@1$字符屏幕函数
Turbo C2.0的字符屏幕函数主要包括文本窗口大小的设定、窗口颜色的设置、
窗口文本的清除和输入输出等函数。
1.文本窗口的定义
Turbo C2.0默认定义的文本窗口为整个屏幕, 共有80列(或40列)25行的文本
单元, 每个单元包括一个字符和一个属性, 字符即ASCII 码字符, 属性规定该字
符的颜色和强度。
Turbo C2.0可以定义屏幕上的一个矩形域作为窗口, 使用window()函数定义。
窗口定义之后, 用有关窗口的输入输出函数就可以只在此窗口内进行操作而不超
出窗口的边界。
window()函数的调用格式为:
void window(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
该函数的原型在conio.h 中 (关于文本窗口的所有函数其头文件均为conio.h,
后面不再说明)。 函数中形式参数(int left, int top)是窗口左上角的坐标,
(int right, int bottom)是窗口的右下角坐标, 其中(left, top)和(right,
bottom) 是相对于整个屏幕而言的。 Turbo C 2.0规定整个屏幕的左上角坐标为
(1, 1), 右下角坐标为(80, 25)。并规定沿水平方向为 X轴, 方向朝右; 沿垂直
方向为 Y轴, 方向朝下。若window()函数中的坐标超过了屏幕坐标的界限, 则窗
口的定义就失去了意义, 也就是说定义将不起作用, 但程序编译链接时并不出错。
另外, 一个屏幕可以定义多个窗口, 但现行窗口只能有一个(因为DOS为单任
务操作系统), 当需要用另一窗口时, 可将定义该窗口的window() 函数再调用一
次, 此时该窗口便成为现行窗口了。
如要定义一个窗口左上角在屏幕(20, 5)处, 大小为30列15行的窗口可写成:
window(20, 5, 50, 25);
2. 文本窗口颜色的设置
文本窗口颜色的设置包括背景颜色的设置和字符颜色的设置, 使用的函数及
其调用格式为:
设置背景颜色: void textbackground(int color);
设置字符颜色: void textcolor(int color);
有关颜色的定义见表1。
表1. 有关颜色的定义
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
符号常数 数值 含义 字符或背景
─────────────────
BLACK 0 黑 两者均可
BLUE 1 兰 两者均可
GREEN 2 绿 两者均可
CYAN 3 青 两者均可
RED 4 红 两者均可
MAGENTA 5 洋红 两者均可
BROWN 6 棕 两者均可
LIGHTGRAY 7 淡灰 两者均可
DARKGRAY 8 深灰 只用于字符
LIGHTBLUE 9 淡兰 只用于字符
LIGHTGREEN 10 淡绿 只用于字符
LIGHTCYAN 11 淡青 只用于字符
LIGHTRED 12 淡红 只用于字符
LIGHTMAGENTA 13 淡洋红 只用于字符
YELLOW 14 黄 只用于字符
WHITE 15 白 只用于字符
BLINK 128 闪烁 只用于字符
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
上表中的符号常数与相应的数值等价, 二者可以互换。例如设定兰色背景可
以使用textbackground(1), 也可以使用textbackground(BLUE), 两者没有任何
区别, 只不过后者比较容易记忆, 一看就知道是兰色。
Turbo C另外还提供了一个函数, 可以同时设置文本的字符和背景颜色, 这
个函数的调用格式为:
void textattr(int attr);
其中: attr的值表示颜色形式编码的信息, 每一位代表的含义如下:
位 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
B b b b c c c c
↓ ┕━━━┙ ┖─────┘
闪烁 背景颜色 字符颜色
字节低四位cccc设置字符颜色(0到15), 4~6三位bbb设置背景颜色(0到7),
第7位B设置字符是否闪烁。假如要设置一个兰底黄字, 定义方法如下:
textattr(YELLOW+(BLUE<<4));
若再要求字符闪烁, 则定义变为:
textattr(128+YELLOW+(BLUE<<4);
注意:
(1) 对于背景只有0 到7 共八种颜色, 若取大于7 小于15的数, 则代表的
颜色与减 7后的值对应的颜色相同。
(2) 用textbackground()和textcolor() 函数设置了窗口的背景与字符颜
色后, 在没有用clrscr()函数清除窗口之前, 颜色不会改变, 直到使用了函数
clrscr(), 整个窗口和随后输出到窗口中的文本字符才会变成新颜色。
(3) 用textattr()函数时背景颜色应左移4位, 才能使3位背景颜色移到正
确位置。
下面这个程序使用了关于窗口大小的定义、颜色的设置等函数, 在一个屏幕
上不同位置定义了7个窗口, 其背景色分别使用了7种不同的颜色。
例1.:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
int i;
textbackground(0); /* 设置屏幕背景色 */
clrscr(); /* 清除文本屏幕 */
for(i=1; i<8; i++)
{
window(10+i*5, 5+i, 30+i*5, 15+i); /* 定义文本窗口 */
textbackground(i); /* 定义窗口背景色 */
clrscr(); /* 清除窗口 */
}
getch();
}
3. 窗口内文本的输入输出函数
一、窗口内文本的输出函数
int cprintf("<格式化字符串>", <变量表>);
int cputs(char *string);
int putch(int ch);
cprintf()函数输出一个格式化的字符串或数值到窗口中。它与printf() 函
数的用法完全一样, 区别在于cprintf()函数的输出受窗口限制, 而printf() 函
数的输出为整个屏幕。
cputs()函数输出一个字符串到屏幕上, 它与puts()函数用法完全一样, 只
是受窗口大小的限制。
putch()函数输出一个字符到窗口内。
注意:
(1) 使用以上几种函数, 当输出超出窗口的右边界时会自动转到下一行的
开始处继续输出。当窗口内填满内容仍没有结束输出时, 窗口屏幕将会自动逐行
上卷直到输出结束为止。
二、窗口内文本的输入函数
int getche(void);
该函数在前面已经讲过, 需要说明的是, getche()函数从键盘上获得一个字
符, 在屏幕上显示的时候, 如果字符超过了窗口右边界, 则会被自动转移到下一
行的开始位置。
下面这个程序给例1.中加入了一些文本的输出函数。
例2.:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
char *c[]={"BLACK", "BLUE", "GREEN", "CYAN", "RED",
"MAGENTA", "BROWN", "LIGHTGRAY"};
textbackground(0); /* 设置屏幕背景色 */
clrscr(); /* 清除文本屏幕 */
for(i=1; i<8; i++)
{
window(10+i*5, 5+i, 30+i*5, 15+i); /* 定义文本窗口 */
textbackground(i); /* 定义窗口背景色 */
clrscr(); /* 清除窗口 */
}
getch();
return 0;
}
4. 有关屏幕操作的函数
void clrscr(void); 清除当前窗口中的文本内容, 并把光标定位在窗口的左上角(1, 1)处。
void clreol(void); 清除当前窗口中从光标位置到行尾的所有字符, 光标位置不变。
void gotoxy(x, y); 该函数很有用, 它用来定位光标在当前窗口中的位置。这里x, y是指光标要定位处的坐标(相对于窗口
而言), 当x, y超出了窗口的大小时, 该函数就不起作用了。
int gettext(int xl, int yl, int x2, int y2, void *buffer);
int puttext(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, void *buffer);
gettext()函数是将屏幕上指定的矩形区域内文本内容存入buffer 指针指向
的一个内存空间。内存的大小用下式计算:
所用字节大小=行数*列数*2
其中:
行数=y2-y1+1 列数=x2-x1+1
puttext()函数则是将gettext()函数存入内存buffer中的文字内容拷贝到屏
幕上指定的位置。
int movetext(int x1, int x2, int y2, int x3, int y3);
movetext()函数将屏幕上左上角为(x1, y1), 右下角为(x2, y2)的一矩形窗
口内的文本内容拷贝到左上角为(x3, y3)的新的位置。该函数的坐标也是相对于
整个屏幕而言的。
注意:
1. gettext()函数和puttext()函数中的坐标是对整个屏幕而言的, 即是屏
幕的绝对坐标, 而不是相对窗口的坐标。
2. movetext()函数是拷贝而不是移动窗口区域内容, 即使用该函数后, 原
位置区域的文本内容仍然存在。
例3.
include <conio.h>
main()
{
int i;
char *f[]={"Load F3", "Pick Alt-F3", "New ",
"Save F2", "Write to ", "Directory",
"Change dir", "Os shee ", "Quit Alt-X"};
char buf[9*14*2];
clrscr();
textcolor(YELLOW);
textbackground(BLUE);
clrscr();
gettext(10, 2, 24, 11, buf);
window(10, 2, 24, 11);
textbackground(RED);
textcolor(YELLOW);
clrscr();
for(i=0; i<9; i++)
{
gotoxy(1, i++);
cprintf("%s", f[i]);
}
getch();
movetext(10, 2, 24, 11, 40, 10);
puttext(10, 2, 24, 11, buf);
getch();
}
下面再介绍一些函数:
void highvideo(void); 设置显示器高亮度显示字符。
void lowvideo(void); 设置显示器低亮度显示字符。
void normvideo(void); 使显示器返回到程序运行前的显示方式。
int wherex(void); 这两个函数返回当前窗口下光标的x, y坐标。
int wherey(void);
@2$图形函数
Turbo C提供了非常丰富的图形函数, 所有图形函数的原型均在graphics. h
中, 本节主要介绍图形模式的初始化、独立图形程序的建立、基本图形功能、图
形窗口以及图形模式下的文本输出等函数。另外, 使用图形函数时要确保有显示
器图形驱动程序*BGI, 同时将集成开发环境Options/Linker中的Graphics lib选
为on, 只有这样才能保证正确使用图形函数。
1. 图形模式的初始化
不同的显示器适配器有不同的图形分辨率。即是同一显示器适配器, 在不同
模式下也有不同分辨率。因此, 在屏幕作图之前, 必须根据显示器适配器种类将
显示器设置成为某种图形模式, 在未设置图形模式之前, 微机系统默认屏幕为文
本模式(80列, 25行字符模式), 此时所有图形函数均不能工作。设置屏幕为图形
模式, 可用下列图形初始化函数:
void far initgraph(int far *gdriver, int far *gmode, char *path);
其中gdriver和gmode分别表示图形驱动器和模式, path是指图形驱动程序所
在的目录路径。有关图形驱动器、图形模式的符号常数及对应的分辨率见表2。
图形驱动程序由Turbo C出版商提供, 文件扩展名为.BGI。根据不同的图形
适配器有不同的图形驱动程序。例如对于EGA、 VGA 图形适配器就调用驱动程序
EGAVGA.BGI。
表2. 图形驱动器、模式的符号常数及数值
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
图形驱动器(gdriver) 图形模式(gmode)
───────── ──────── 色调 分辨率
符号常数 数值 符号常数 数值
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
CGA 1 CGAC0 0 C0 320*200
CGAC1 1 C1 320*200
CGAC2 2 C2 320*200
CGAC3 3 C3 320*200
CGAHI 4 2色 640*200
─────────────────────────
MCGA 2 MCGAC0 0 C0 320*200
MCGAC1 1 C1 320*200
MCGAC2 2 C2 320*200
MCGAC3 3 C3 320*200
MCGAMED 4 2色 640*200
MCGAHI 5 2色 640*480
─────────────────────────
EGA 3 EGALO 0 16色 640*200
EGAHI 1 16色 640*350
────────────────────────
EGA64 4 EGA64LO 0 16色 640*200
EGA64HI 1 4色 640*350
─────────────────────────
EGAMON 5 EGAMONHI 0 2色 640*350
─────────────────────────
IBM8514 6 IBM8514LO 0 256色 640*480
IBM8514HI 1 256色 1024*768
─────────────────────────
HERC 7 HERCMONOHI 0 2色 720*348
─────────────────────────
ATT400 8 ATT400C0 0 C0 320*200
ATT400C1 1 C1 320*200
ATT400C2 2 C2 320*200
ATT400C3 3 C3 320*200
ATT400MED 4 2色 320*200
ATT400HI 5 2色 320*200
────────────────────────
VGA 9 VGALO 0 16色 640*200
VGAMED 1 16色 640*350
VGAHI 2 16色 640*480
────────────────────────
PC3270 10 PC3270HI 0 2色 720*350
────────────────────────
DETECT 0 用于硬件测试
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
例4. 使用图形初始化函数设置VGA高分辨率图形模式
#include <graphics.h>
int main()
{
int gdriver, gmode;
gdriver=VGA;
gmode=VGAHI;
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "c://tc");
bar3d(100, 100, 300, 250, 50, 1); /*画一长方体*/
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
有时编程者并不知道所用的图形显示器适配器种类, 或者需要将编写的程序
用于不同图形驱动器, Turbo C提供了一个自动检测显示器硬件的函数, 其调用
格式为:
void far detectgraph(int *gdriver, *gmode);
其中gdriver和gmode的意义与上面相同。
例5. 自动进行硬件测试后进行图形初始化
#include <graphics.h>
int main()
{
int gdriver, gmode;
detectgraph(&gdriver, &gmode); /*自动测试硬件*/
printf("the graphics driver is %d, mode is %d/n", gdriver,
gmode); /*输出测试结果*/
getch();
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "c://tc");
/* 根据测试结果初始化图形*/
bar3d(10, 10, 130, 250, 20, 1);
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
上例程序中先对图形显示器自动检测, 然后再用图形初始化函数进行初始化
设置, 但Turbo C提供了一种更简单的方法, 即用gdriver= DETECT 语句后再跟
initgraph()函数就行了。采用这种方法后, 上例可改为:
例6.
