pthread_mutex_init等多线程函数的使用总结

线程按照其调度者可以分为用户级线程和核心级线程两种
用户级线程主要解决的是上下文切换的问题，它的调度算法和调度过程全部由用户自行选择决定，在运行时不需要特定的内核支持；
我们常用基本就是用户级线程，所以就只总结一下POSIX提供的用户级线程接口；
基本线程操作相关的函数：
1线程的建立结束
2线程的互斥和同步
3使用信号量控制线程
4线程的基本属性配置


基本线程操作：

函数	说明
pthread_create()	创建线程开始运行相关线程函数，运行结束则线程退出
pthread_eixt()	因为exit()是用来结束进程的，所以则需要使用特定结束线程的函数
pthread_join()	挂起当前线程，用于阻塞式地等待线程结束，如果线程已结束则立即返回，0=成功
pthread_cancel()	发送终止信号给thread线程，成功返回0，但是成功并不意味着thread会终止
pthread_testcancel()	在不包含取消点，但是又需要取消点的地方创建一个取消点，以便在一个没有包含取消点的执行代码线程中响应取消请求.
pthread_setcancelstate()	设置本线程对Cancel信号的反应
pthread_setcanceltype()	设置取消状态 继续运行至下一个取消点再退出或者是立即执行取消动作
pthread_setcancel()	设置取消状态

互斥与同步机制基本函数

函数	说明
pthread_mutex_init()	互斥锁的初始化
pthread_mutex_lock()	锁定互斥锁，如果尝试锁定已经被上锁的互斥锁则阻塞至可用为止
pthread_mutex_trylock()	非阻塞的锁定互斥锁
pthread_mutex_unlock()	释放互斥锁
pthread_mutex_destory()	互斥锁销毁函数

信号量线程控制(默认无名信号量)

函数	说明
sem_init(sem)	初始化一个定位在sem的匿名信号量
sem_wait()	把信号量减1操作，如果信号量的当前值为0则进入阻塞，为原子操作
sem_trywait()	如果信号量的当前值为0则返回错误而不是阻塞调用(errno=EAGAIN),其实是sem_wait()的非阻塞版本
sem_post()	给信号量的值加1，它是一个“原子操作”，即同时对同一个信号量做加1,操作的两个线程是不会冲突的
sem_getvalue(sval)	把sem指向的信号量当前值放置在sval指向的整数上
sem_destory(sem)	销毁由sem指向的匿名信号量

线程属性配置相关函数

函数	说明
pthread_attr_init()	初始化配置一个线程对象的属性,需要用pthread_attr_destroy函数去除已有属性
pthread_attr_setscope()	设置线程属性
pthread_attr_setschedparam()	设置线程优先级
pthread_attr_getschedparam()	获取线程优先级

#基本的线程建立运行pthread_create

/* thread.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>

#define THREAD_NUMBER       3                 /*线程数*/
#define REPEAT_NUMBER       5                 /*每个线程中的小任务数*/
#define DELAY_TIME_LEVELS  10.0             /*小任务之间的最大时间间隔*/
//
void *thrd_func(void *arg) { 
	/* 线程函数例程 */
	int thrd_num = (int)arg;
	int delay_time = 0;
	int count = 0;
	printf("Thread %d is starting\n", thrd_num);
	for (count = 0; count < REPEAT_NUMBER; count++) {
		delay_time = (int)(rand() * DELAY_TIME_LEVELS/(RAND_MAX)) + 1;
		sleep(delay_time);
		printf("\tThread %d: job %d delay = %d\n", 
					  thrd_num, count, delay_time);
	}
	
	printf("Thread %d finished\n", thrd_num);
	pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main(void) {
     pthread_t thread[THREAD_NUMBER];
     int no = 0, res;
     void * thrd_ret;
     srand(time(NULL));    
     for (no = 0; no < THREAD_NUMBER; no++) {
          /* 创建多线程 */
          res = pthread_create(&thread[no], NULL, thrd_func, (void*)no);
          if (res != 0) {
               printf("Create thread %d failed\n", no);
               exit(res);
          }
     }
     
     printf("Create treads success\n Waiting for threads to finish...\n");
     for (no = 0; no < THREAD_NUMBER; no++) {
          /* 等待线程结束 */
          res = pthread_join(thread[no], &thrd_ret);
          if (!res) {
			printf("Thread %d joined\n", no);
          } else {
			printf("Thread %d join failed\n", no);
          }
     }
     return 0;        
}

例程中循环3次建立3条线程，并且使用pthread_join函数依次等待线程结束；
线程中使用rand()获取随机值随机休眠5次，随意会出现后执行的线程先执行完成；
运行结果：

