kill and raise Functions

kill - send signal to a process

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <signal.h>

int kill(pid_t pid, int sig);
        //return: 0 if OK, −1 on error

raise - send a signal to the caller

#include <signal.h>

int raise(int sig);
        //return: 0 if OK, −1 on error

raise(signo)等价于kill(getpid()， signo)

4 conditions pid in kill

different conditions	解释
pid > 0	The signal is sent to the process whose process ID is pid.
pid == 0	The signal is sent to all processes whose process group ID equals the process group ID of the sender and for which the sender has permission to send the signal. Note that the term all processes excludes an implementation-defined set of system processes. For most UNIX systems, this set of system processes includes the kernel processes and init (pid 1).
pid < 0	The signal is sent to all processes whose process group ID equals the absolute value of pid and for which the sender has permission to send the signal. Again, the set of all processes excludes certain system processes, as described earlier.
pid == −1	The signal is sent to all processes on the system for which the sender has permission to send the signal. As before, the set of processes excludes certain system processes.

signo参数

signo为0时，kill会执行一般的错误检查，但不发送信号。
用途： 用来检查特定的进程是否仍然存在。
如果不存在，kill返回-1，errno被设置为ESRCH

进程的存在不是atomic原子性的。