#include <graphics.h>
int main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT, gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "c://tc");
bar3d(50, 50, 150, 30, 1);
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
另外, Turbo C提供了退出图形状态的函数closegraph(), 其调用格式为:
void far closegraph(void);
调用该函数后可退出图形状态而进入文本方式(Turbo C 默认方式), 并释放
用于保存图形驱动程序和字体的系统内存。
2. 独立图形运行程序的建立
Turbo C对于用initgraph()函数直接进行的图形初始化程序, 在编译和链接
时并没有将相应的驱动程序(*.BGI)装入到执行程序, 当程序进行到intitgraph()
语句时, 再从该函数中第三个形式参数char *path中所规定的路径中去找相应的
驱动程序。若没有驱动程序, 则在C:/TC中去找, 如C:/TC中仍没有或TC不存在,
将会出现错误:
BGI Error: Graphics not initialized (use 'initgraph')
因此, 为了使用方便, 应该建立一个不需要驱动程序就能独立运行的可执行
图形程序,Turbo C中规定用下述步骤(这里以EGA、VGA显示器为例):
1. 在C:/TC子目录下输入命令:BGIOBJ EGAVGA
此命令将驱动程序EGAVGA.BGI转换成EGAVGA.OBJ的目标文件。
2. 在C:/TC子目录下输入命令:TLIB LIB/GRAPHICS.LIB+EGAVGA
此命令的意思是将EGAVGA.OBJ的目标模块装到GRAPHICS.LIB库文件中。
3. 在程序中initgraph()函数调用之前加上一句:
registerbgidriver(EGAVGA_driver):
该函数告诉连接程序在连接时把EGAVGA的驱动程序装入到用户的执行程序中。
经过上面处理,编译链接后的执行程序可在任何目录或其它兼容机上运行。
假设已作了前两个步骤,若再向例6中加 registerbgidriver()函数则变成:
例7:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
int main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
registerbgidriver(EGAVGA_driver): / *建立独立图形运行程序 */
initgraph( gdriver, gmode,"c://tc");
bar3d(50,50,250,150,20,1);
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
上例编译链接后产生的执行程序可独立运行。
如不初始化成EGA或CGA分辨率, 而想初始化为CGA分辨率, 则只需要将上述
步骤中有EGAVGA的地方用CGA代替即可。
3.屏幕颜色的设置和清屏函数
对于图形模式的屏幕颜色设置, 同样分为背景色的设置和前景色的设置。在
Turbo C中分别用下面两个函数。
设置背景色: void far setbkcolor( int color);
设置作图色: void far setcolor(int color);
其中color 为图形方式下颜色的规定数值, 对EGA, VGA显示器适配器, 有关
颜色的符号常数及数值见下表所示。
表3 有关屏幕颜色的符号常数表
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
符号常数 数值 含义 符号常数 数值 含义
───────────────────
BLACK 0 黑色 DARKGRAY 8 深灰
BLUE 1 兰色 LIGHTBLUE 9 深兰
GREEN 2 绿色 LIGHTGREEN 10 淡绿
CYAN 3 青色 LIGHTCYAN 11 淡青
RED 4 红色 LIGHTRED 12 淡红
MAGENTA 5 洋红 LIGHTMAGENTA 13 淡洋红
BROWN 6 棕色 YELLOW 14 黄色
LIGHTGRAY 7 淡灰 WHITE 15 白色
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
对于CGA适配器, 背景色可以为表3中16种颜色的一种, 但前景色依赖于不同
的调色板。共有四种调色板, 每种调色板上有四种颜色可供选择。不同调色板所
对应的原色见表4。
表4 CGA调色板与颜色值表
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
调色板 颜色值
────── ─────────
符号常数 数值 0 1 2 3
━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━━
C0 0 背景 绿 红 黄
C1 1 背景 青 洋红 白
C2 2 背景 淡绿 淡红 黄
C3 3 背景 淡青 淡洋红 白
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
清除图形屏幕内容使用清屏函数, 其调用格式如下:
voide far cleardevice(void);
有关颜色设置、清屏函数的使用请看例8。
例8:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
int main()
{
int gdriver, gmode, i;
gdriver=DETECT;
registerbgidriver(EGAVGA_DRIVER);/*建立独立图形运行程序*/
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode", "");/*图形初始化*/
setbkcolor(0); /*设置图形背景*/
cleardevice();
for(i=0; i<=15; i++)
{
setcolor(i); /*设置不同作图色*/
circle(320, 240, 20+i*10); /*画半径不同的圆*/
delay(100); /*延迟100毫秒*/
}
for(i=0; i<=15; i++)
{
setbkcolor(i); /*设置不同背景色*/
cleardevice();
circle(320, 240, 20+i*10);
delay(100);
}
closegraph();
return 0;
}
另外, TURBO C也提供了几个获得现行颜色设置情况的函数。
int far getbkcolor(void); 返回现行背景颜色值。
int far getcolor(void); 返回现行作图颜色值。
int far getmaxcolor(void); 返回最高可用的颜色值。
4. 基本图形函数
基本图形函数包括画点, 线以及其它一些基本图形的函数。本节对这些函数
作一全面的介绍。
一、画点
1. 画点函数
void far putpixel(int x, int y, int color);
该函数表示有指定的象元画一个按color所确定颜色的点。对于颜色color的
值可从表3中获得而对x, y是指图形象元的坐标。
在图形模式下, 是按象元来定义坐标的。对VGA适配器, 它的最高分辨率为
640x480, 其中640为整个屏幕从左到右所有象元的个数, 480 为整个屏幕从上到
下所有象元的个数。屏幕的左上角坐标为(0, 0), 右下角坐标为(639, 479), 水
平方向从左到右为x轴正向, 垂直方向从上到下为y轴正向。TURBO C 的图形函数
都是相对于图形屏幕坐标, 即象元来说的。
关于点的另外一个函数是:
int far getpixel(int x, int y);
它获得当前点(x, y)的颜色值。
2. 有关坐标位置的函数
int far getmaxx(void);
返回x轴的最大值。
int far getmaxy(void);
返回y轴的最大值。
int far getx(void);
返回游标在x轴的位置。
void far gety(void);
返回游标有y轴的位置。
void far moveto(int x, int y);
移动游标到(x, y)点, 不是画点, 在移动过程中亦画点。
void far moverel(int dx, int dy);
移动游标从现行位置(x, y)移动到(x+dx, y+dy)的位置, 移动过程中不画点。
二、画线
1. 画线函数
TURBO C提供了一系列画线函数, 下面分别叙述:
void far line(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1);
画一条从点(x0, y0)到(x1, y1)的直线。
void far lineto(int x, int y);
画一作从现行游标到点(x, y)的直线。
void far linerel(int dx, int dy);
画一条从现行游标(x, y)到按相对增量确定的点(x+dx, y+dy)的直线。
void far circle(int x, int y, int radius);
以(x, y)为圆心, radius为半径, 画一个圆。
void far arc(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int radius);
以(x, y)为圆心, radius为半径, 从stangle开始到endangle结束(用度表示)
画一段圆弧线。在TURBO C中规定x轴正向为0度, 逆时针方向旋转一周, 依次为
90, 180, 270和360度(其它有关函数也按此规定, 不再重述)。
void ellipse(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int xradius,
int yradius);
以(x, y)为中心, xradius, yradius为x轴和y轴半径, 从角stangle 开始到
endangle结束画一段椭圆线, 当stangle=0, endangle=360时, 画出一个完整的
椭圆。
void far rectangle(int x1, int y1, int x2, inty2);
以(x1, y1)为左上角, (x2, y2)为右下角画一个矩形框。
void far drawpoly(int numpoints, int far *polypoints);
画一个顶点数为numpoints, 各顶点坐标由polypoints 给出的多边形。
polypoints整型数组必须至少有2倍顶点数个无素。每一个顶点的坐标都定义为x,
y, 并且x在前。值得注意的是当画一个封闭的多边形时, numpoints 的值取实际
多边形的顶点数加一, 并且数组polypoints中第一个和最后一个点的坐标相同。
下面举一个用drawpoly()函数画箭头的例子。
例9:
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<graphics.h>
int main()
{
int gdriver, gmode, i;
int arw[16]={200, 102, 300, 102, 300, 107, 330,
100, 300, 93, 300, 98, 200, 98, 200, 102};
gdriver=DETECT;
registerbgidriver(EGAVGA_driver);
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
setbkcolor(BLUE);
cleardevice();
setcolor(12); /*设置作图颜色*/
drawpoly(8, arw); /*画一箭头*/
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
2. 设定线型函数
在没有对线的特性进行设定之前, TURBO C用其默认值, 即一点宽的实线,
但TURBO C也提供了可以改变线型的函数。线型包括:宽度和形状。其中宽度只有
两种选择: 一点宽和三点宽。而线的形状则有五种。下面介绍有关线型的设置函
数。
void far setlinestyle(int linestyle, unsigned upattern, int
thickness);
该函数用来设置线的有关信息, 其中linestyle是线形状的规定, 见表5。
表5. 有关线的形状(linestyle)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
符号常数 数值 含义
──────────────
SOLID_LINE 0 实线
DOTTED_LINE 1 点线
CENTER_LINE 2 中心线
DASHED_LINE 3 点画线
USERBIT_LINE 4 用户定义线
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
thickness是线的宽度, 见表6。
表6. 有关线宽(thickness)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
符号常数 数值 含义
──────────────
NORM_WIDTH 1 一点宽
THIC_WIDTH 3 三点宽
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
对于upattern, 只有linestyle选USERBIT_LINE 时才有意义( 选其它线型,
uppattern取0即可)。此进uppattern的16位二进制数的每一位代表一个象元, 如
果那位为1, 则该象元打开, 否则该象元关闭。
void far getlinesettings(struct linesettingstype far *lineinfo);
该函数将有关线的信息存放到由lineinfo 指向的结构中, 表中
linesettingstype的结构如下:
struct linesettingstype{
int linestyle;
unsigned upattern;
int thickness;
}
例如下面两句程序可以读出当前线的特性
struct linesettingstype *info;
getlinesettings(info);
void far setwritemode(int mode);
该函数规定画线的方式。如果mode=0, 则表示画线时将所画位置的原来信息
覆盖了(这是TURBO C的默认方式)。如果mode=1, 则表示画线时用现在特性的线
与所画之处原有的线进行异或(XOR)操作, 实际上画出的线是原有线与现在规定
的线进行异或后的结果。因此, 当线的特性不变, 进行两次画线操作相当于没有
画线。
有关线型设定和画线函数的例子如下所示。
例10.