$ gcc thread.c -lpthread
$ ./a.out 
Create treads success
 Waiting for threads to finish...
Thread 0 is starting
Thread 1 is starting
Thread 2 is starting
Thread 1: job 0 delay = 2
Thread 1: job 1 delay = 2
Thread 0: job 0 delay = 8
Thread 2: job 0 delay = 10
Thread 2: job 1 delay = 3
Thread 1: job 2 delay = 10
Thread 0: job 1 delay = 8
Thread 0: job 2 delay = 3
Thread 0: job 3 delay = 1
Thread 2: job 2 delay = 8
Thread 1: job 3 delay = 8
Thread 1: job 4 delay = 1
Thread 1 finished
        Thread 2: job 3 delay = 6
        Thread 0: job 4 delay = 7
Thread 0 finished
Thread 0 joined
Thread 1 joined
        Thread 2: job 4 delay = 10
Thread 2 finished
Thread 2 joined

可以看到，线程1先于线程0执行，但是pthread_join的调用时间顺序，先等待线程0执行；
由于线程1已经早结束，所以线程0被pthread_join等到的时候，线程1已结束，就在等待到线程1时，直接返回；

#线程执行的互斥和同步pthread_mutex_lock
在上面的程序中增加互斥锁

/*thread_mutex.c*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>

#define THREAD_NUMBER        3            /* 线程数 */
#define REPEAT_NUMBER        3            /* 每个线程的小任务数 */
#define DELAY_TIME_LEVELS 10.0         /*小任务之间的最大时间间隔*/
pthread_mutex_t mutex;

void *thrd_func(void *arg) {
     int thrd_num = (int)arg;
     int delay_time = 0, count = 0;
     int res;
     /* 互斥锁上锁 */
     res = pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
     if (res) {
          printf("Thread %d lock failed\n", thrd_num);
          pthread_exit(NULL);
     }
     printf("Thread %d is starting\n", thrd_num);
     for (count = 0; count < REPEAT_NUMBER; count++) {          
	     delay_time = (int)(rand() * DELAY_TIME_LEVELS/(RAND_MAX)) + 1;
	     sleep(delay_time);
	     printf("\tThread %d: job %d delay = %d\n", 
	                                  thrd_num, count, delay_time);
     }
     printf("Thread %d finished\n", thrd_num);
     pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); 
     pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main(void) {
     pthread_t thread[THREAD_NUMBER];
     int no = 0, res;
     void * thrd_ret;
     
     srand(time(NULL));
     /* 互斥锁初始化 */
     pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
     for (no = 0; no < THREAD_NUMBER; no++) {
          res = pthread_create(&thread[no], NULL, thrd_func, (void*)no);
          if (res != 0) {
              printf("Create thread %d failed\n", no);
              exit(res);
          }
     }     
     printf("Create treads success\n Waiting for threads to finish...\n");
     for (no = 0; no < THREAD_NUMBER; no++) {
          res = pthread_join(thread[no], &thrd_ret);
          if (!res) {
				printf("Thread %d joined\n", no);
          } else  {
              printf("Thread %d join failed\n", no);
          }
     }   
     /****互斥锁解锁***/
     //pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); // 互斥锁需要在线程中进行解锁
     pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);          
     return 0;        
}

在上面的例程中直接添加同步锁pthread_mutex_t；
在线程中加入，于是程序在执行线程程序时；
调用pthread_mutex_lock上锁，发现上锁时候后进入等待，等待锁再次释放后重新上锁；
所以线程程序加载到队列中等待，等待成功上锁后继续执行程序代码；
运行结果

$gcc thread_mutex.c -lpthread
$ ./a.out 
Create treads success
 Waiting for threads to finish...
Thread 0 is starting
        Thread 0: job 0 delay = 9
        Thread 0: job 1 delay = 4
        Thread 0: job 2 delay = 7
Thread 0 finished
Thread 0 joined
Thread 1 is starting
        Thread 1: job 0 delay = 6
        Thread 1: job 1 delay = 4
        Thread 1: job 2 delay = 7
Thread 1 finished
Thread 1 joined
Thread 2 is starting
        Thread 2: job 0 delay = 3
        Thread 2: job 1 delay = 1
        Thread 2: job 2 delay = 6
Thread 2 finished
Thread 2 joined

跟例程1中执行结果不同，线程程序被加载到队列中而不能马上执行，需要等到能够成功上锁；
上锁后，继续执行线程程序，上锁执行；
这样线程被依次执行的情况在实际使用场景中经常出现；
使用场景：
当用户登录后获取秘钥才能继续获取该用户的基本信息时；需要等待登录线程结束后才能继续执行获取用户信息的线程时，
需要调用两条线程，假如是：threadLogin(),threadGetInfo(); 则可以有2种方法实现：
1 此时可以使用互斥锁同时一次性调用完threadLogin()和threadGetInfo()；
2 当然也可以不使用互斥锁直接在threadLogin()中登录验证成功后调用threadGetInfo()；
相比之下，方式1更加清晰的显示逻辑关系，增加代码可读性可扩展性。
#使用信号量控制线程的执行顺序sem_post
修改上面例程，上面的是使用pthread_mutex_lock互斥锁控制线程执行顺序，
使用另外一种线程执行顺序的控制；

