Before I start
I’ve always stayed away from writing a performance topic. There seems to be a lot of performance enthusiasts, benchmarking anything they can, in order to scoop off a few more percent of performance time. To my opinion, if your system is already reacting within an acceptable fashion, there is no need to try to further improve performance. Maintainability is a much more important topic to look at, at that point.
Finding out what is the problem
So you have a script which is not performing the way you want to. The first thing you should do it try to find out what the problem is. There are some tools out there that can help you. If you’re using Zend Studio, there is a profiler which shows you a tree of files and functions with the amount of processing time. (Warning: With Zend Studio 5, you need to close your project and all open files, otherwise you’ll get incorrect values). There is also a profiler in XDebug, which is a bit harder to set up, but works just as well (or even a bit better actually).
If you don’t have the option to install any of these tools, you can echo (or use FirePHP to output) the execution times, using the following script:
Most likely the problem will be one of these three (in order of likeliness):
- A slow database query. Solving this is outside the scope of this article, but read this PDF about Query tuning for starters.
- To much is executed within a loop and/or the number of items for the loop is to big. Read the rest of the article.
- To much code is executed. This is probably cause of an abstraction layer that is simply to big or of to many abstraction layers. Try to do some refactoring, removing unnecessary abstraction or bypass abstraction on bottleneck positions.
Get the data ready before going into the loop
Looping through a large list in PHP can be very expensive performance wise, even if code in the loop is limited. If you’re looping through a mysql result, see if you can get the data as you want to use it from the query by using string, date and numeric functions and things like GROUP_CONCAT. Also try not to have to filter the data in PHP, you should only get the rows out the DB you actually need.
Don’t do things in the loop, you can also do outside it
Try to do as much stuff as possible outside of the loop. If an operation gives the same result for each item, you can surely put is outside of the loop.
Don’t do this:
for ($i=0; $i<sizeof($array); $i++) {
if ($mark) {
list($pre, $post) = explode('~', $tpl, 2);
echo $pre, $array[$i]['desc'], $post;
} else {
echo " - ", $array[$i]['desc'];
}
}
Instead do this:
if ($mark) {
list($pre, $post) = explode('~', $tpl, 2);
} else {
$pre = " - ";
$post = "";
}
for ($i=0, $n=sizeof($array); $i<$n; $i++) {
echo $pre, $array[$i]['desc'], $post;
}
Use create_function to aid you
Sometimes you know you should put things outside of the loop, however the logic is so complex it can only be done in code. In that case you can use create_function together with array_map to help you out.
Don’t do this:
echo "<table>";
foreach ($rows as $row) {
echo "<tr>";
foreach ($fields as $field) {
echo "<td>";
switch ($field['type']) {
case 'website': echo "<a href=\"http://", $row[$field['name']], "\">", $row[$field['name']], "</a>"; break;
case 'email': echo "<a href=\"mailto:", $row[$field['name']], "\">", $row[$field['name']], "</a>"; break;
case 'currency': echo "€ ", number_format($row[$field['name']], 2, ',', '.'); break; // Dutch notation
default: echo $row[$field['name']];
}
echo "</td>";
}
echo "</tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
Instead do this:
$code = 'echo "<tr>"';
foreach ($fields as $field) {
$code .= ', "<td>"';
switch ($field['type']) {
case 'website': $code .= ', "<a href=\\"http://", $row["' . $field['name'] . '"], "\\">", $row["' . $field['name'] . '"], "</a>"'; break;
case 'email': $code .= ', "<a href=\\"mailto:", $row["' . $field['name'] . '"], "\\">", $row["' . $field['name'] . '"], "</a>"'; break;
case 'currency': $code .= ', "€ ", number_format($row["' . $field['name'] . '"], 2, ',', '.')'; break; // Dutch notation
default: $code .= ', $row["' . $field['name'] '"]';
}
$code .= ', "</td>"';
}
$code = ', "</tr>";';
echo "<table>";
array_walk($rows, create_function('$row', $code));
echo "</table>";
Be careful with abstraction in loops
Things like iterators and overloading (__get/__set) are a lot slower than normal loops and getting and setting properties. When you have a lot of data it is probably better to stay a way of these kind of abstractions, especially if you only use them to make you code more pretty.
