在操作系统中,线程可以划分优先级,优先级较高的线程得到的CPU资源较多,也就是CPU优先执行优先级较高的线程对象中的任务。
设置线程优先级有助于帮助“线程规划器“确定在下一次选择哪个线程优先执行。
设置线程优先级使用setPriotity()方法,此方法具体如下:
public final void setPriority(int newPriority) {
ThreadGroup g;
checkAccess();
if (newPriority > MAX_PRIORITY || newPriority < MIN_PRIORITY) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
}
if((g = getThreadGroup()) != null) {
if (newPriority > g.getMaxPriority()) {
newPriority = g.getMaxPriority();
}
setPriority0(priority = newPriority);
}
}
在Java中,线程的优先级分为1~10这10个等级,如果小于1或者大于10,则JDK抛出异常IllegalArgumentException();
JDK中使用3个常量来预定义优先级的值,代码如下:
/**
* The minimum priority that a thread can have.
*/
public final static int MIN_PRIORITY = 1;
/**
* The default priority that is assigned to a thread.
*/
public final static int NORM_PRIORITY = 5;
/**
* The maximum priority that a thread can have.
*/
public final static int MAX_PRIORITY = 10;
线程优先级的继承特性
在Java中,线程的优先级具有继承性,比如A线程启动B线程,则B线程的优先级与A线程一样。创建如下代码:
public class MyThread extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("MyThread run prioirty="+this.getPriority());
MyThread2 t2 = new MyThread2();
t2.start();
}
}
public class MyThread2 extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("MyThread2 run prioirty="+this.getPriority());
}
}
public class Run {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("main thread begin priority="+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
//Thread.currentThread().setPriority(6);
System.out.println("main thread end priority="+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
MyThread t = new MyThread();
t.start();
}
}
程序运行结果:
将下面代码注释去掉
//Thread.currentThread().setPriority(6);
再次运行,结果如下:
优先级具有规则性
虽然使用setPriority()方法可以设置线程的优先级,但是还没有看到设置优先级所带来的效果。创建如下示例代码:
public class MyThread extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
long starTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
long result = 0;
for(int i=0;i<50000;i++){
Random r = new Random();
r.nextInt();
result = result+ i;
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("****************thread 1 use time="+(endTime-starTime)+"*********************");
}
}
public class MyThread2 extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
long starTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
long result = 0;
for(int i=0;i<50000;i++){
Random r = new Random();
r.nextInt();
result = result+ i;
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("****************thread 2 use time="+(endTime-starTime)+"*********************");
}
}
public class Run {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.setPriority(10);
t1.start();
MyThread2 t2 = new MyThread2();
t2.setPriority(1);
t2.start();
}
}
}
执行结果如下:
从执行结果来看,高优先级的线程总是大部分执行完,单不完全代表高优先级全部执行完。另外,不要以为thread1线程先被main线程调用就会先执行完,出现这样的结果全是因为thread1线程的优先级是最高的10造成的,当线程的优先等级差距很大时,谁先执行完和代码的调用顺序无关。为了验证这个结论,继续修改代码如下:
public class Run {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
MyThread2 t2 = new MyThread2();
t2.setPriority(1);
t2.start();
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.setPriority(10);
t1.start();
}
}
}
执行结果如下:
从执行结果来看,还是thread1先执行完,也就是线程的优先级与代码执行顺序无关,出现这样的结果是因为thred1的优先级是最高的,说明线程的优先级具有一定的规则性,也就是CPU尽量将执行资源让给优先级比较高的线程。
优先级具有随机性:
前面讲了优先级较高则先执行完run()方法中的任务,但是这个结果不能说的太肯定,因为线程的优先级还具有”随机性“,也就是优先级高的线程不一定每一次都先执行完。创建如下示例代码:
public class MyThread extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
long starTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
long result = 0;
for(int i=0;i<50000;i++){
Random r = new Random();
r.nextInt();
result = result+ i;
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("****************thread 1 use time="+(endTime-starTime)+"*********************");
}
}
public class MyThread2 extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
long starTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
long result = 0;
for(int i=0;i<50000;i++){
Random r = new Random();
r.nextInt();
result = result+ i;
}
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
System.out.println("****************thread 2 use time="+(endTime-starTime)+"*********************");
}
}
public class Run {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.setPriority(5);
t1.start();
MyThread2 t2 = new MyThread2();
t2.setPriority(6);
t2.start();
}
}
}
执行结果如下:
不要把线程的优先级与运行结果的顺序作为衡量的标准,优先级较高的线程不一定每一次都先执行完run()方法中的任务。