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<graphics.h>
int main()
{
int gdriver, gmode, i;
gdriver=DETECT;
registerbgidriver(EGAVGA_driver);
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
setbkcolor(BLUE);
cleardevice();
setcolor(GREEN);
circle(320, 240, 98);
setlinestyle(0, 0, 3); /*设置三点宽实线*/
setcolor(2);
rectangle(220, 140, 420, 340);
setcolor(WHITE);
setlinestyle(4, 0xaaaa, 1); /*设置一点宽用户定义线*/
line(220, 240, 420, 240);
line(320, 140, 320, 340);
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
5. 封闭图形的填充
填充就是用规定的颜色和图模填满一个封闭图形。
一、先画轮廓再填充
TURBO C提供了一些先画出基本图形轮廓, 再按规定图模和颜色填充整个封
闭图形的函数。在没有改变填充方式时, TURBO C以默认方式填充。 下面介绍这
些函数。
void far bar(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);
确定一个以(x1, y1)为左上角, (x2, y2)为右下角的矩形窗口, 再按规定图
模和颜色填充。
说明: 此函数不画出边框, 所以填充色为边框。
void far bar3d(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int depth, int
topflag);
当topflag为非0时, 画出一个三维的长方体。当topflag为0时, 三维图形不
封顶, 实际上很少这样使用。
说明: bar3d()函数中, 长方体第三维的方向不随任何参数而变, 即始终为
45度的方向。
void far pieslice(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int
radius);
画一个以(x, y)为圆心, radius为半径, stangle为起始角度, endangle 为
终止角度的扇形, 再按规定方式填充。当stangle=0, endangle=360 时变成一个
实心圆, 并在圆内从圆点沿X轴正向画一条半径。
void far sector(int x, int y, int stanle, intendangle, int
xradius, int yradius);
画一个以(x, y)为圆心分别以xradius, yradius为x轴和y轴半径, stangle
为起始角, endangle为终止角的椭圆扇形, 再按规定方式填充。
二、设定填充方式
TURBO C有四个与填充方式有关的函数。下面分别介绍:
void far setfillstyle(int pattern, int color);
color的值是当前屏幕图形模式时颜色的有效值。pattern的值及与其等价的
符号常数如表7所示。
表7. 关于填充式样pattern的规定
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
符号常数 数值 含义
──────────────────
EMPTY_FILL 0 以背景颜色填充
SOLID_FILL 1 以实填充
LINE_FILL 2 以直线填充
LTSLASH_FILL 3 以斜线填充(阴影线)
SLASH_FILL 4 以粗斜线填充(粗阴影线)
BKSLASH_FILL 5 以粗反斜线填充(粗阴影线)
LTBKSLASH_FILL 6 以反斜线填充(阴影线)
HATCH_FILL 7 以直方网格填充
XHATCH_FILL 8 以斜网格填充
INTTERLEAVE_FILL 9 以间隔点填充
WIDE_DOT_FILL 10 以稀疏点填充
CLOSE_DOS_FILL 11 以密集点填充
USER_FILL 12 以用户定义式样填充
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
除USER_FILL(用户定义填充式样)以外, 其它填充式样均可由setfillstyle()
函数设置。当选用USER_FILL时, 该函数对填充图模和颜色不作任何改变。 之所
以定义USER_FILL主要因为在获得有关填充信息时用到此项。
void far setfillpattern(char * upattern,int color);
设置用户定义的填充图模的颜色以供对封闭图形填充。
其中upattern是一个指向8个字节的指针。这8个字节定义了8x8点阵的图形。
每个字节的8位二进制数表示水平8点, 8个字节表示8行, 然后以此为模型向个封
闭区域填充。
void far getfillpattern(char * upattern);
该函数将用户定义的填充图模存入upattern指针指向的内存区域。
void far getfillsetings(struct fillsettingstype far * fillinfo);
获得现行图模的颜色并将存入结构指针变量fillinfo中。其中fillsettingstype
结构定义如下:
struct fillsettingstype{
int pattern; /* 现行填充模式 * /
int color; /* 现行填充模式 * /
};
有关图形填充图模的颜色的选择, 请看下面例程。
例11:
#include<graphics.h>
main(){
char str[8]={10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80}; /*用户定义图模*/
int gdriver,gmode,i;
struct fillsettingstype save; /*定义一个用来存储填充信息的结构变量*/
gdriver=DETECT;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"c://tc");
setbkcolor(BLUE);
cleardevice();
for(i=0;i<13;i++)
{
setcolor(i+3);
setfillstyle(i,2+i); /* 设置填充类型 *
bar(100,150,200,50); /*画矩形并填充*/
bar3d(300,100,500,200,70,1); /* 画长方体并填充*/
pieslice(200, 300, 90, 180, 90);/*画扇形并填充*/
sector(500,300,180,270,200,100);/*画椭圆扇形并填充*/
delay(1000); /*延时1秒*/
}
cleardevice();
setcolor(14);
setfillpattern(str, RED);
bar(100,150,200,50);
bar3d(300,100,500,200,70,0);
pieslice(200,300,0,360,90);
sector(500,300,0,360,100,50);
getch();
getfillsettings(&save); /*获得用户定义的填充模式信息*/
closegraph();
clrscr();
printf("The pattern is %d, The color of filling is %d",
save.pattern, save.color); /*输出目前填充图模和颜色值*/
getch();
}
以上程序运行结束后, 在屏幕上显示出现行填充图模和颜色的常数值。
三、任意封闭图形的填充
截止目前为止, 我们只能对一些特定形状的封闭图形进行填充, 但还不能对
任意封闭图形进行填充。为此, TURBO C 提供了一个可对任意封闭图形填充的函
数, 其调用格式如下:
void far floodfill(int x, int y, int border);
其中: x, y为封闭图形内的任意一点。border为边界的颜色, 也就是封闭图
形轮廓的颜色。调用了该函数后, 将用规定的颜色和图模填满整个封闭图形。
注意:
1. 如果x或y取在边界上, 则不进行填充。
2. 如果不是封闭图形则填充会从没有封闭的地方溢出去, 填满其它地方。
3. 如果x或y在图形外面, 则填充封闭图形外的屏幕区域。
4. 由border指定的颜色值必须与图形轮廓的颜色值相同, 但填充色可选任
意颜色。下例是有关floodfill()函数的用法, 该程序填充了bar3d()所画长方体
中其它两个未填充的面。
例12:
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<graphics.h>
main()
{
int gdriver, gmode;
strct fillsettingstype save;
gdriver=DETECT;
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
setbkcolor(BLUE);
cleardevice();
setcolor(LIGHTRED);
setlinestyle(0,0,3);
setfillstyle(1,14); /*设置填充方式*/
bar3d(100,200,400,350,200,1); /*画长方体并填充*/
floodfill(450,300,LIGHTRED); /*填充长方体另外两个面*/
floodfill(250,150, LIGHTRED);
rectanle(450,400,500,450); /*画一矩形*/
floodfill(470,420, LIGHTRED); /*填充矩形*/
getch();
closegraph();
}
6. 有关图形窗口和图形屏幕操作函数
一、图形窗口操作
象文本方式下可以设定屏幕窗口一样, 图形方式下也可以在屏幕上某一区域
设定窗口, 只是设定的为图形窗口而已, 其后的有关图形操作都将以这个窗口的
左上角(0,0)作为坐标原点, 而且可为通过设置使窗口之外的区域为不可接触。
这样, 所有的图形操作就被限定在窗口内进行。
void far setviewport(int xl,int yl,int x2, int y2,int clipflag);
设定一个以(xl,yl)象元点为左上角, (x2,y2)象元为右下角的图形窗口, 其
中x1,y1,x2,y2是相对于整个屏幕的坐标。若clipflag为非0, 则设定的图形以外
部分不可接触, 若clipflag为0, 则图形窗口以外可以接触。
void far clearviewport(void);
清除现行图形窗口的内容。
void far getviewsettings(struct viewporttype far * viewport);
获得关于现行窗口的信息,并将其存于viewporttype定义的结构变量viewport
中, 其中viewporttype的结构说明如下:
struct viewporttype{
int left, top, right, bottom;
int cliplag;
};
注明:
1. 窗口颜色的设置与前面讲过的屏幕颜色设置相同, 但屏幕背景色和窗口
背景色只能是一种颜色, 如果窗口背景色改变, 整个屏幕的背景色也将改变这与
文本窗口不同。
2. 可以在同一个屏幕上设置多个窗口, 但只能有一个现行窗口工作, 要对
其它窗口操作, 通过将定义那个窗口的setviewport()函数再用一次即可。
3. 前面讲过图形屏幕操作的函数均适合于对窗口的操作。
二、屏幕操作
除了清屏函数以外, 关于屏幕操作还有以下函数:
void far setactivepage(int pagenum);
void far setvisualpage(int pagenum);
这两个函数只用于EGA,VGA 以及HERCULES图形适配器。setctivepage() 函数
是为图形输出选择激活页。 所谓激活页是指后续图形的输出被写到函数选定的
pagenum页面, 该页面并不一定可见。setvisualpage()函数才使pagenum 所指定
的页面变成可见页。页面从0开始(Turbo C默认页)。如果先用setactivepage()
函数在不同页面上画出一幅幅图像,再用setvisualpage()函数交替显示, 就可以
实现一些动画的效果。
void far getimage(int xl,int yl, int x2,int y2, void far *mapbuf);
void far putimge(int x,int,y,void * mapbuf, int op);
unsined far imagesize(int xl,int yl,int x2,int y2);
这三个函数用于将屏幕上的图像复制到内存,然后再将内存中的图像送回到
屏幕上。首先通过函数imagesize()测试要保存左上角为(xl,yl), 右上角为(x2,
y2)的图形屏幕区域内的全部内容需多少个字节, 然后再给mapbuf 分配一个所测
数字节内存空间的指针。通过调用getimage()函数就可将该区域内的图像保存在
内存中, 需要时可用putimage()函数将该图像输出到左上角为点(x, y)的位置上,
其中getimage()函数中的参数op规定如何释放内存中图像。
关于这个参数的定义参见表8。
表8. putimage()函数中的op值
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
符号常数 数值 含 义
─────────────────
COPY_PUT 0 复制
XOR_PUT 1 与屏幕图像异或的复制
OR_PUT 2 与屏幕图像或后复制
AND_PUT 3 与屏幕图像与后复制
NOT_PUT 4 复制反像的图形
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
对于imagesize()函数, 只能返回字节数小于64K字节的图像区域, 否则将会
出错, 出错时返回-1。
本节介绍的函数在图像动画处理、菜单设计技巧中非常有用。
例13: 下面程序模拟两个小球动态碰撞过程。
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
int main()
{
int i, gdriver, gmode, size;
void *buf;
gdriver=DETECT;
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
setbkcolor(BLUE);
cleardevice();
setcolor(LIGHTRED);
setlinestyle(0,0,1);
setfillstyle(1, 10);
circle(100, 200, 30);
floodfill(100, 200, 12);
size=imagesize(69, 169, 131, 231);
buf=malloc(size);
getimage(69, 169, 131, 231,buf);
putimage(500, 269, buf, COPY_PUT);
for(i=0; i<185; i++){
putimage(70+i, 170, buf, COPY_PUT);
putimage(500-i, 170, buf, COPY_PUT);
}
for(i=0;i<185; i++){
putimage(255-i, 170, buf, COPY_PUT);
putimage(315+i, 170, buf, COPY_PUT);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
7. 图形模式下的文本输出
在图形模式下, 只能用标准输出函数, 如printf(), puts(), putchar() 函
数输出文本到屏幕。除此之外, 其它输出函数(如窗口输出函数)不能使用, 即是
可以输出的标准函数, 也只以前景色为白色, 按80列, 25行的文本方式输出。
Turbo C2.0也提供了一些专门用于在图形显示模式下的文本输出函数。下面
将分别进行介绍。
一、文本输出函数
void far outtext(char far *textstring);
该函数输出字符串指针textstring所指的文本在现行位置。
void far outtextxy(int x, int y, char far *textstring);
该函数输出字符串指针textstring所指的文本在规定的(x, y)位置。 其中x
和y为象元坐标。
说明:
这两个函数都是输出字符串, 但经常会遇到输出数值或其它类型的数据,
此时就必须使用格式化输出函数sprintf()。
sprintf()函数的调用格式为:
int sprintf(char *str, char *format, variable-list);
它与printf()函数不同之处是将按格式化规定的内容写入str 指向的字符串
中, 返回值等于写入的字符个数。
例如:
sprintf(s, "your TOEFL score is %d", mark);
这里s应是字符串指针或数组, mark为整型变量。
二、有关文本字体、字型和输出方式的设置
有关图形方式下的文本输出函数, 可以通过setcolor()函数设置输出文本的
颜色。另外, 也可以改变文本字体大小以及选择是水平方向输出还是垂直方向输
出。
void far settexjustify(int horiz, int vert);
该函数用于定位输出字符串。
对使用outtextxy(int x, int y, char far *str textstring) 函数所输出
的字符串, 其中哪个点对应于定位坐标(x, y)在Turbo C2.0中是有规定的。如果
把一个字符串看成一个长方形的图形, 在水平方向显示时, 字符串长方形按垂直
方向可分为顶部, 中部和底部三个位置, 水平方向可分为左, 中, 右三个位置,
两者结合就有9个位置。
settextjustify()函数的第一个参数horiz指出水平方向三个位置中的一个,
第二个参数vert指出垂直方向三个位置中的一个, 二者就确定了其中一个位置。
当规定了这个位置后, 用outtextxy()函数输出字符串时, 字符串长方形的这个
规定位置就对准函数中的(x, y)位置。而对用outtext()函数输出字符串时, 这
个规定的位置就位于现行游标的位置。有关参数horiz和vert的取值参见表9。
表9. 参数horiz和vert的取值
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
符号常数 数值 用于
────────────
LEFT_TEXT 0 水平
RIGHT_TEXT 2 水平
BOTTOM_TEXT 0 垂直
TOP_TEXT 2 垂直
CENTER_TEXT 1 水平或垂直
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
void far settextstyle(int font, int direction, int charsize);
该函数用来设置输出字符的字形(由font确定)、输出方向(由direction确定)
和字符大小(由charsize确定)等特性。Turbo C2.0对函数中各个参数的规定见下
列各表所示:
表10. font的取值
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
符号常数 数值 含义
──────────────────
DEFAULT_FONT 0 8*8点阵字(缺省值)
TRIPLEX_FONT 1 三倍笔划字体
SMALL_FONT 2 小号笔划字体
SANSSERIF_FONT 3 无衬线笔划字体
GOTHIC_FONT 4 黑体笔划字
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
表11. direction的取值
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
符号常数 数值 含义
──────────────
HORIZ_DIR 0 从左到右
VERT_DIR 1 从底到顶
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
表12. charsize的取值
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
符号常数或数值 含义
───────────────
1 8*8点阵
2 16*16点阵
3 24*24点阵
4 32*32点阵
5 40*40点阵
6 48*48点阵
7 56*56点阵
8 64*64点阵
9 72*72点阵
10 80*80点阵
USER_CHAR_SIZE=0 用户定义的字符大小
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
有关图形屏幕下文本输出和字体字型设置函数的用法请看下例:
例14:
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, gdriver, gmode;
char s[30];
gdriver=DETECT;
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
setbkcolor(BLUE);
cleardevice();
setviewport(100, 100, 540, 380, 1); /*定义一个图形窗口*/
setfillstyle(1, 2); /*绿色以实填充*/
setcolor(YELLOW);
rectangle(0, 0, 439, 279);
floodfill(50, 50, 14);
setcolor(12);
settextstyle(1, 0, 8); /*三重笔划字体, 水平放大8倍*/
outtextxy(20, 20, "Good Better");
setcolor(15);
settextstyle(3, 0, 5); /*无衬笔划字体, 水平放大5倍*/
outtextxy(120, 120, "Good Better");
setcolor(14);
settextstyle(2, 0, 8);
i=620;
sprintf(s, "Your score is %d", i); /*将数字转化为字符串*/
outtextxy(30, 200, s); /*指定位置输出字符串*/
setcolor(1);
settextstyle(4, 0, 3);
outtextxy(70, 240, s);
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
三、用户对文本字符大小的设置
前面介绍的settextstyle()函数, 可以设定图形方式下输出文本字符这字体
和大小但对于笔划型字体(除8*8点阵字以个的字体), 只能在水平和垂直方向以
相同的放大倍数放大。为此Turbo C2.0又提供了另外一个setusercharsize() 函
数, 对笔划字体可以分别设置水平和垂直方向的放大倍数。该函数的调用格式为:
void far setusercharsize(int mulx, int divx, int muly, int divy);
该函数用来设置笔划型字和放大系数, 它只有在settextstyle( ) 函数中的
charsize为0(或USER_CHAR_SIZE)时才起作用, 并且字体为函数settextstyle()
规定的字体。调用函数setusercharsize()后, 每个显示在屏幕上的字符都以其
缺省大小乘以mulx/divx为输出字符宽, 乘以muly/divy为输出字符高。该函数的
用法见下例。
例15:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
int main()
{
int gdirver, gmode;
gdriver=DETETC;
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
setbkcolor(BLUE);
cleardevice();
setfillstyle(1, 2); /*设置填充方式*/
setcolor(WHITE); /*设置白色作图*/
rectangle(100, 100, 330, 380);
floodfill(50, 50, 14); /*填充方框以外的区域*/
setcolor(12); /*作图色为淡红*/
settextstyle(1, 0, 8);/*三重笔划字体, 放大8倍*/
outtextxy(120, 120, "Very Good");
setusercharsize(2, 1, 4, 1);/*水平放大2倍, 垂直放大4倍*/
setcolor(15);
settextstyle(3, 0, 5); /*无衬字笔划, 放大5倍*/
outtextxy(220, 220, "Very Good");
setusercharsize(4, 1, 1, 1);
settextstyle(3, 0, 0);
outtextxy(180, 320, "Good");
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
@3$A
函数名: abort
功 能: 异常终止一个进程
用 法: void abort(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("Calling abort()/n");
abort();
return 0; /* This is never reached */
}
函数名: abs
功 能: 求整数的绝对值
用 法: int abs(int i);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
int number = -1234;
printf("number: %d absolute value: %d/n", number, abs(number));
return 0;
}
函数名: absread, abswirte
功 能: 绝对磁盘扇区读、写数据
用 法: int absread(int drive, int nsects, int sectno, void *buffer);
int abswrite(int drive, int nsects, in tsectno, void *buffer);
程序例:
/* absread example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
int i, strt, ch_out, sector;
char buf[512];
printf("Insert a diskette into drive A and press any key/n");
getch();
sector = 0;
if (absread(0, 1, sector, &buf) != 0)
{
perror("Disk problem");
exit(1);
}
printf("Read OK/n");
strt = 3;
for (i=0; i<80; i++)
{
ch_out = buf[strt+i];
putchar(ch_out);
}
printf("/n");
return(0);
}
函数名: access
功 能: 确定文件的访问权限
用 法: int access(const char *filename, int amode);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>
int file_exists(char *filename);
int main(void)
{
printf("Does NOTEXIST.FIL exist: %s/n",
file_exists("NOTEXISTS.FIL") ? "YES" : "NO");
return 0;
}
int file_exists(char *filename)
{
return (access(filename, 0) == 0);
}
函数名: acos
功 能: 反余弦函数
用 法: double acos(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 0.5;
result = acos(x);
printf("The arc cosine of %lf is %lf/n", x, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: allocmem
功 能: 分配DOS存储段
用 法: int allocmem(unsigned size, unsigned *seg);
程序例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
unsigned int size, segp;
int stat;
size = 64; /* (64 x 16) = 1024 bytes */
stat = allocmem(size, &segp);
if (stat == -1)
printf("Allocated memory at segment: %x/n", segp);
else
printf("Failed: maximum number of paragraphs available is %u/n",
stat);
return 0;
}
函数名: arc
功 能: 画一弧线
用 法: void far arc(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int radius);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
int stangle = 45, endangle = 135;
int radius = 100;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult(); /* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* draw arc */