/* thread_sem.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <semaphore.h>

#define THREAD_NUMBER		3
#define REPEAT_NUMBER		3
#define DELAY_TIME_LEVELS	10.0

sem_t sem[THREAD_NUMBER];

void * thrd_func(void *arg) {
	int thrd_num = (int)arg;
	int delay_time = 0;
	int count = 0;
	sem_wait(&sem[thrd_num]);
	printf("Thread %d is starting\n", thrd_num);
	for (count = 0; count < REPEAT_NUMBER; count++) {
		delay_time = (int)(rand() * DELAY_TIME_LEVELS/(RAND_MAX)) + 1;
		sleep(delay_time);
		printf("\tThread %d: job %d delay = %d\n", thrd_num, count, delay_time);
	}
	printf("Thread %d finished\n", thrd_num);
	pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main(void) {
	pthread_t thread[THREAD_NUMBER];
	int no = 0, res;
	void * thrd_ret;
	srand(time(NULL));
	for (no = 0; no < THREAD_NUMBER; no++) {
		sem_init(&sem[no], 0, 0);
		res = pthread_create(&thread[no], NULL, thrd_func, (void*)no);
		if (res != 0) {
			printf("Create thread %d failed\n", no);
			exit(res);
		}
	}

	printf("Create treads success\n Waiting for threads to finish...\n");
	sem_post(&sem[THREAD_NUMBER - 1]);
	for (no = THREAD_NUMBER - 1; no >= 0; no--) {
		res = pthread_join(thread[no], &thrd_ret);
		if (!res) {
			printf("Thread %d joined\n", no);
		} else {
			printf("Thread %d join failed\n", no);
		}
		sem_post(&sem[(no + THREAD_NUMBER - 1) % THREAD_NUMBER]);			
	}
	
	for (no = 0; no < THREAD_NUMBER; no++) {
		sem_destroy(&sem[no]);		
	}
	return 0;        
}

执行结果，仍然是建立3条线程，每条线程执行时休眠随机时长：

$ gcc thread_sem.c -lpthread 
$ ./a.out 
Create treads success
 Waiting for threads to finish...
Thread 2 is starting
        Thread 2: job 0 delay = 9
        Thread 2: job 1 delay = 9
        Thread 2: job 2 delay = 5
Thread 2 finished
Thread 2 joined
Thread 1 is starting
        Thread 1: job 0 delay = 5
        Thread 1: job 1 delay = 7
        Thread 1: job 2 delay = 4
Thread 1 finished
Thread 1 joined
Thread 0 is starting
        Thread 0: job 0 delay = 3
        Thread 0: job 1 delay = 9
        Thread 0: job 2 delay = 8
Thread 0 finished
Thread 0 joined

执行结果与第2个例程非常相似，只不过教材中进行倒序执行而已；
那么这种方式其实与使用互斥锁相比，代码量可读性基本持平不相上下；
#线程的基本属性pthread_attr_setscope
设置属性一般有：
1 绑定属性
2 分离属性
3 堆栈地址
4 堆栈大小
5 优先级

关于绑定属性就是绑定于内核线程；
分离属性主要是讲线程结束后是否马上释放相应的内存；

/* thread_attr.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>

#define THREAD_NUMBER		1
#define REPEAT_NUMBER		3
#define DELAY_TIME_LEVELS	10.0
int finish_flag = 0;

void * thrd_func(void * arg){
	int delay_time = 0;
	int count = 0;
	printf("Thread is starting\n");
	for (count = 0; count < REPEAT_NUMBER; count++) {
		delay_time = (int)(rand() * DELAY_TIME_LEVELS/(RAND_MAX)) + 1;
		sleep(delay_time);
		printf("\tThread : job %d delay = %d\n", count, delay_time);
	}
	printf("Thread finished\n");
	finish_flag = 1;
	pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int main(void) {
	pthread_t thread;
	pthread_attr_t attr;
	int res = 0;
	srand(time(NULL));
	res = pthread_attr_init(&attr);
	if (res != 0) {
		printf("Create attribute failed\n");
		exit(res);
	}
	res = pthread_attr_setscope(&attr, PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM);
	res += pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED);
	if (res != 0) {
		printf("Setting attribute failed\n");
		exit(res);
	}
	res = pthread_create(&thread, &attr, thrd_func, NULL);
	if (res != 0) {
		printf("Create thread failed\n");
		exit(res);
	}
	pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
	printf("Create tread success\n");
	
	while(!finish_flag){
		printf("Waiting for thread to finish...\n");
		sleep(2);
	}
	return 0;        
}

在运行前后使用 $ free 命令查看内存前后的使用情况发现：
在线程结束后内存马上被释放；
其实，一般线程的属性直接使用系统默认属性即可；
关于线程的使用，基本如此；
所有例程来自：《嵌入式Linux应用程序开发标准教程》