Also your own abstraction might be dangerous. The less code that is performed in a loop with lots of data, the better.
Sometimes you can prevent loops altogether
With PHP functions like join, array_sum and array_reduce and MySQL functions like GROUP_CONCAT, you may sometimes get out of using a PHP loop.
if (!empty($categories)) $db->query("INSERT INTO product_category (product_id, category_id) VALUES ($prod_id, " . join("), ($prod_id, ", $categories) . ")");
Last resort: write an extension
If you have a piece of code in a loop which simply can not be written differently, but is causing mayor performance issues, see if you can rewrite that in C. Compiled code is simply a lot faster and will most likely solve your problem. The syntax of C is much like PHP, though there are a lot of gotcha’s. You can turn that C code into a PHP extension, so you can use it in your application. I’ve used the following articles to get started with PHP extensions:
Extension Writing Part I: Introduction to PHP and Zend
Extension Writing Part II: Parameters, Arrays, and ZVALs
Extension Writing Part II: Parameters, Arrays, and ZVALs [continued]
Extension Writing Part III: Resources
Warning: None of the code in this article is tested (sorry)
ENV['exec_start_time'] = microtime(true);
....
echo "<!-- ", "After doing XYZ: ", (microtime(true) -
Before I start
I’ve always stayed away from writing a performance topic. There seems to be a lot of performance enthusiasts, benchmarking anything they can, in order to scoop off a few more percent of performance time. To my opinion, if your system is already reacting within an acceptable fashion, there is no need to try to further improve performance. Maintainability is a much more important topic to look at, at that point.
Finding out what is the problem
So you have a script which is not performing the way you want to. The first thing you should do it try to find out what the problem is. There are some tools out there that can help you. If you’re using Zend Studio, there is a profiler which shows you a tree of files and functions with the amount of processing time. (Warning: With Zend Studio 5, you need to close your project and all open files, otherwise you’ll get incorrect values). There is also a profiler in XDebug, which is a bit harder to set up, but works just as well (or even a bit better actually).
If you don’t have the option to install any of these tools, you can echo (or use FirePHP to output) the execution times, using the following script:
Most likely the problem will be one of these three (in order of likeliness):
- A slow database query. Solving this is outside the scope of this article, but read this PDF about Query tuning for starters.
- To much is executed within a loop and/or the number of items for the loop is to big. Read the rest of the article.
- To much code is executed. This is probably cause of an abstraction layer that is simply to big or of to many abstraction layers. Try to do some refactoring, removing unnecessary abstraction or bypass abstraction on bottleneck positions.
Get the data ready before going into the loop
Looping through a large list in PHP can be very expensive performance wise, even if code in the loop is limited. If you’re looping through a mysql result, see if you can get the data as you want to use it from the query by using string, date and numeric functions and things like GROUP_CONCAT. Also try not to have to filter the data in PHP, you should only get the rows out the DB you actually need.
Don’t do things in the loop, you can also do outside it
Try to do as much stuff as possible outside of the loop. If an operation gives the same result for each item, you can surely put is outside of the loop.
Don’t do this:
Instead do this:
Use create_function to aid you
Sometimes you know you should put things outside of the loop, however the logic is so complex it can only be done in code. In that case you can use create_function together with array_map to help you out.
Don’t do this:
Instead do this:
Be careful with abstraction in loops
Things like iterators and overloading (__get/__set) are a lot slower than normal loops and getting and setting properties. When you have a lot of data it is probably better to stay a way of these kind of abstractions, especially if you only use them to make you code more pretty.
Also your own abstraction might be dangerous. The less code that is performed in a loop with lots of data, the better.
Sometimes you can prevent loops altogether
With PHP functions like join, array_sum and array_reduce and MySQL functions like GROUP_CONCAT, you may sometimes get out of using a PHP loop.