arc(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, radius);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: asctime
功 能: 转换日期和时间为ASCII码
用 法: char *asctime(const struct tm *tblock);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
int main(void)
{
struct tm t;
char str[80];
/* sample loading of tm structure */
t.tm_sec = 1; /* Seconds */
t.tm_min = 30; /* Minutes */
t.tm_hour = 9; /* Hour */
t.tm_mday = 22; /* Day of the Month */
t.tm_mon = 11; /* Month */
t.tm_year = 56; /* Year - does not include century */
t.tm_wday = 4; /* Day of the week */
t.tm_yday = 0; /* Does not show in asctime */
t.tm_isdst = 0; /* Is Daylight SavTime; does not show in asctime */
/* converts structure to null terminated
string */
strcpy(str, asctime(&t));
printf("%s/n", str);
return 0;
}
函数名: asin
功 能: 反正弦函数
用 法: double asin(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 0.5;
result = asin(x);
printf("The arc sin of %lf is %lf/n", x, result);
return(0);
}
函数名: assert
功 能: 测试一个条件并可能使程序终止
用 法: void assert(int test);
程序例:
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct ITEM {
int key;
int value;
};
/* add item to list, make sure list is not null */
void additem(struct ITEM *itemptr) {
assert(itemptr != NULL);
/* add item to list */
}
int main(void)
{
additem(NULL);
return 0;
}
函数名: atan
功 能: 反正切函数
用 法: double atan(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 0.5;
result = atan(x);
printf("The arc tangent of %lf is %lf/n", x, result);
return(0);
}
函数名: atan2
功 能: 计算Y/X的反正切值
用 法: double atan2(double y, double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 90.0, y = 45.0;
result = atan2(y, x);
printf("The arc tangent ratio of %lf is %lf/n", (y / x), result);
return 0;
}
函数名: atexit
功 能: 注册终止函数
用 法: int atexit(atexit_t func);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void exit_fn1(void)
{
printf("Exit function #1 called/n");
}
void exit_fn2(void)
{
printf("Exit function #2 called/n");
}
int main(void)
{
/* post exit function #1 */
atexit(exit_fn1);
/* post exit function #2 */
atexit(exit_fn2);
return 0;
}
函数名: atof
功 能: 把字符串转换成浮点数
用 法: double atof(const char *nptr);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
float f;
char *str = "12345.67";
f = atof(str);
printf("string = %s float = %f/n", str, f);
return 0;
}
函数名: atoi
功 能: 把字符串转换成长整型数
用 法: int atoi(const char *nptr);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int n;
char *str = "12345.67";
n = atoi(str);
printf("string = %s integer = %d/n", str, n);
return 0;
}
函数名: atol
功 能: 把字符串转换成长整型数
用 法: long atol(const char *nptr);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
long l;
char *str = "98765432";
l = atol(lstr);
printf("string = %s integer = %ld/n", str, l);
return(0);
}
@4$B
函数名: bar
功 能: 画一个二维条形图
用 法: void far bar(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy, i;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* loop through the fill patterns */
for (i=SOLID_FILL; i<USER_FILL; i++)
{
/* set the fill style */
setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor());
/* draw the bar */
bar(midx-50, midy-50, midx+50,
midy+50);
getch();
}
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: bar3d
功 能: 画一个三维条形图
用 法: void far bar3d(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
int depth, int topflag);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy, i;
/* initialize graphics, local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* loop through the fill patterns */
for (i=EMPTY_FILL; i<USER_FILL; i++)
{
/* set the fill style */
setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor());
/* draw the 3-d bar */
bar3d(midx-50, midy-50, midx+50, midy+50, 10, 1);
getch();
}
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: bdos
功 能: DOS系统调用
用 法: int bdos(int dosfun, unsigned dosdx, unsigned dosal);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
/* Get current drive as 'A', 'B', ... */
char current_drive(void)
{
char curdrive;
/* Get current disk as 0, 1, ... */
curdrive = bdos(0x19, 0, 0);
return('A' + curdrive);
}
int main(void)
{
printf("The current drive is %c:/n", current_drive());
return 0;
}
函数名: bdosptr
功 能: DOS系统调用
用 法: int bdosptr(int dosfun, void *argument, unsigned dosal);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define BUFLEN 80
int main(void)
{
char buffer[BUFLEN];
int test;
printf("Enter full pathname of a directory/n");
gets(buffer);
test = bdosptr(0x3B,buffer,0);
if(test)
{
printf("DOS error message: %d/n", errno);
/* See errno.h for error listings */
exit (1);
}
getcwd(buffer, BUFLEN);
printf("The current directory is: %s/n", buffer);
return 0;
}
函数名: bioscom
功 能: 串行I/O通信
用 法: int bioscom(int cmd, char abyte, int port);
程序例:
#include <bios.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define COM1 0
#define DATA_READY 0x100
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
#define SETTINGS ( 0x80 | 0x02 | 0x00 | 0x00)
int main(void)
{
int in, out, status, DONE = FALSE;
bioscom(0, SETTINGS, COM1);
cprintf("... BIOSCOM [ESC] to exit .../n");
while (!DONE)
{
status = bioscom(3, 0, COM1);
if (status & DATA_READY)
if ((out = bioscom(2, 0, COM1) & 0x7F) != 0)
putch(out);
if (kbhit())
{
if ((in = getch()) == '/x1B')
DONE = TRUE;
bioscom(1, in, COM1);
}
}
return 0;
}
函数名: biosdisk
功 能: 软硬盘I/O
用 法: int biosdisk(int cmd, int drive, int head, int track, int sector
int nsects, void *buffer);
程序例:
#include <bios.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int result;
char buffer[512];
printf("Testing to see if drive a: is ready/n");
result = biosdisk(4,0,0,0,0,1,buffer);
result &= 0x02;
(result) ? (printf("Drive A: Ready/n")) :
(printf("Drive A: Not Ready/n"));
return 0;
}
函数名: biosequip
功 能: 检查设备
用 法: int biosequip(void);
程序例:
#include <bios.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int result;
char buffer[512];
printf("Testing to see if drive a: is ready/n");
result = biosdisk(4,0,0,0,0,1,buffer);
result &= 0x02;
(result) ? (printf("Drive A: Ready/n")) :
(printf("Drive A: Not Ready/n"));
return 0;
}
函数名: bioskey
功 能: 直接使用BIOS服务的键盘接口
用 法: int bioskey(int cmd);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <bios.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#define RIGHT 0x01
#define LEFT 0x02
#define CTRL 0x04
#define ALT 0x08
int main(void)
{
int key, modifiers;
/* function 1 returns 0 until a key is pressed */
while (bioskey(1) == 0);
/* function 0 returns the key that is waiting */
key = bioskey(0);
/* use function 2 to determine if shift keys were used */
modifiers = bioskey(2);
if (modifiers)
{
printf("[");
if (modifiers & RIGHT) printf("RIGHT");
if (modifiers & LEFT) printf("LEFT");
if (modifiers & CTRL) printf("CTRL");
if (modifiers & ALT) printf("ALT");
printf("]");
}
/* print out the character read */
if (isalnum(key & 0xFF))
printf("'%c'/n", key);
else
printf("%#02x/n", key);
return 0;
}
函数名: biosmemory
功 能: 返回存储块大小
用 法:int biosmemory(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <bios.h>
int main(void)
{
int memory_size;
memory_size = biosmemory(); /* returns value up to 640K */
printf("RAM size = %dK/n",memory_size);
return 0;
}
函数名: biosprint
功 能: 直接使用BIOS服务的打印机I/O
用 法: int biosprint(int cmd, int byte, int port);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <bios.h>
int main(void)
{
#define STATUS 2 /* printer status command */
#define PORTNUM 0 /* port number for LPT1 */
int status, abyte=0;
printf("Please turn off your printer. Press any key to continue/n");
getch();
status = biosprint(STATUS, abyte, PORTNUM);
if (status & 0x01)
printf("Device time out./n");
if (status & 0x08)
printf("I/O error./n");
if (status & 0x10)
printf("Selected./n");
if (status & 0x20)
printf("Out of paper./n");
if (status & 0x40)
printf("Acknowledge./n");
if (status & 0x80)
printf("Not busy./n");
return 0;
}
函数名: biostime
功 能: 读取或设置BIOS时间
用 法: long biostime(int cmd, long newtime);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <bios.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
long bios_time;
clrscr();
cprintf("The number of clock ticks since midnight is:/r/n");
cprintf("The number of seconds since midnight is:/r/n");
cprintf("The number of minutes since midnight is:/r/n");
cprintf("The number of hours since midnight is:/r/n");
cprintf("/r/nPress any key to quit:");
while(!kbhit())
{
bios_time = biostime(0, 0L);
gotoxy(50, 1);
cprintf("%lu", bios_time);
gotoxy(50, 2);
cprintf("%.4f", bios_time / CLK_TCK);
gotoxy(50, 3);
cprintf("%.4f", bios_time / CLK_TCK / 60);
gotoxy(50, 4);
cprintf("%.4f", bios_time / CLK_TCK / 3600);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: brk
功 能: 改变数据段空间分配
用 法: int brk(void *endds);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
char *ptr;
printf("Changing allocation with brk()/n");
ptr = malloc(1);
printf("Before brk() call: %lu bytes free/n", coreleft());
brk(ptr+1000);
printf(" After brk() call: %lu bytes free/n", coreleft());
return 0;
}
函数名: bsearch
功 能: 二分法搜索
用 法: void *bsearch(const void *key, const void *base, size_t *nelem,
size_t width, int(*fcmp)(const void *, const *));
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define NELEMS(arr) (sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]))
int numarray[] = {123, 145, 512, 627, 800, 933};
int numeric (const int *p1, const int *p2)
{
return(*p1 - *p2);
}
int lookup(int key)
{
int *itemptr;
/* The cast of (int(*)(const void *,const void*))
is needed to avoid a type mismatch error at
compile time */
itemptr = bsearch (&key, numarray, NELEMS(numarray),
sizeof(int), (int(*)(const void *,const void *))numeric);
return (itemptr != NULL);
}
int main(void)
{
if (lookup(512))
printf("512 is in the table./n");
else
printf("512 isn't in the table./n");
return 0;
}
@5$C
函数名: cabs
功 能: 计算复数的绝对值
用 法: double cabs(struct complex z);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
struct complex z;
double val;
z.x = 2.0;
z.y = 1.0;
val = cabs(z);
printf("The absolute value of %.2lfi %.2lfj is %.2lf", z.x, z.y, val);
return 0;
}
函数名: calloc
功 能: 分配主存储器
用 法: void *calloc(size_t nelem, size_t elsize);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
char *str = NULL;
/* allocate memory for string */
str = calloc(10, sizeof(char));
/* copy "Hello" into string */
strcpy(str, "Hello");
/* display string */
printf("String is %s/n", str);
/* free memory */
free(str);
return 0;
}
函数名: ceil
功 能: 向上舍入
用 法: double ceil(double x);
程序例:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double number = 123.54;
double down, up;
down = floor(number);
up = ceil(number);
printf("original number %5.2lf/n", number);
printf("number rounded down %5.2lf/n", down);
printf("number rounded up %5.2lf/n", up);
return 0;
}
函数名: cgets
功 能: 从控制台读字符串
用 法: char *cgets(char *str);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
char buffer[83];
char *p;
/* There's space for 80 characters plus the NULL terminator */
buffer[0] = 81;
printf("Input some chars:");
p = cgets(buffer);
printf("/ncgets read %d characters: /"%s/"/n", buffer[1], p);
printf("The returned pointer is %p, buffer[0] is at %p/n", p, &buffer);
/* Leave room for 5 characters plus the NULL terminator */
buffer[0] = 6;
printf("Input some chars:");
p = cgets(buffer);
printf("/ncgets read %d characters: /"%s/"/n", buffer[1], p);
printf("The returned pointer is %p, buffer[0] is at %p/n", p, &buffer);
return 0;
}
函数名: chdir
功 能: 改变工作目录
用 法: int chdir(const char *path);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <dir.h>
char old_dir[MAXDIR];
char new_dir[MAXDIR];
int main(void)
{
if (getcurdir(0, old_dir))
{
perror("getcurdir()");
exit(1);
}
printf("Current directory is: //%s/n", old_dir);
if (chdir("//"))
{
perror("chdir()");
exit(1);
}
if (getcurdir(0, new_dir))
{
perror("getcurdir()");
exit(1);
}
printf("Current directory is now: //%s/n", new_dir);
printf("/nChanging back to orignal directory: //%s/n", old_dir);
if (chdir(old_dir))
{
perror("chdir()");
exit(1);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: _chmod, chmod
功 能: 改变文件的访问方式
用 法: int chmod(const char *filename, int permiss);
程序例:
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>
void make_read_only(char *filename);
int main(void)
{
make_read_only("NOTEXIST.FIL");
make_read_only("MYFILE.FIL");
return 0;
}
void make_read_only(char *filename)
{
int stat;
stat = chmod(filename, S_IREAD);
if (stat)
printf("Couldn't make %s read-only/n", filename);
else
printf("Made %s read-only/n", filename);
}
函数名: chsize
功 能: 改变文件大小
用 法: int chsize(int handle, long size);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle;
char buf[11] = "0123456789";
/* create text file containing 10 bytes */
handle = open("DUMMY.FIL", O_CREAT);
write(handle, buf, strlen(buf));
/* truncate the file to 5 bytes in size */
chsize(handle, 5);
/* close the file */
close(handle);
return 0;
}
函数名: circle
功 能: 在给定半径以(x, y)为圆心画圆
用 法: void far circle(int x, int y, int radius);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
int radius = 100;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* draw the circle */
circle(midx, midy, radius);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: cleardevice
功 能: 清除图形屏幕
用 法: void far cleardevice(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* for centering screen messages */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
/* output a message to the screen */
outtextxy(midx, midy, "press any key to clear the screen:");
/* wait for a key */
getch();
/* clear the screen */
cleardevice();
/* output another message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, "press any key to quit:");
