什么是单例，从名字中就可以听出来就是在内存中维护唯一对象。这样做有以下几个优点
1. 对于那些比较耗内存的类，只实例化一次可以大大提高性能，尤其是在移动开发中。
2. 保持程序运行的时候该中始终只有一个实例存在内存中.
单例模式分类:
饿汉单例模式: 类加载时不初始化
1. 必须防止外部可以调用构造函数进行实例化，因此构造函数必须私有化。
2. 必须定义一个静态函数获得该单例,单例使用volatile修饰.
3. 使用synchronized 进行同步处理，并且双重判断是否为null，我们看到synchronized (Singleton.class)里面又进行了是否为null的判断，这是因为一个线程进入了该代码，如果另一个线程在等待，这时候前一个线程创建了一个实例出来完毕后，另一个线程获得锁进入该同步代码，实例已经存在，没必要再次创建，因此这个判断是否是null还是必须的。
示例代码:
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="font-size:undefined; display: block; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-color: transparent; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></code><ol start="1" class="dp-j" style="color: rgb(43, 145, 175); font-family: Monaco, 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 1px; padding: 2px 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 215, 220); border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial;"><li style="font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 38px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(209, 215, 220); line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);"><span style="color: black;"> <span class="comment" style="color: rgb(0, 130, 0); padding: 0px; margin: 0px; width: auto; border: 0px;">/*</span> </span></li><li style="font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 38px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(209, 215, 220); line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);"><span style="color: black;"><span class="comment" style="color: rgb(0, 130, 0); padding: 0px; margin: 0px; width: auto; border: 0px;"> * 单例模式:单个实例服务于整个应用</span> </span></li><li style="font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 38px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(209, 215, 220); line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);"><span style="color: black;"><span class="comment" style="color: rgb(0, 130, 0); padding: 0px; margin: 0px; width: auto; border: 0px;"> * 懒汉式单例:只有在第一次请求实例的时候创建,并且只在第一次创建后,以后不再创建该类的实例</span> </span></li><li style="font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 38px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(209, 215, 220); line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);"><span style="color: black;"><span class="comment" style="color: rgb(0, 130, 0); padding: 0px; margin: 0px; width: auto; border: 0px;"> */</span> </span></li></ol><div><span style="font-family:Monaco, DejaVu Sans Mono, Bitstream Vera Sans Mono, Consolas, Courier New, monospace;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">
</span></span></div><ol start="1" class="dp-j" style="color: rgb(43, 145, 175); font-family: Monaco, 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 1px; padding: 2px 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(209, 215, 220); border-image-source: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial;"><li style="font-size: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0px 38px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(209, 215, 220); line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);"><pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" data-original-code="public class Singleton { private static volatile Singleton instance = null; private Singleton(){ } public static Singleton getInstance() { if (instance == null) { synchronized (Singleton.class) { if (instance == null) { instance = new Singleton(); } } } return instance; }}" data-snippet-id="ext.84f27e94254a1d6ff0d80c65c52282a6" data-snippet-saved="false" data-csrftoken="WuBuQk7n-nJajP96vxtRcZmmHZtxaHm7SP3o" data-codota-status="done" name="code" style="white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.1em; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; padding: 5px 5px 5px 60px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.45; word-break: break-all; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border: 1px solid rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.0745098); border-radius: 0px; position: relative; overflow-y: hidden; overflow-x: auto; background-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.0470588);"><code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> Singleton {
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">volatile</span> Singleton instance = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; <span class="comment" style="color: rgb(0, 130, 0); padding: 0px; margin: 0px; width: auto; border: 0px; font-family: Monaco, 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);">// 1.一个私有的指向自己的静态变量</span><span style="font-family: Monaco, 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);"> </span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Singleton</span>(){ <span style="font-family: Monaco, 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);"> </span><span class="comment" style="color: rgb(0, 130, 0); padding: 0px; margin: 0px; width: auto; border: 0px; font-family: Monaco, 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);">// 2.私有的构造方法,保证不能从外部创建对象</span><span style="font-family: Monaco, 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);"> </span>
}
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> Singleton <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">getInstance</span>() { <span style="font-family: Monaco, 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);"> </span><span class="comment" style="color: rgb(0, 130, 0); padding: 0px; margin: 0px; width: auto; border: 0px; font-family: Monaco, 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);">// 3.公开的静态工厂方法,返回该类的唯一实例(当发现没有实例没有初始化的时候才初始化)</span><span style="font-family: Monaco, 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250);"> </span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (instance == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>) {
synchronized (Singleton.class) {
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (instance == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>) {
instance = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Singleton();
}
}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> instance;
}
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li></ul>
-
而在Android中，很多地方用到了单例。
比如Android-Universal-Image-Loader中的单例
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">volatile</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> ImageLoader instance; <span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/** Returns singleton class instance */</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> ImageLoader <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">getInstance</span>() { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (instance == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">synchronized</span> (ImageLoader.class) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (instance == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>) { instance = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ImageLoader(); } } } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> instance; }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>比如EventBus中的单例
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">volatile</span> EventBus defaultInstance; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> EventBus <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">getDefault</span>() { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (defaultInstance == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">synchronized</span> (EventBus.class) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (defaultInstance == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>) { defaultInstance = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> EventBus(); } } } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> defaultInstance; }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>上面的单例都是比较规规矩矩的，当然实际上有很多单例都是变了一个样子，单本质还是单例。
如InputMethodManager 中的单例
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> InputMethodManager sInstance; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> InputMethodManager <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">getInstance</span>() { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">synchronized</span> (InputMethodManager.class) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (sInstance == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>) { IBinder b = ServiceManager.getService(Context.INPUT_METHOD_SERVICE); IInputMethodManager service = IInputMethodManager.Stub.asInterface(b); sInstance = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> InputMethodManager(service, Looper.getMainLooper()); } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> sInstance; } }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>AccessibilityManager 中的单例，看代码这么长，其实就是进行了一些判断，还是一个单例
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> AccessibilityManager sInstance; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> AccessibilityManager <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">getInstance</span>(Context context) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">synchronized</span> (sInstanceSync) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (sInstance == <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">final</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> userId; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (Binder.getCallingUid() == Process.SYSTEM_UID || context.checkCallingOrSelfPermission( Manifest.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED || context.checkCallingOrSelfPermission( Manifest.permission.INTERACT_ACROSS_USERS_FULL) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) { userId = UserHandle.USER_CURRENT; } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> { userId = UserHandle.myUserId(); } IBinder iBinder = ServiceManager.getService(Context.ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE); IAccessibilityManager service = IAccessibilityManager.Stub.asInterface(iBinder); sInstance = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> AccessibilityManager(context, service, userId); } } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> sInstance; }</code>饿汉单例模式(用的比较少): 在类加载时就完成了初始化，所以类加载较慢，但获取对象的速度快- public class Singleton2 {
- /*
- * 饿汉单例模式:在类加载的时候就创建一个单例模式.
- */
- // 1.私有的构造函数,确保不能在类的外部访问该类的构造函数
- private Singleton2(){
- System.out.println("构造函数执行了");
- }
- // 2.私有的唯一的静态实例变量,在类加载的时候就创建好单例对象
- private final static Singleton2 instance = new Singleton2();
- // 3.公开的静态工厂返回此类的唯一实例
- public static Singleton2 getInstance(){
- return instance;
- }
- }
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