properties at Build Time 74.1.1. Automatic Property Expansion Using Maven 74.1.2. Automatic Property Expansion Using Gradle 74.2. Externalize the Configuration of SpringApplication 74.3. Change the Location of External Properties of an Application 74.4. Use ‘Short’ Command Line Arguments 74.5. Use YAML for External Properties 74.6. Set the Active Spring Profiles 74.7. Change Configuration Depending on the Environment 74.8. Discover Built-in Options for External Properties 75. Embedded Web Servers 75.1. Use Another Web Server 75.2. Disabling the Web Server 75.3. Configure Jetty 75.4. Add a Servlet, Filter, or Listener to an Application 75.4.1. Add a Servlet, Filter, or Listener by Using a Spring Bean Disable Registration of a Servlet or Filter 75.4.2. Add Servlets, Filters, and Listeners by Using Classpath Scanning 75.5. Change the HTTP Port 75.6. Use a Random Unassigned HTTP Port 75.7. Discover the HTTP Port at Runtime 75.8. Configure SSL 75.9. Configure HTTP/2 75.9.1. HTTP/2 with Undertow 75.9.2. HTTP/2 with Jetty 75.9.3. HTTP/2 with Tomcat 75.10. Configure Access Logging 75.11. Running Behind a Front-end Proxy Server 75.11.1. Customize Tomcat’s Proxy Configuration 75.12. Configure Tomcat 75.13. Enable Multiple Connectors with Tomcat 75.14. Use Tomcat’s LegacyCookieProcessor 75.15. Configure Undertow 75.16. Enable Multiple Listeners with Undertow 75.17. Create WebSocket Endpoints Using @ServerEndpoint 75.18. Enable HTTP Response Compression 76. Spring MVC 76.1. Write a JSON REST Service 76.2. Write an XML REST Service 76.3. Customize the Jackson ObjectMapper 76.4. Customize the @ResponseBody Rendering 76.5. Handling Multipart File Uploads 76.6. Switch Off the Spring MVC DispatcherServlet 76.7. Switch off the Default MVC Configuration 76.8. Customize ViewResolvers 77. HTTP Clients 77.1. Configure RestTemplate to Use a Proxy 78. Logging 78.1. Configure Logback for Logging 78.1.1. Configure Logback for File-only Output 78.2. Configure Log4j for Logging 78.2.1. Use YAML or JSON to Configure Log4j 2 79. Data Access 79.1. Configure a Custom DataSource 79.2. Configure Two DataSources 79.3. Use Spring Data Repositories 79.4. Separate @Entity Definitions from Spring Configuration 79.5. Configure JPA Properties 79.6. Configure Hibernate Naming Strategy 79.7. Use a Custom EntityManagerFactory 79.8. Use Two EntityManagers 79.9. Use a Traditional persistence.xml File 79.10. Use Spring Data JPA and Mongo Repositories 79.11. Expose Spring Data Repositories as REST Endpoint 79.12. Configure a Component that is Used by JPA 79.13. Configure jOOQ with Two DataSources 80. Database Initialization 80.1. Initialize a Database Using JPA 80.2. Initialize a Database Using Hibernate 80.3. Initialize a Database 80.4. Initialize a Spring Batch Database 80.5. Use a Higher-level Database Migration Tool 80.5.1. Execute Flyway Database Migrations on Startup 80.5.2. Execute Liquibase Database Migrations on Startup 81. Messaging 81.1. Disable Transacted JMS Session 82. Batch Applications 82.1. Execute Spring Batch Jobs on Startup 83. Actuator 83.1. Change the HTTP Port or Address of the Actuator Endpoints 83.2. Customize the ‘whitelabel’ Error Page 84. Security 84.1. Switch off the Spring Boot Security Configuration 84.2. Change the UserDetailsService and Add User Accounts 84.3. Enable HTTPS When Running behind a Proxy Server 85. Hot Swapping 85.1. Reload Static Content 85.2. Reload Templates without Restarting the Container 85.2.1. Thymeleaf Templates 85.2.2. FreeMarker Templates 85.2.3. Groovy Templates 85.3. Fast Application Restarts 85.4. Reload Java Classes without Restarting the Container 86. Build 86.1. Generate Build Information 86.2. Generate Git Information 86.3. Customize Dependency Versions 86.4. Create an Executable JAR with Maven 86.5. Use a Spring Boot Application as a Dependency 86.6. Extract Specific Libraries When an Executable Jar Runs 86.7. Create a Non-executable JAR with Exclusions 86.8. Remote Debug a Spring Boot Application Started with Maven 86.9. Build an Executable Archive from Ant without Using spring-boot-antlib 87. Traditional Deployment 87.1. Create a Deployable War File 87.2. Convert an Existing Application to Spring Boot 87.3. Deploying a WAR to WebLogic 87.4. Use Jedis Instead of Lettuce X. Appendices A. Common application properties B. Configuration Metadata B.1. Metadata Format B.1.1. Group Attributes B.1.2. Property Attributes B.1.3. Hint Attributes B.1.4. Repeated Metadata Items B.2. Providing Manual Hints B.2.1. Value Hint B.2.2. Value Providers Any Class Reference Handle As Logger Name Spring Bean Reference Spring Profile Name B.3. Generating Your Own Metadata by Using the Annotation Processor B.3.1. Nested Properties B.3.2. Adding Additional Metadata C. Auto-configuration classes C.1. From the “spring-boot-autoconfigure” module C.2. From the “spring-boot-actuator-autoconfigure” module D. Test auto-configuration annotations E. The Executable Jar Format E.1. Nested JARs E.1.1. The Executable Jar File Structure E.1.2. The Executable War File Structure E.2. Spring Boot’s “JarFile” Class E.2.1. Compatibility with the Standard Java “JarFile” E.3. Launching Executable Jars E.3.1. Launcher Manifest E.3.2. Exploded Archives E.4. PropertiesLauncher Features E.5. Executable Jar Restrictions E.6. Alternative Single Jar Solutions F. Dependency versions

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