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: clearerr
功 能: 复位错误标志
用 法:void clearerr(FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
/* open a file for writing */
fp = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w");
/* force an error condition by attempting to read */
ch = fgetc(fp);
printf("%c/n",ch);
if (ferror(fp))
{
/* display an error message */
printf("Error reading from DUMMY.FIL/n");
/* reset the error and EOF indicators */
clearerr(fp);
}
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
函数名: clearviewport
功 能: 清除图形视区
用 法: void far clearviewport(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define CLIP_ON 1 /* activates clipping in viewport */
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int ht;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
ht = textheight("W");
/* message in default full-screen viewport */
outtextxy(0, 0, "* <-- (0, 0) in default viewport");
/* create a smaller viewport */
setviewport(50, 50, getmaxx()-50, getmaxy()-50, CLIP_ON);
/* display some messages */
outtextxy(0, 0, "* <-- (0, 0) in smaller viewport");
outtextxy(0, 2*ht, "Press any key to clear viewport:");
/* wait for a key */
getch();
/* clear the viewport */
clearviewport();
/* output another message */
outtextxy(0, 0, "Press any key to quit:");
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: _close, close
功 能: 关闭文件句柄
用 法: int close(int handle);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>
main()
{
int handle;
char buf[11] = "0123456789";
/* create a file containing 10 bytes */
handle = open("NEW.FIL", O_CREAT);
if (handle > -1)
{
write(handle, buf, strlen(buf));
/* close the file */
close(handle);
}
else
{
printf("Error opening file/n");
}
return 0;
}
函数名: clock
功 能: 确定处理器时间
用 法: clock_t clock(void);
程序例:
#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
clock_t start, end;
start = clock();
delay(2000);
end = clock();
printf("The time was: %f/n", (end - start) / CLK_TCK);
return 0;
}
函数名: closegraph
功 能: 关闭图形系统
用 法: void far closegraph(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int x, y;
/* initialize graphics mode */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error
occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2;
/* output a message */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x, y, "Press a key to close the graphics system:");
/* wait for a key */
getch();
/* closes down the graphics system */
closegraph();
printf("We're now back in text mode./n");
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: clreol
功 能: 在文本窗口中清除字符到行末
用 法: void clreol(void);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
cprintf("The function CLREOL clears all characters from the/r/n");
cprintf("cursor position to the end of the line within the/r/n");
cprintf("current text window, without moving the cursor./r/n");
cprintf("Press any key to continue . . .");
gotoxy(14, 4);
getch();
clreol();
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: clrscr
功 能: 清除文本模式窗口
用 法: void clrscr(void);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
int i;
clrscr();
for (i = 0; i < 20; i++)
cprintf("%d/r/n", i);
cprintf("/r/nPress any key to clear screen");
getch();
clrscr();
cprintf("The screen has been cleared!");
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: coreleft
功 能: 返回未使用内存的大小
用 法: unsigned coreleft(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("The difference between the highest allocated block and/n");
printf("the top of the heap is: %lu bytes/n", (unsigned long) coreleft());
return 0;
}
函数名: cos
功 能: 余弦函数
用 法: double cos(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 0.5;
result = cos(x);
printf("The cosine of %lf is %lf/n", x, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: cosh
功 能: 双曲余弦函数
用 法: dluble cosh(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 0.5;
result = cosh(x);
printf("The hyperboic cosine of %lf is %lf/n", x, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: country
功 能: 返回与国家有关的信息
用 法: struct COUNTRY *country(int countrycode, struct country *country);
程序例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define USA 0
int main(void)
{
struct COUNTRY country_info;
country(USA, &country_info);
printf("The currency symbol for the USA is: %s/n",
country_info.co_curr);
return 0;
}
函数名: cprintf
功 能: 送格式化输出至屏幕
用 法: int cprintf(const char *format[, argument, ...]);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* clear the screen */
clrscr();
/* create a text window */
window(10, 10, 80, 25);
/* output some text in the window */
cprintf("Hello world/r/n");
/* wait for a key */
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: cputs
功 能: 写字符到屏幕
用 法: void cputs(const char *string);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* clear the screen */
clrscr();
/* create a text window */
window(10, 10, 80, 25);
/* output some text in the window */
cputs("This is within the window/r/n");
/* wait for a key */
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: _creat creat
功 能: 创建一个新文件或重写一个已存在的文件
用 法: int creat (const char *filename, int permiss);
程序例:
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle;
char buf[11] = "0123456789";
/* change the default file mode from text to binary */
_fmode = O_BINARY;
/* create a binary file for reading and writing */
handle = creat("DUMMY.FIL", S_IREAD | S_IWRITE);
/* write 10 bytes to the file */
write(handle, buf, strlen(buf));
/* close the file */
close(handle);
return 0;
}
函数名: creatnew
功 能: 创建一个新文件
用 法: int creatnew(const char *filename, int attrib);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle;
char buf[11] = "0123456789";
/* attempt to create a file that doesn't already exist */
handle = creatnew("DUMMY.FIL", 0);
if (handle == -1)
printf("DUMMY.FIL already exists./n");
else
{
printf("DUMMY.FIL successfully created./n");
write(handle, buf, strlen(buf));
close(handle);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: creattemp
功 能: 创建一个新文件或重写一个已存在的文件
用 法: int creattemp(const char *filename, int attrib);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle;
char pathname[128];
strcpy(pathname, "//");
/* create a unique file in the root directory */
handle = creattemp(pathname, 0);
printf("%s was the unique file created./n", pathname);
close(handle);
return 0;
}
函数名: cscanf
功 能: 从控制台执行格式化输入
用 法: int cscanf(char *format[,argument, ...]);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[80];
/* clear the screen */
clrscr();
/* Prompt the user for input */
cprintf("Enter a string with no spaces:");
/* read the input */
cscanf("%s", string);
/* display what was read */
cprintf("/r/nThe string entered is: %s", string);
return 0;
}
函数名: ctime
功 能: 把日期和时间转换为字符串
用 法: char *ctime(const time_t *time);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
int main(void)
{
time_t t;
time(&t);
printf("Today's date and time: %s/n", ctime(&t));
return 0;
}
函数名: ctrlbrk
功 能: 设置Ctrl-Break处理程序
用 法: void ctrlbrk(*fptr)(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#define ABORT 0
int c_break(void)
{
printf("Control-Break pressed. Program aborting .../n");
return (ABORT);
}
int main(void)
{
ctrlbrk(c_break);
for(;;)
{
printf("Looping... Press <Ctrl-Break> to quit:/n");
}
return 0;
}
@6$D
函数名: delay
功 能: 将程序的执行暂停一段时间(毫秒)
用 法: void delay(unsigned milliseconds);
程序例:
/* Emits a 440-Hz tone for 500 milliseconds */
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
sound(440);
delay(500);
nosound();
return 0;
}
函数名: delline
功 能: 在文本窗口中删去一行
用 法: void delline(void);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
cprintf("The function DELLINE deletes /
the line containing the/r/n");
cprintf("cursor and moves all lines /
below it one line up./r/n");
cprintf("DELLINE operates within the /
currently active text/r/n");
cprintf("window. Press any key to /
continue . . .");
gotoxy(1,2); /* Move the cursor to the
second line and first column */
getch();
delline();
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: detectgraph
功 能: 通过检测硬件确定图形驱动程序和模式
用 法: void far detectgraph(int far *graphdriver, int far *graphmode);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* names of the various cards supported */
char *dname[] = { "requests detection",
"a CGA",
"an MCGA",
"an EGA",
"a 64K EGA",
"a monochrome EGA",
"an IBM 8514",
"a Hercules monochrome",
"an AT&T 6300 PC",
"a VGA",
"an IBM 3270 PC"
};
int main(void)
{
/* returns detected hardware info. */
int gdriver, gmode, errorcode;
/* detect graphics hardware available */
detectgraph(&gdriver, &gmode);
/* read result of detectgraph call */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error
occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", /
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error
code */
}
/* display the information detected */
clrscr();
printf("You have %s video display /
card./n", dname[gdriver]);
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: difftime
功 能: 计算两个时刻之间的时间差
用 法: double difftime(time_t time2, time_t time1);
程序例:
#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
time_t first, second;
clrscr();
first = time(NULL); /* Gets system
time */
delay(2000); /* Waits 2 secs */
second = time(NULL); /* Gets system time
again */
printf("The difference is: %f /
seconds/n",difftime(second,first));
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: disable
功 能: 屏蔽中断
用 法: void disable(void);
程序例:
/***NOTE: This is an interrupt service
routine. You cannot compile this program
with Test Stack Overflow turned on and
get an executable file that operates
correctly. */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define INTR 0X1C /* The clock tick
interrupt */
void interrupt ( *oldhandler)(void);
int count=0;
void interrupt handler(void)
{
/* disable interrupts during the handling of
the interrupt */
disable();
/* increase the global counter */
count++;
/* reenable interrupts at the end of the
handler */
enable();
/* call the old routine */
oldhandler();
}
int main(void)
{
/* save the old interrupt vector */
oldhandler = getvect(INTR);
/* install the new interrupt handler */
setvect(INTR, handler);
/* loop until the counter exceeds 20 */
while (count < 20)
printf("count is %d/n",count);
/* reset the old interrupt handler */
setvect(INTR, oldhandler);
return 0;
}
函数名: div
功 能: 将两个整数相除, 返回商和余数
用 法: div_t (int number, int denom);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
div_t x;
int main(void)
{
x = div(10,3);
printf("10 div 3 = %d remainder %d/n", x.quot, x.rem);
return 0;
}
函数名: dosexterr
功 能: 获取扩展DOS错误信息
用 法: int dosexterr(struct DOSERR *dblkp);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
struct DOSERROR info;
fp = fopen("perror.dat","r");
if (!fp) perror("Unable to open file for
reading");
dosexterr(&info);
printf("Extended DOS error /
information:/n");
printf(" Extended error: /
%d/n",info.exterror);
printf(" Class: /
%x/n",info.class);
printf(" Action: /
%x/n",info.action);
printf(" Error Locus: /
%x/n",info.locus);
return 0;
}
函数名: dostounix
功 能: 转换日期和时间为UNIX时间格式
用 法: long dostounix(struct date *dateptr, struct time *timeptr);
程序例:
#include <time.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
time_t t;
struct time d_time;
struct date d_date;
struct tm *local;
getdate(&d_date);
gettime(&d_time);
t = dostounix(&d_date, &d_time);
local = localtime(&t);
printf("Time and Date: %s/n", /
asctime(local));
return 0;
}
函数名: drawpoly
功 能: 画多边形
用 法: void far drawpoly(int numpoints, int far *polypoints);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int maxx, maxy;
/* our polygon array */
int poly[10];
/* initialize graphics and local
variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk)
/* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", /
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}
maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();
poly[0] = 20; /* 1st vertext */
poly[1] = maxy / 2;
poly[2] = maxx - 20; /* 2nd */
poly[3] = 20;
poly[4] = maxx - 50; /* 3rd */
poly[5] = maxy - 20;
poly[6] = maxx / 2; /* 4th */
poly[7] = maxy / 2;
/*
drawpoly doesn't automatically close
the polygon, so we close it.
*/
poly[8] = poly[0];
poly[9] = poly[1];
/* draw the polygon */
drawpoly(5, poly);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: dup
功 能: 复制一个文件句柄
用 法: int dup(int handle);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <io.h>
void flush(FILE *stream);
int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
char msg[] = "This is a test";
/* create a file */
fp = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w");
/* write some data to the file */
fwrite(msg, strlen(msg), 1, fp);
clrscr();
printf("Press any key to flush /
DUMMY.FIL:");
getch();
/* flush the data to DUMMY.FIL without
closing it */
flush(fp);
printf("/nFile was flushed, Press any /
key to quit:");
getch();
return 0;
}
void flush(FILE *stream)
{
int duphandle;
/* flush TC's internal buffer */
fflush(stream);
/* make a duplicate file handle */
duphandle = dup(fileno(stream));
/* close the duplicate handle to flush the
DOS buffer */
close(duphandle);
}
函数名: dup2
功 能: 复制文件句柄
用 法: int dup2(int oldhandle, int newhandle);
程序例:
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
#define STDOUT 1
int nul, oldstdout;
char msg[] = "This is a test";
/* create a file */
nul = open("DUMMY.FIL", O_CREAT | O_RDWR,
S_IREAD | S_IWRITE);
/* create a duplicate handle for standard
output */
oldstdout = dup(STDOUT);
/*
redirect standard output to DUMMY.FIL
by duplicating the file handle onto the
file handle for standard output.
