Stakeholder解析

Stakeholder解析:在许多项目管理的书籍,SponsorStakeholder是两个很常见的词。Sponsor通常译为“项目发起人”,这很好理解,就是项目的提出人。但Stakeholder则译为“项目干系人”或“涉众”,不能够有效地表达出它的含义。Stakeholder直译是“赌金保管者”,实际上可以理解为“掌握筹码的人”。

不同类型的Stakeholder掌握的筹码数量是不相等的,因此项目成功的关键在于获取足够的“筹码”。通常业务需求是Sponsor及重要的Stakeholder提出的;用户需求则是中等重要的Stakeholder提出的,从此也可以看出分析“业务需求”的重要性。

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As a stakeholder, I want to develop an online food ordering and delivery system that allows users to browse menus, place orders, and track deliveries. The system should have the following features and functions: Features: - User registration and login - Menu browsing - Order placement and modification - Payment processing - Delivery tracking - Rating and feedback system - Restaurant management interface Functions: - Users can browse menus from multiple restaurants - Users can add items to their cart, modify their order, and place the order - Users can pay for their order through the system - Users can track their delivery status in real-time and receive notifications - Users can rate their experience and provide feedback - Restaurants can manage their menu, orders, and delivery status through an interface Inputs: - User login information - Restaurant menu and order information - Payment information Outputs: - Confirmation of order placement - Delivery status updates - Receipt of payment Scenarios: 1. A user logs in to the system and browses menus from different restaurants. They add items to their cart, modify their order, and place the order. They pay using the system and receive confirmation of their order placement. They then track their delivery status and receive updates until the food is delivered. 2. A restaurant logs in to the system and updates their menu. They receive an order from a user, confirm the order, and update the delivery status. They receive feedback from the user and use it to improve their service. System Interactions: - The system interacts with payment gateways to process payments - The system interacts with delivery services to provide real-time tracking - The system interacts with restaurant management interfaces to update menus, orders, and delivery status Data Model: ```mermaid graph TD A[User] -->|places order|B(Order) B -->|contains|C(Item) D[Restaurant] -->|offers menu|C B -->|has payment information|E(Payment) B -->|has delivery information|F(Delivery) ``` Process Model: ```mermaid graph TD A[User] -->|places order|B(Order) B -->|selects items and quantity|C(Add Items) B -->|modifies order|D(Modify Order) B -->|confirm order|E(Confirm Order) E -->|process payment|F(Payment) F -->|initiate delivery|G(Delivery) G -->|update delivery status|H(Delivery Status) ``` Behavior Model: ```mermaid stateDiagram [*] --> Login Login --> Browse: User logs in Browse --> Add: User selects items Add --> Modify: User adds item to cart Modify --> Confirm: User modifies order Confirm --> Payment: User confirms order Payment --> Delivery: Payment is processed Delivery --> Feedback: Delivery status is updated Feedback --> Browse: User provides feedback ```

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