Oracle中password file的作用及说明

在数据库没有启动之前，数据库内建用户是无法通过数据库来验证身份的

口令文件中存放sysdba/sysoper用户的用户名及口令
允许用户通过口令文件验证，在数据库未启动之前登陆
从而启动数据库

如果没有口令文件，在数据库未启动之前就只能通过操作系统认证.

使用Rman，很多时候需要在nomount,mount等状态对数据库进行处理
所以通常要求sysdba权限如果属于本地DBA组，可以通过操作系统认证登陆
如果是远程sysdba登陆，需要通过passwordfile认证.

1.remote_login_passwordfile = NONE

此时停用口令文件验证，Oracle数据库不允许远程SYSDBA/SYSOPER身份登录
无法通过远程进行数据库起停等操作管理

local:

[oracle@jumper oracle]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Thu Apr 15 09:58:45 2004 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production SQL> alter user sys identified by oracle; User altered. SQL> show parameter pass NAME TYPE VALUE --------------------- ----------- ------------------------------ remote_login_passwordfile string NONE

remote:

E:/Oracle/ora92/bin>sqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:39:22 2004 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba ERROR: ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied

此处实际上是无法通过口令文件验证

2.remote_login_passwordfile = exclusive

 

SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile; System altered. SQL> startup force; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes Fixed Size 451576 bytes Variable Size 104857600 bytes Database Buffers 25165824 bytes Redo Buffers 667648 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. SQL> show parameter pass NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ remote_login_passwordfile string EXCLUSIVE SQL> alter user sys identified by oracle; User altered.

remote:

E:/Oracle/ora92/bin>sqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:47:11 2004 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba 已连接。 SQL> show user USER 为"SYS" SQL>

 

这实际上就是通过口令文件验证登录的

3.进一步测试

如果此时我们删除passwdfile,sysdba/sysoper将无法认证，也就无法登陆数据库

Server:

SQL> ! [oracle@jumper oracle]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs [oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls orapwhsjf orapwhsjf [oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak [oracle@jumper dbs]$

Remote:

E:/Oracle/ora92/bin>sqlplus /nolog SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on 星期四 4月 15 09:50:14 2004 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. SQL> connect sys/oracle@hsjf as sysdba ERROR: ORA-01031: insufficient privileges SQL>

这实际上就是无法通过口令文件验证身份

 

4.如果丢失了passwdfile

如果使用passwdfile却意外丢失，此时将不能启动数据库

SQL> startup force; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 131142648 bytes Fixed Size 451576 bytes Variable Size 104857600 bytes Database Buffers 25165824 bytes Redo Buffers 667648 bytes ORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw' ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory Additional information: 3

此时可以通过orapwd重建口令文件来解决
此处我们恢复口令文件既可

SQL> ! [oracle@jumper oracle]$ mv $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwhsjf.bak orapwhsjf [oracle@jumper oracle]$ exit exit SQL> alter database open; Database altered. SQL>

大致就是如此.

 

5. remote_login_passwordfile = shared

我们看一下Oracle9i文档中的说明:

SHARED

More than one database can use a password file. However, the only user recognized by the password file is SYS.

意思是说多个数据库可以共享一个口令文件,但是只可以识别一个用户:SYS

SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users; USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP ------------------------------ ----- ----- SYS TRUE TRUE SQL> grant sysdba to eygle; grant sysdba to eygle * ERROR at line 1: ORA-01994: GRANT failed: cannot add users to public password file SQL> show parameter password NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED

我们看到,此时的口令文件中是不能添加用户的.

很多人的疑问在于:口令文件的缺省名称是orapw ,怎么能够共享?

实际上是这样的: Oracle数据库在启动时,首先查找的是orapw 的口令文件,如果该文件不存在,则开始查找,orapw的口令文件
如果口令文件命名为orapw,多个数据库就可以共享.

我们看一下测试:

[oracle@jumper dbs]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production on Tue Jul 6 09:40:34 2004 Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options JServer Release 9.2.0.3.0 - Production SQL> shutdown immediate Database closed. Database dismounted. ORACLE instance shut down. SQL> ! [oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls hsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkHSJF orapwhsjf spfilehsjf.ora [oracle@jumper dbs]$ mv orapwhsjf orapwhsjf.bak [oracle@jumper dbs]$ exit exit SQL> startup ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 235999908 bytes Fixed Size 451236 bytes Variable Size 201326592 bytes Database Buffers 33554432 bytes Redo Buffers 667648 bytes ORA-01990: error opening password file '/opt/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/orapw'--这是最后查找的文件 ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory Additional information: 3

我们建立orapw口令文件,这时候可以打开数据库.

SQL> ! [oracle@jumper dbs]$ ls hsjf initdw.ora inithsjf.ora init.ora lkHSJF orapwhsjf.bak spfilehsjf.ora [oracle@jumper dbs]$ cp orapwhsjf.bak orapw [oracle@jumper dbs]$ exit exit SQL> alter database open; Database altered. SQL> show parameter passw NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED SQL>

那么你可能会有这样的疑问,多个Exclusive的数据库是否可以共享一个口令文件(orapw)呢?

我们继续这个实验:

SQL> show parameter password NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ remote_login_passwordfile string SHARED [oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw ]/[Z ORACLE Remote Password file INTERNAL AB27B53EDC5FEF41 8A8F025737A9097A

注意这里仅记录着INTERNAL/SYS的口令

REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE 时

SQL> alter system set remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive scope=spfile; System altered. SQL> startup force; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 235999908 bytes Fixed Size 451236 bytes Variable Size 201326592 bytes Database Buffers 33554432 bytes Redo Buffers 667648 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. SQL> ! [oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs [oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw ]/[Z ORACLE Remote Password file HSJF INTERNAL AB27B53EDC5FEF41 8A8F025737A9097A [oracle@jumper dbs]$ exit exit

注意这里,以EXCLUSIVE 方式启动以后,实例信息已经被写入口令文件,这个文件此时不可以被共享了
当然如果被单个数据库使用是没有问题的.

SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users; USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP ------------------------------ ----- ----- SYS TRUE TRUE SQL> grant sysdba to eygle; Grant succeeded. SQL> select * from v$pwfile_users; USERNAME SYSDB SYSOP ------------------------------ ----- ----- SYS TRUE TRUE EYGLE TRUE FALSE SQL> ! [oracle@jumper bin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs [oracle@jumper dbs]$ strings orapw ]/[Z ORACLE Remote Password file HSJF INTERNAL AB27B53EDC5FEF41 8A8F025737A9097A >EYGLE B726E09FE21F8E83

注意此时可以增加SYSDBA用户，并且这些信息可以被写入到口令文件.

实际上，口令文件对于其他用户来说就是启到了一个 sudo 的作用.

6.重建口令文件

如果口令文件丢失,可以使用orapwd可以重建口令文件，语法如下:

[oracle@jumper oracle]$ orapwd Usage: orapwd file= password= entries= where file - name of password file (mand), password - password for SYS (mand), entries - maximum number of distinct DBA and OPERs (opt), There are no spaces around the equal-to (=) character.