*/
dup2(nul, STDOUT);
/* close the handle for DUMMY.FIL */
close(nul);
/* will be redirected into DUMMY.FIL */
write(STDOUT, msg, strlen(msg));
/* restore original standard output
handle */
dup2(oldstdout, STDOUT);
/* close duplicate handle for STDOUT */
close(oldstdout);
return 0;
}
@7$E
函数名: ecvt
功 能: 把一个浮点数转换为字符串
用 法: char ecvt(double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *sign);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string;
double value;
int dec, sign;
int ndig = 10;
clrscr();
value = 9.876;
string = ecvt(value, ndig, &dec, &sign);
printf("string = %s dec = %d /
sign = %d/n", string, dec, sign);
value = -123.45;
ndig= 15;
string = ecvt(value,ndig,&dec,&sign);
printf("string = %s dec = %d sign = %d/n",
string, dec, sign);
value = 0.6789e5; /* scientific
notation */
ndig = 5;
string = ecvt(value,ndig,&dec,&sign);
printf("string = %s dec = %d/
sign = %d/n", string, dec, sign);
return 0;
}
函数名: ellipse
功 能: 画一椭圆
用 法: void far ellipse(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle,
int xradius, int yradius);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
int stangle = 0, endangle = 360;
int xradius = 100, yradius = 50;
/* initialize graphics, local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk)
/* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
/* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* draw ellipse */
ellipse(midx, midy, stangle, endangle,
xradius, yradius);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: enable
功 能: 开放硬件中断
用 法: void enable(void);
程序例:
/* ** NOTE:
This is an interrupt service routine. You can NOT compile this program
with Test Stack Overflow turned on and get an executable file which will
operate correctly.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* The clock tick interrupt */
#define INTR 0X1C
void interrupt ( *oldhandler)(void);
int count=0;
void interrupt handler(void)
{
/*
disable interrupts during the handling of the interrupt
*/
disable();
/* increase the global counter */
count++;
/*
re enable interrupts at the end of the handler
*/
enable();
/* call the old routine */
oldhandler();
}
int main(void)
{
/* save the old interrupt vector */
oldhandler = getvect(INTR);
/* install the new interrupt handler */
setvect(INTR, handler);
/* loop until the counter exceeds 20 */
while (count < 20)
printf("count is %d/n",count);
/* reset the old interrupt handler */
setvect(INTR, oldhandler);
return 0;
}
函数名: eof
功 能: 检测文件结束
用 法: int eof(int *handle);
程序例:
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle;
char msg[] = "This is a test";
char ch;
/* create a file */
handle = open("DUMMY.FIL",
O_CREAT | O_RDWR,
S_IREAD | S_IWRITE);
/* write some data to the file */
write(handle, msg, strlen(msg));
/* seek to the beginning of the file */
lseek(handle, 0L, SEEK_SET);
/*
reads chars from the file until hit EOF
*/
do
{
read(handle, &ch, 1);
printf("%c", ch);
} while (!eof(handle));
close(handle);
return 0;
}
函数名: exec...
功 能: 装入并运行其它程序的函数
用 法: int execl(char *pathname, char *arg0, arg1, ..., argn, NULL);
int execle(char *pathname, char *arg0, arg1, ..., argn, NULL,
char *envp[]);
int execlp(char *pathname, char *arg0, arg1, .., NULL);
int execple(char *pathname, char *arg0, arg1, ..., NULL,
char *envp[]);
int execv(char *pathname, char *argv[]);
int execve(char *pathname, char *argv[], char *envp[]);
int execvp(char *pathname, char *argv[]);
int execvpe(char *pathname, char *argv[], char *envp[]);
程序例:
/* execv example */
#include <process.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i;
printf("Command line arguments:/n");
for (i=0; i<argc; i++)
printf("[%2d] : %s/n", i, argv[i]);
printf("About to exec child with arg1 arg2 .../n");
execv("CHILD.EXE", argv);
perror("exec error");
exit(1);
}
函数名: exit
功 能: 终止程序
用 法: void exit(int status);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int status;
printf("Enter either 1 or 2/n");
status = getch();
/* Sets DOS errorlevel */
exit(status - '0');
/* Note: this line is never reached */
return 0;
}
函数名: exp
功 能: 指数函数
用 法: double exp(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 4.0;
result = exp(x);
printf("'e' raised to the power /
of %lf (e ^ %lf) = %lf/n",
x, x, result);
return 0;
}
@8$F
函数名: fabs
功 能: 返回浮点数的绝对值
用 法: double fabs(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
float number = -1234.0;
printf("number: %f absolute value: %f/n",
number, fabs(number));
return 0;
}
函数名: farcalloc
功 能: 从远堆栈中申请空间
用 法: void far *farcalloc(unsigned long units, unsigned ling unitsz);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
char far *fptr;
char *str = "Hello";
/* allocate memory for the far pointer */
fptr = farcalloc(10, sizeof(char));
/* copy "Hello" into allocated memory */
/*
Note: movedata is used because you
might be in a small data model, in
which case a normal string copy routine
can not be used since it assumes the
pointer size is near.
*/
movedata(FP_SEG(str), FP_OFF(str),
FP_SEG(fptr), FP_OFF(fptr),
strlen(str));
/* display string (note the F modifier) */
printf("Far string is: %Fs/n", fptr);
/* free the memory */
farfree(fptr);
return 0;
}
函数名: farcoreleft
功 能: 返回远堆中未作用存储区大小
用 法: long farcoreleft(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("The difference between the/
highest allocated block in the/
far/n");
printf("heap and the top of the far heap/
is: %lu bytes/n", farcoreleft());
return 0;
}
函数名: farfree
功 能: 从远堆中释放一块
用 法: void farfree(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
char far *fptr;
char *str = "Hello";
/* allocate memory for the far pointer */
fptr = farcalloc(10, sizeof(char));
/* copy "Hello" into allocated memory */
/*
Note: movedata is used because you might be in a small data model,
in which case a normal string copy routine can't be used since it
assumes the pointer size is near.
*/
movedata(FP_SEG(str), FP_OFF(str),
FP_SEG(fptr), FP_OFF(fptr),
strlen(str));
/* display string (note the F modifier) */
printf("Far string is: %Fs/n", fptr);
/* free the memory */
farfree(fptr);
return 0;
}
函数名: farmalloc
功 能: 从远堆中分配存储块
用 法: void far *farmalloc(unsigned long size);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
char far *fptr;
char *str = "Hello";
/* allocate memory for the far pointer */
fptr = farmalloc(10);
/* copy "Hello" into allocated memory */
/*
Note: movedata is used because we might
be in a small data model, in which case
a normal string copy routine can not be
used since it assumes the pointer size
is near.
*/
movedata(FP_SEG(str), FP_OFF(str),
FP_SEG(fptr), FP_OFF(fptr),
strlen(str));
/* display string (note the F modifier) */
printf("Far string is: %Fs/n", fptr);
/* free the memory */
farfree(fptr);
return 0;
}
函数名: farrealloc
功 能: 调整远堆中的分配块
用 法: void far *farrealloc(void far *block, unsigned long newsize);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
char far *fptr;
fptr = farmalloc(10);
printf("First address: %Fp/n", fptr);
fptr = farrealloc(fptr,20);
printf("New address : %Fp/n", fptr);
farfree(fptr);
return 0;
}
函数名: fclose
功 能: 关闭一个流
用 法: int fclose(FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
char buf[11] = "0123456789";
/* create a file containing 10 bytes */
fp = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w");
fwrite(&buf, strlen(buf), 1, fp);
/* close the file */
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
函数名: fcloseall
功 能: 关闭打开流
用 法: int fcloseall(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int streams_closed;
/* open two streams */
fopen("DUMMY.ONE", "w");
fopen("DUMMY.TWO", "w");
/* close the open streams */
streams_closed = fcloseall();
if (streams_closed == EOF)
/* issue an error message */
perror("Error");
else
/* print result of fcloseall() function */
printf("%d streams were closed./n", streams_closed);
return 0;
}
函数名: fcvt
功 能: 把一个浮点数转换为字符串
用 法: char *fcvt(double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *sign);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string;
double value;
int dec, sign;
int ndig = 10;
clrscr();
value = 9.876;
string = ecvt(value, ndig, &dec, &sign);
printf("string = %s dec = %d /
sign = %d/n", string, dec, sign);
value = -123.45;
ndig= 15;
string = ecvt(value,ndig,&dec,&sign);
printf("string = %s dec = %d sign = %d/n",
string, dec, sign);
value = 0.6789e5; /* scientific
notation */
ndig = 5;
string = ecvt(value,ndig,&dec,&sign);
printf("string = %s dec = %d/
sign = %d/n", string, dec, sign);
return 0;
}
函数名: fdopen
功 能: 把流与一个文件句柄相接
用 法: FILE *fdopen(int handle, char *type);
程序例:
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle;
FILE *stream;
/* open a file */
handle = open("DUMMY.FIL", O_CREAT,
S_IREAD | S_IWRITE);
/* now turn the handle into a stream */
stream = fdopen(handle, "w");
if (stream == NULL)
printf("fdopen failed/n");
else
{
fprintf(stream, "Hello world/n");
fclose(stream);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: feof
功 能: 检测流上的文件结束符
用 法: int feof(FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
/* open a file for reading */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "r");
/* read a character from the file */
fgetc(stream);
/* check for EOF */
if (feof(stream))
printf("We have reached end-of-file/n");
/* close the file */
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
函数名: ferror
功 能: 检测流上的错误
用 法: int ferror(FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
/* open a file for writing */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w");
/* force an error condition by attempting to read */
(void) getc(stream);
if (ferror(stream)) /* test for an error on the stream */
{
/* display an error message */
printf("Error reading from DUMMY.FIL/n");
/* reset the error and EOF indicators */
clearerr(stream);
}
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
函数名: fflush
功 能: 清除一个流
用 法: int fflush(FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <io.h>
void flush(FILE *stream);
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
char msg[] = "This is a test";
/* create a file */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w");
/* write some data to the file */
fwrite(msg, strlen(msg), 1, stream);
clrscr();
printf("Press any key to flush/
DUMMY.FIL:");
getch();
/* flush the data to DUMMY.FIL without/
closing it */
flush(stream);
printf("/nFile was flushed, Press any key/
to quit:");
getch();
return 0;
}
void flush(FILE *stream)
{
int duphandle;
/* flush the stream's internal buffer */
fflush(stream);
/* make a duplicate file handle */
duphandle = dup(fileno(stream));
/* close the duplicate handle to flush/
the DOS buffer */
close(duphandle);
}
函数名: fgetc
功 能: 从流中读取字符
用 法: int fgetc(FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
char string[] = "This is a test";
char ch;
/* open a file for update */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w+");
/* write a string into the file */
fwrite(string, strlen(string), 1, stream);
/* seek to the beginning of the file */
fseek(stream, 0, SEEK_SET);
do
{
/* read a char from the file */
ch = fgetc(stream);
/* display the character */
putch(ch);
} while (ch != EOF);
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
函数名: fgetchar
功 能: 从流中读取字符
用 法: int fgetchar(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char ch;
/* prompt the user for input */
printf("Enter a character followed by /
<Enter>: ");
/* read the character from stdin */
ch = fgetchar();
/* display what was read */
printf("The character read is: '%c'/n",
ch);
return 0;
}
函数名: fgetpos
功 能: 取得当前文件的句柄
用 法: int fgetpos(FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
char string[] = "This is a test";
fpos_t filepos;
/* open a file for update */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w+");
/* write a string into the file */
fwrite(string, strlen(string), 1, stream);
/* report the file pointer position */
fgetpos(stream, &filepos);
printf("The file pointer is at byte/
%ld/n", filepos);
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
函数名: fgets
功 能: 从流中读取一字符串
用 法: char *fgets(char *string, int n, FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
char string[] = "This is a test";
char msg[20];
/* open a file for update */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w+");
/* write a string into the file */
fwrite(string, strlen(string), 1, stream);
/* seek to the start of the file */
fseek(stream, 0, SEEK_SET);
/* read a string from the file */
fgets(msg, strlen(string)+1, stream);
/* display the string */
printf("%s", msg);
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
函数名: filelength
功 能: 取文件长度字节数
用 法: long filelength(int handle);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle;
char buf[11] = "0123456789";
/* create a file containing 10 bytes */
handle = open("DUMMY.FIL", O_CREAT);
write(handle, buf, strlen(buf));
/* display the size of the file */
printf("file length in bytes: %ld/n",
filelength(handle));
/* close the file */
close(handle);
return 0;
}
函数名: fillellipse
功 能: 画出并填充一椭圆
用 法: void far fillellipse(int x, int y, int xradius, int yradius);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode;
int xcenter, ycenter, i;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"");
xcenter = getmaxx() / 2;
ycenter = getmaxy() / 2;
for (i=0; i<13; i++)
{
setfillstyle(i,WHITE);
fillellipse(xcenter,ycenter,100,50);
getch();
}
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: fillpoly
功 能: 画并填充一个多边形
用 法: void far fillpoly(int numpoints, int far *polypoints);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int i, maxx, maxy;
/* our polygon array */
int poly[8];
/* initialize graphics, local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk)
/* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
/* terminate with an error code */
}
maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();
poly[0] = 20; /* 1st vertext */
poly[1] = maxy / 2;
poly[2] = maxx - 20; /* 2nd */
poly[3] = 20;
poly[4] = maxx - 50; /* 3rd */
poly[5] = maxy - 20;
/*
4th vertex. fillpoly automatically
closes the polygon.