Last resort: write an extension
If you have a piece of code in a loop which simply can not be written differently, but is causing mayor performance issues, see if you can rewrite that in C. Compiled code is simply a lot faster and will most likely solve your problem. The syntax of C is much like PHP, though there are a lot of gotcha’s. You can turn that C code into a PHP extension, so you can use it in your application. I’ve used the following articles to get started with PHP extensions:
Extension Writing Part I: Introduction to PHP and Zend
Extension Writing Part II: Parameters, Arrays, and ZVALs
Extension Writing Part II: Parameters, Arrays, and ZVALs [continued]
Extension Writing Part III: Resources
Warning: None of the code in this article is tested (sorry)
ENV['exec_start_time']) * 1000, " ms", " -->\n"
....
echo "<!-- ", "After doing SOMETHING: ", (microtime(true) -
Before I start
I’ve always stayed away from writing a performance topic. There seems to be a lot of performance enthusiasts, benchmarking anything they can, in order to scoop off a few more percent of performance time. To my opinion, if your system is already reacting within an acceptable fashion, there is no need to try to further improve performance. Maintainability is a much more important topic to look at, at that point.
Finding out what is the problem
So you have a script which is not performing the way you want to. The first thing you should do it try to find out what the problem is. There are some tools out there that can help you. If you’re using Zend Studio, there is a profiler which shows you a tree of files and functions with the amount of processing time. (Warning: With Zend Studio 5, you need to close your project and all open files, otherwise you’ll get incorrect values). There is also a profiler in XDebug, which is a bit harder to set up, but works just as well (or even a bit better actually).
If you don’t have the option to install any of these tools, you can echo (or use FirePHP to output) the execution times, using the following script:
Most likely the problem will be one of these three (in order of likeliness):
- A slow database query. Solving this is outside the scope of this article, but read this PDF about Query tuning for starters.
- To much is executed within a loop and/or the number of items for the loop is to big. Read the rest of the article.
- To much code is executed. This is probably cause of an abstraction layer that is simply to big or of to many abstraction layers. Try to do some refactoring, removing unnecessary abstraction or bypass abstraction on bottleneck positions.
Get the data ready before going into the loop
Looping through a large list in PHP can be very expensive performance wise, even if code in the loop is limited. If you’re looping through a mysql result, see if you can get the data as you want to use it from the query by using string, date and numeric functions and things like GROUP_CONCAT. Also try not to have to filter the data in PHP, you should only get the rows out the DB you actually need.
Don’t do things in the loop, you can also do outside it
Try to do as much stuff as possible outside of the loop. If an operation gives the same result for each item, you can surely put is outside of the loop.
Don’t do this:
Instead do this:
Use create_function to aid you
Sometimes you know you should put things outside of the loop, however the logic is so complex it can only be done in code. In that case you can use create_function together with array_map to help you out.
Don’t do this:
Instead do this:
Be careful with abstraction in loops
Things like iterators and overloading (__get/__set) are a lot slower than normal loops and getting and setting properties. When you have a lot of data it is probably better to stay a way of these kind of abstractions, especially if you only use them to make you code more pretty.
Also your own abstraction might be dangerous. The less code that is performed in a loop with lots of data, the better.
Sometimes you can prevent loops altogether
With PHP functions like join, array_sum and array_reduce and MySQL functions like GROUP_CONCAT, you may sometimes get out of using a PHP loop.
Last resort: write an extension
If you have a piece of code in a loop which simply can not be written differently, but is causing mayor performance issues, see if you can rewrite that in C. Compiled code is simply a lot faster and will most likely solve your problem. The syntax of C is much like PHP, though there are a lot of gotcha’s. You can turn that C code into a PHP extension, so you can use it in your application. I’ve used the following articles to get started with PHP extensions:
Extension Writing Part I: Introduction to PHP and Zend
Extension Writing Part II: Parameters, Arrays, and ZVALs
Extension Writing Part II: Parameters, Arrays, and ZVALs [continued]
Extension Writing Part III: Resources
Warning: None of the code in this article is tested (sorry)
ENV['exec_start_time']) * 1000, " ms", " -->\n"