*/
poly[6] = maxx / 2;
poly[7] = maxy / 2;
/* loop through the fill patterns */
for (i=EMPTY_FILL; i<USER_FILL; i++)
{
/* set fill pattern */
setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor());
/* draw a filled polygon */
fillpoly(4, poly);
getch();
}
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: findfirst, findnext
功 能: 搜索磁盘目录; 取得下一个匹配的findfirst模式的文件
用 法: int findfirst(char *pathname, struct ffblk *ffblk, int attrib);
int findnext(struct ffblk *ffblk);
程序例:
/* findnext example */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>
int main(void)
{
struct ffblk ffblk;
int done;
printf("Directory listing of *.*/n");
done = findfirst("*.*",&ffblk,0);
while (!done)
{
printf(" %s/n", ffblk.ff_name);
done = findnext(&ffblk);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: floodfill
功 能: 填充一个有界区域
用 法: void far floodfill(int x, int y, int border);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int maxx, maxy;
/* initialize graphics, local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk)
/* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
/* terminate with an error code */
}
maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();
/* select drawing color */
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* select fill color */
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, getmaxcolor());
/* draw a border around the screen */
rectangle(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
/* draw some circles */
circle(maxx / 3, maxy /2, 50);
circle(maxx / 2, 20, 100);
circle(maxx-20, maxy-50, 75);
circle(20, maxy-20, 25);
/* wait for a key */
getch();
/* fill in bounded region */
floodfill(2, 2, getmaxcolor());
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: floor
功 能: 向下舍入
用 法: double floor(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double number = 123.54;
double down, up;
down = floor(number);
up = ceil(number);
printf("original number %10.2lf/n",
number);
printf("number rounded down %10.2lf/n",
down);
printf("number rounded up %10.2lf/n",
up);
return 0;
}
函数名: flushall
功 能: 清除所有缓冲区
用 法: int flushall(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
/* create a file */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w");
/* flush all open streams */
printf("%d streams were flushed./n",
flushall());
/* close the file */
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
函数名: fmod
功 能: 计算x对y的模, 即x/y的余数
用 法: double fmod(double x, double y);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double x = 5.0, y = 2.0;
double result;
result = fmod(x,y);
printf("The remainder of (%lf / %lf) is /
%lf/n", x, y, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: fnmerge
功 能: 建立新文件名
用 法: void fnerge(char *path, char *drive, char *dir);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>
int main(void)
{
char s[MAXPATH];
char drive[MAXDRIVE];
char dir[MAXDIR];
char file[MAXFILE];
char ext[MAXEXT];
getcwd(s,MAXPATH); /* get the current working directory */
strcat(s,"//"); /* append on a trailing / character */
fnsplit(s,drive,dir,file,ext); /* split the string to separate elems */
strcpy(file,"DATA");
strcpy(ext,".TXT");
fnmerge(s,drive,dir,file,ext); /* merge everything into one string */
puts(s); /* display resulting string */
return 0;
}
函数名: fopen
功 能: 打开一个流
用 法: FILE *fopen(char *filename, char *type);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>
int main(void)
{
char *s;
char drive[MAXDRIVE];
char dir[MAXDIR];
char file[MAXFILE];
char ext[MAXEXT];
int flags;
s=getenv("COMSPEC"); /* get the comspec environment parameter */
flags=fnsplit(s,drive,dir,file,ext);
printf("Command processor info:/n");
if(flags & DRIVE)
printf("/tdrive: %s/n",drive);
if(flags & DIRECTORY)
printf("/tdirectory: %s/n",dir);
if(flags & FILENAME)
printf("/tfile: %s/n",file);
if(flags & EXTENSION)
printf("/textension: %s/n",ext);
return 0;
}
函数名: fprintf
功 能: 传送格式化输出到一个流中
用 法: int fprintf(FILE *stream, char *format[, argument,...]);
程序例:
/* Program to create backup of the
AUTOEXEC.BAT file */
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *in, *out;
if ((in = fopen("//AUTOEXEC.BAT", "rt"))
== NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open input /
file./n");
return 1;
}
if ((out = fopen("//AUTOEXEC.BAK", "wt"))
== NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open output /
file./n");
return 1;
}
while (!feof(in))
fputc(fgetc(in), out);
fclose(in);
fclose(out);
return 0;
}
函数名: FP_OFF
功 能: 获取远地址偏移量
用 法: unsigned FP_OFF(void far *farptr);
程序例:
/* FP_OFF */
#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *str = "fpoff.c";
printf("The offset of this file in memory/
is: %Fp/n", FP_OFF(str));
return 0;
}
函数名: FP_SEG
功 能: 获取远地址段值
用 法: unsigned FP_SEG(void far *farptr);
程序例:
/* FP_SEG */
#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *filename = "fpseg.c";
printf("The offset of this file in memory/
is: %Fp/n", FP_SEG(filename));
return(0);
}
函数名: fputc
功 能: 送一个字符到一个流中
用 法: int fputc(int ch, FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char msg[] = "Hello world";
int i = 0;
while (msg[i])
{
fputc(msg[i], stdout);
i++;
}
return 0;
}
函数名: fputchar
功 能: 送一个字符到标准输出流(stdout)中
用 法: int fputchar(char ch);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char msg[] = "This is a test";
int i = 0;
while (msg[i])
{
fputchar(msg[i]);
i++;
}
return 0;
}
函数名: fputs
功 能: 送一个字符到一个流中
用 法: int fputs(char *string, FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* write a string to standard output */
fputs("Hello world/n", stdout);
return 0;
}
函数名: fread
功 能: 从一个流中读数据
用 法: int fread(void *ptr, int size, int nitems, FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
char msg[] = "this is a test";
char buf[20];
if ((stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w+"))
== NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr,
"Cannot open output file./n");
return 1;
}
/* write some data to the file */
fwrite(msg, strlen(msg)+1, 1, stream);
/* seek to the beginning of the file */
fseek(stream, SEEK_SET, 0);
/* read the data and display it */
fread(buf, strlen(msg)+1, 1, stream);
printf("%s/n", buf);
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
函数名: free
功 能: 释放已分配的块
用 法: void free(void *ptr);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
char *str;
/* allocate memory for string */
str = malloc(10);
/* copy "Hello" to string */
strcpy(str, "Hello");
/* display string */
printf("String is %s/n", str);
/* free memory */
free(str);
return 0;
}
函数名: freemem
功 能: 释放先前分配的DOS内存块
用 法: int freemem(unsigned seg);
程序例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
unsigned int size, segp;
int stat;
size = 64; /* (64 x 16) = 1024 bytes */
stat = allocmem(size, &segp);
if (stat < 0)
printf("Allocated memory at segment:/
%x/n", segp);
else
printf("Failed: maximum number of/
paragraphs available is %u/n",
stat);
freemem(segp);
return 0;
}
函数名: freopen
功 能: 替换一个流
用 法: FILE *freopen(char *filename, char *type, FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* redirect standard output to a file */
if (freopen("OUTPUT.FIL", "w", stdout)
== NULL)
fprintf(stderr, "error redirecting/
stdout/n");
/* this output will go to a file */
printf("This will go into a file.");
/* close the standard output stream */
fclose(stdout);
return 0;
}
函数名: frexp
功 能: 把一个双精度数分解为尾数的指数
用 法: double frexp(double value, int *eptr);
程序例:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double mantissa, number;
int exponent;
number = 8.0;
mantissa = frexp(number, &exponent);
printf("The number %lf is ", number);
printf("%lf times two to the ", mantissa);
printf("power of %d/n", exponent);
return 0;
}
函数名: fscanf
功 能: 从一个流中执行格式化输入
用 法: int fscanf(FILE *stream, char *format[,argument...]);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int i;
printf("Input an integer: ");
/* read an integer from the
standard input stream */
if (fscanf(stdin, "%d", &i))
printf("The integer read was: %i/n",
i);
else
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error reading an /
integer from stdin./n");
exit(1);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: fseek
功 能: 重定位流上的文件指针
用 法: int fseek(FILE *stream, long offset, int fromwhere);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
long filesize(FILE *stream);
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
stream = fopen("MYFILE.TXT", "w+");
fprintf(stream, "This is a test");
printf("Filesize of MYFILE.TXT is %ld bytes/n", filesize(stream));
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
long filesize(FILE *stream)
{
long curpos, length;
curpos = ftell(stream);
fseek(stream, 0L, SEEK_END);
length = ftell(stream);
fseek(stream, curpos, SEEK_SET);
return length;
}
函数名: fsetpos
功 能: 定位流上的文件指针
用 法: int fsetpos(FILE *stream, const fpos_t *pos);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void showpos(FILE *stream);
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
fpos_t filepos;
/* open a file for update */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w+");
/* save the file pointer position */
fgetpos(stream, &filepos);
/* write some data to the file */
fprintf(stream, "This is a test");
/* show the current file position */
showpos(stream);
/* set a new file position, display it */
if (fsetpos(stream, &filepos) == 0)
showpos(stream);
else
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error setting file /
pointer./n");
exit(1);
}
/* close the file */
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
void showpos(FILE *stream)
{
fpos_t pos;
/* display the current file pointer
position of a stream */
fgetpos(stream, &pos);
printf("File position: %ld/n", pos);
}
函数名: fstat
功 能: 获取打开文件信息
用 法: int fstat(char *handle, struct stat *buff);
程序例:
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
int main(void)
{
struct stat statbuf;
FILE *stream;
/* open a file for update */
if ((stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w+"))
== NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open output /
file./n");
return(1);
}
fprintf(stream, "This is a test");
fflush(stream);
/* get information about the file */
fstat(fileno(stream), &statbuf);
fclose(stream);
/* display the information returned */
if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IFCHR)
printf("Handle refers to a device./n");
if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IFREG)
printf("Handle refers to an ordinary /
file./n");
if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IREAD)
printf("User has read permission on /
file./n");
if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IWRITE)
printf("User has write permission on /
file./n");
printf("Drive letter of file: %c/n",
'A'+statbuf.st_dev);
printf("Size of file in bytes: %ld/n",
statbuf.st_size);
printf("Time file last opened: %s/n",
ctime(&statbuf.st_ctime));
return 0;
}
函数名: ftell
功 能: 返回当前文件指针
用 法: long ftell(FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
stream = fopen("MYFILE.TXT", "w+");
fprintf(stream, "This is a test");
printf("The file pointer is at byte /
%ld/n", ftell(stream));
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
函数名: fwrite
功 能: 写内容到流中
用 法: int fwrite(void *ptr, int size, int nitems, FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
struct mystruct
{
int i;
char ch;
};
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
struct mystruct s;
if ((stream = fopen("TEST.$$$", "wb")) == NULL) /* open file TEST.$$$ */
{
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open output file./n");
return 1;
}
s.i = 0;
s.ch = 'A';
fwrite(&s, sizeof(s), 1, stream); /* write struct s to file */
fclose(stream); /* close file */
return 0;
}
@9$G
函数名: gcvt
功 能: 把浮点数转换成字符串
用 法: char *gcvt(double value, int ndigit, char *buf);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char str[25];
double num;
int sig = 5; /* significant digits */
/* a regular number */
num = 9.876;
gcvt(num, sig, str);
printf("string = %s/n", str);
/* a negative number */
num = -123.4567;
gcvt(num, sig, str);
printf("string = %s/n", str);
/* scientific notation */
num = 0.678e5;
gcvt(num, sig, str);
printf("string = %s/n", str);
return(0);
}
函数名: geninterrupt
功 能: 产生一个软中断
用 法: void geninterrupt(int intr_num);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>
/* function prototype */
void writechar(char ch);
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
gotoxy(80,25);
writechar('*');
getch();
return 0;
}
/*
outputs a character at the current cursor
position using the video BIOS to avoid the
scrolling of the screen when writing to
location (80,25).
*/
void writechar(char ch)
{
struct text_info ti;
/* grab current text settings */
gettextinfo(&ti);
/* interrupt 0x10 sub-function 9 */
_AH = 9;
/* character to be output */
_AL = ch;
_BH = 0; /* video page */
_BL = ti.attribute; /* video attribute */
_CX = 1; /* repetition factor */
geninterrupt(0x10); /* output the char */
}
函数名: getarccoords
功 能: 取得最后一次调用arc的坐标
用 法: void far getarccoords(struct arccoordstype far *arccoords);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct arccoordstype arcinfo;
int midx, midy;
int stangle = 45, endangle = 270;
char sstr[80], estr[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* draw arc and get coordinates */
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
arc(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, 100);
getarccoords(&arcinfo);
/* convert arc information into strings */
sprintf(sstr, "*- (%d, %d)",
arcinfo.xstart, arcinfo.ystart);
sprintf(estr, "*- (%d, %d)",
arcinfo.xend, arcinfo.yend);
/* output the arc information */
outtextxy(arcinfo.xstart,
arcinfo.ystart, sstr);
outtextxy(arcinfo.xend,
arcinfo.yend, estr);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getaspectratio
功 能: 返回当前图形模式的纵横比
用 法: void far getaspectratio(int far *xasp, int far *yasp);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int xasp, yasp, midx, midy;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* get current aspect ratio settings */
getaspectratio(&xasp, &yasp);
/* draw normal circle */
circle(midx, midy, 100);
getch();
/* draw wide circle */
cleardevice();
setaspectratio(xasp/2, yasp);
circle(midx, midy, 100);
getch();
/* draw narrow circle */
cleardevice();
setaspectratio(xasp, yasp/2);
circle(midx, midy, 100);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getbkcolor
功 能: 返回当前背景颜色
用 法: int far getbkcolor(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int bkcolor, midx, midy;
char bkname[35];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* for centering text on the display */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
/* get the current background color */
bkcolor = getbkcolor();
/* convert color value into a string */
itoa(bkcolor, bkname, 10);
strcat(bkname,
" is the current background color.");
/* display a message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, bkname);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getc
功 能: 从流中取字符
用 法: int getc(FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char ch;
printf("Input a character:");
/* read a character from the
standard input stream */
ch = getc(stdin);
printf("The character input was: '%c'/n",
ch);
return 0;
}
函数名: getcbrk
功 能: 获取Control_break设置
用 法: int getcbrk(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
if (getcbrk())
printf("Cntrl-brk flag is on/n");
else
printf("Cntrl-brk flag is off/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: getch
功 能: 从控制台无回显地取一个字符
用 法: int getch(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
char ch;
printf("Input a character:");
ch = getche();
printf("/nYou input a '%c'/n", ch);
return 0;
}
函数名: getchar
功 能: 从stdin流中读字符
用 法: int getchar(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int c;
/* Note that getchar reads from stdin and
is line buffered; this means it will
not return until you press ENTER. */
while ((c = getchar()) != '/n')
printf("%c", c);
return 0;
}
函数名: getche
功 能: 从控制台取字符(带回显)
用 法: int getche(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
char ch;
printf("Input a character:");
ch = getche();
printf("/nYou input a '%c'/n", ch);
return 0;
}
函数名: getcolor
功 能: 返回当前画线颜色
用 法: int far getcolor(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int color, midx, midy;
char colname[35];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* for centering text on the display */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
/* get the current drawing color */
color = getcolor();
/* convert color value into a string */
itoa(color, colname, 10);
strcat(colname,
" is the current drawing color.");
/* display a message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, colname);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getcurdir
功 能: 取指定驱动器的当前目录
用 法: int getcurdir(int drive, char *direc);
程序例:
#include <dir.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
char *current_directory(char *path)
{
strcpy(path, "X://"); /* fill string with form of response: X:/ */
path[0] = 'A' + getdisk(); /* replace X with current drive letter */
getcurdir(0, path+3); /* fill rest of string with current directory */
return(path);
}
int main(void)
{
char curdir[MAXPATH];
current_directory(curdir);
printf("The current directory is %s/n", curdir);
return 0;
}
函数名: getcwd
功 能: 取当前工作目录
用 法: char *getcwd(char *buf, int n);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>
int main(void)
{
char buffer[MAXPATH];
getcwd(buffer, MAXPATH);
printf("The current directory is: %s/n", buffer);
return 0;
}
函数名: getdate
功 能: 取DOS日期
用 法: void getdate(struct *dateblk);
程序例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
struct date d;
getdate(&d);
printf("The current year is: %d/n",
d.da_year);
printf("The current day is: %d/n",
d.da_day);
printf("The current month is: %d/n",
d.da_mon);
return 0;
}
函数名: getdefaultpalette
功 能: 返回调色板定义结构
用 法: struct palettetype *far getdefaultpalette(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int i;
/* structure for returning palette copy */
struct palettetype far *pal=(void *) 0;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* return a pointer to the default palette */
pal = getdefaultpalette();
for (i=0; i<16; i++)
{
printf("colors[%d] = %d/n", i,
pal->colors[i]);
getch();
}
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getdisk
功 能: 取当前磁盘驱动器号
用 法: int getdisk(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>
int main(void)
{
int disk;
disk = getdisk() + 'A';
printf("The current drive is: %c/n",
disk);
return 0;
}
函数名: getdrivername
功 能: 返回指向包含当前图形驱动程序名字的字符串指针
用 法: char *getdrivename(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
/* stores the device driver name */
char *drivername;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* get name of the device driver in use */
drivername = getdrivername();
/* for centering text on the screen */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
/* output the name of the driver */
outtextxy(getmaxx() / 2, getmaxy() / 2,
drivername);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getdta
功 能: 取磁盘传输地址
用 法: char far *getdta(void);
程序例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char far *dta;
dta = getdta();
printf("The current disk transfer /
address is: %Fp/n", dta);
return 0;
}
函数名: getenv
功 能: 从环境中取字符串
用 法: char *getenv(char *envvar);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *s;
s=getenv("COMSPEC"); /* get the comspec environment parameter */
printf("Command processor: %s/n",s); /* display comspec parameter */
return 0;
}
函数名: getfat, getfatd
功 能: 取文件分配表信息
用 法: void getfat(int drive, struct fatinfo *fatblkp);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
struct fatinfo diskinfo;
int flag = 0;
printf("Please insert disk in drive A/n");
getchar();
getfat(1, &diskinfo);
/* get drive information */
printf("/nDrive A: is ");
switch((unsigned char) diskinfo.fi_fatid)
{
case 0xFD:
printf("360K low density/n");
break;
case 0xF9:
printf("1.2 Meg high density/n");
break;
default:
printf("unformatted/n");
flag = 1;
}
if (!flag)
{
printf(" sectors per cluster %5d/n",
diskinfo.fi_sclus);
printf(" number of clusters %5d/n",
diskinfo.fi_nclus);
printf(" bytes per sector %5d/n",
diskinfo.fi_bysec);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: getfillpattern
功 能: 将用户定义的填充模式拷贝到内存中
用 法: void far getfillpattern(char far *upattern);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int maxx, maxy;
char pattern[8] = {0x00, 0x70, 0x20, 0x27, 0x25, 0x27, 0x04, 0x04};
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* select a user defined fill pattern */
setfillpattern(pattern, getmaxcolor());
/* fill the screen with the pattern */
bar(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
getch();
/* get the current user defined fill pattern */
getfillpattern(pattern);
/* alter the pattern we grabbed */
pattern[4] -= 1;
pattern[5] -= 3;
pattern[6] += 3;
pattern[7] -= 4;
/* select our new pattern */
setfillpattern(pattern, getmaxcolor());
/* fill the screen with the new pattern */
bar(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getfillsettings
功 能: 取得有关当前填充模式和填充颜色的信息
用 法: void far getfillsettings(struct fillsettingstype far *fillinfo);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
/ the names of the fill styles supported */
char *fname[] = { "EMPTY_FILL",
"SOLID_FILL",
"LINE_FILL",
"LTSLASH_FILL",
"SLASH_FILL",
"BKSLASH_FILL",
"LTBKSLASH_FILL",
"HATCH_FILL",
"XHATCH_FILL",
"INTERLEAVE_FILL",
"WIDE_DOT_FILL",
"CLOSE_DOT_FILL",
"USER_FILL"
};
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct fillsettingstype fillinfo;
int midx, midy;
char patstr[40], colstr[40];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* get information about current fill pattern and color */
getfillsettings(&fillinfo);
/* convert fill information into strings */
sprintf(patstr, "%s is the fill style.", fname[fillinfo.pattern]);
sprintf(colstr, "%d is the fill color.", fillinfo.color);
/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, patstr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), colstr);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getftime
功 能: 取文件日期和时间
用 法: int getftime(int handle, struct ftime *ftimep);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
struct ftime ft;
if ((stream = fopen("TEST.$$$",
"wt")) == NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr,
"Cannot open output file./n");
return 1;
}
getftime(fileno(stream), &ft);
printf("File time: %u:%u:%u/n",
ft.ft_hour, ft.ft_min,
ft.ft_tsec * 2);
printf("File date: %u/%u/%u/n",
ft.ft_month, ft.ft_day,
ft.ft_year+1980);
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
函数名: getgraphmode
功 能: 返回当前图形模式
用 法: int far getgraphmode(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy, mode;
char numname[80], modename[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* get mode number and name strings */
mode = getgraphmode();
sprintf(numname,
"%d is the current mode number.",
mode);
sprintf(modename,
"%s is the current graphics mode",
getmodename(mode));
/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, numname);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"),
modename);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getftime
功 能: 取文件日期和时间
用 法: int getftime(int handle, struct ftime *ftimep);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
struct ftime ft;
if ((stream = fopen("TEST.$$$",
"wt")) == NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr,
"Cannot open output file./n");
return 1;
}
getftime(fileno(stream), &ft);
printf("File time: %u:%u:%u/n",
ft.ft_hour, ft.ft_min,
ft.ft_tsec * 2);
printf("File date: %u/%u/%u/n",
ft.ft_month, ft.ft_day,
ft.ft_year+1980);
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
函数名: getgraphmode
功 能: 返回当前图形模式
用 法: int far getgraphmode(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy, mode;
char numname[80], modename[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* get mode number and name strings */
mode = getgraphmode();
sprintf(numname,
"%d is the current mode number.",
mode);
sprintf(modename,
"%s is the current graphics mode",
getmodename(mode));
/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, numname);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"),
modename);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getimage
功 能: 将指定区域的一个位图存到主存中
用 法: void far getimage(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
void far *bitmap);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
void save_screen(void far *buf[4]);
void restore_screen(void far *buf[4]);
int maxx, maxy;
int main(void)
{
int gdriver=DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
void far *ptr[4];
/* auto-detect the graphics driver and mode */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
errorcode = graphresult(); /* check for any errors */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
}
maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();
/* draw an image on the screen */
rectangle(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
line(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
line(0, maxy, maxx, 0);
save_screen(ptr); /* save the current screen */
getch(); /* pause screen */
cleardevice(); /* clear screen */
restore_screen(ptr); /* restore the screen */
getch(); /* pause screen */
closegraph();
return 0;
}
void save_screen(void far *buf[4])
{
unsigned size;
int ystart=0, yend, yincr, block;
yincr = (maxy+1) / 4;
yend = yincr;
size = imagesize(0, ystart, maxx, yend); /* get byte size of image */
for (block=0; block<=3; block++)
{
if ((buf[block] = farmalloc(size)) == NULL)
{
closegraph();
printf("Error: not enough heap space in save_screen()./n");
exit(1);
}
getimage(0, ystart, maxx, yend, buf[block]);
ystart = yend + 1;
yend += yincr + 1;
}
}
void save_screen(void far *buf[4])
{
unsigned size;
int ystart=0, yend, yincr, block;
yincr = (maxy+1) / 4;
yend = yincr;
size = imagesize(0, ystart, maxx, yend); /* get byte size of image */
for (block=0; block<=3; block++)
{
if ((buf[block] = farmalloc(size)) == NULL)
{
closegraph();
printf("Error: not enough heap space in save_screen()./n");
exit(1);
}
getimage(0, ystart, maxx, yend, buf[block]);
ystart = yend + 1;
yend += yincr + 1;
}
}
void restore_screen(void far *buf[4])
{
int ystart=0, yend, yincr, block;
yincr = (maxy+1) / 4;
yend = yincr;
for (block=0; block<=3; block++)
{
putimage(0, ystart, buf[block], COPY_PUT);
farfree(buf[block]);
ystart = yend + 1;
yend += yincr + 1;
}
}
函数名: getlinesettings
功 能: 取当前线型、模式和宽度
用 法: void far getlinesettings(struct linesettingstype far *lininfo):
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* the names of the line styles supported */
char *lname[] = { "SOLID_LINE",
"DOTTED_LINE",
"CENTER_LINE",
"DASHED_LINE",
"USERBIT_LINE"
};
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct linesettingstype lineinfo;
int midx, midy;
char lstyle[80], lpattern[80], lwidth[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* get information about current line settings */
getlinesettings(&lineinfo);
/* convert line information into strings */
sprintf(lstyle, "%s is the line style.",
lname[lineinfo.linestyle]);
sprintf(lpattern, "0x%X is the user-defined line pattern.",
lineinfo.upattern);
sprintf(lwidth, "%d is the line thickness.",
lineinfo.thickness);
/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, lstyle);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), lpattern);
outtextxy(midx, midy+4*textheight("W"), lwidth);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getmaxcolor
功 能: 返回可以传给函数setcolor的最大颜色值
用 法: int far getmaxcolor(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
char colstr[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables
*/ initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* grab the color info. and convert it to a string */
sprintf(colstr, "This mode supports colors 0..%d", getmaxcolor());
/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, colstr);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getmaxx
功 能: 返回屏幕的最大x坐标
用 法: int far getmaxx(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
char xrange[80], yrange[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* convert max resolution values into strings */
sprintf(xrange, "X values range from 0..%d", getmaxx());
sprintf(yrange, "Y values range from 0..%d", getmaxy());
/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, xrange);
outtextxy(midx, midy+textheight("W"), yrange);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getmaxy
功 能: 返回屏幕的最大y坐标
用 法: int far getmaxy(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
char xrange[80], yrange[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* convert max resolution values into strings */
sprintf(xrange, "X values range from 0..%d", getmaxx());
sprintf(yrange, "Y values range from 0..%d", getmaxy());
/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, xrange);
outtextxy(midx, midy+textheight("W"), yrange);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getmodename
功 能: 返回含有指定图形模式名的字符串指针
用 法: char *far getmodename(int mode_name);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request autodetection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy, mode;
char numname[80], modename[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* get mode number and name strings */
mode = getgraphmode();
sprintf(numname, "%d is the current mode number.", mode);
sprintf(modename, "%s is the current graphics mode.", getmodename(mode));
/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, numname);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), modename);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getmoderange
功 能: 取给定图形驱动程序的模式范围
用 法: void far getmoderange(int graphdriver, int far *lomode,
int far *himode);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
int low, high;
char mrange[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* get the mode range for this driver */
getmoderange(gdriver, &low, &high);
/* convert mode range info. into strings */
sprintf(mrange, "This driver supports modes %d..%d", low, high);
/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, mrange);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getpalette
功 能: 返回有关当前调色板的信息
用 法: void far getpalette(struct palettetype far *palette);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct palettetype pal;
char psize[80], pval[20];
int i, ht;
int y = 10;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}
/* grab a copy of the palette */
getpalette(&pal);
/* convert palette info. into strings */
sprintf(psize, "The palette has %d /
modifiable entries.", pal.size);
/* display the information */
outtextxy(0, y, psize);
if (pal.size != 0)
{
ht = textheight("W");
y += 2*ht;
outtextxy(0, y, "Here are the current /
values:");
y += 2*ht;
for (i=0; i<pal.size; i++, y+=ht)
{
sprintf(pval,
"palette[%02d]: 0x%02X", i,
pal.colors[i]);
outtextxy(0, y, pval);
}
}
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getpass
功 能: 读一个口令
用 法: char *getpass(char *prompt);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *password;
password = getpass("Input a password:");
cprintf("The password is: %s/r/n",
password);
return 0;
}
函数名: getpixel
功 能: 取得指定像素的颜色
用 法: int far getpixel(int x, int y);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#define PIXEL_COUNT 1000
#define DELAY_TIME 100 /* in milliseconds */
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int i, x, y, color, maxx, maxy,
maxcolor, seed;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}
maxx = getmaxx() + 1;
maxy = getmaxy() + 1;
maxcolor = getmaxcolor() + 1;
while (!kbhit())
{
/* seed the random number generator */
seed = random(32767);
srand(seed);
for (i=0; i<PIXEL_COUNT; i++)
{
x = random(maxx);
y = random(maxy);
color = random(maxcolor);
putpixel(x, y, color);
}
delay(DELAY_TIME);
srand(seed);
for (i=0; i<PIXEL_COUNT; i++)
{
x = random(maxx);
y = random(maxy);
color = random(maxcolor);
if (color == getpixel匇? ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;h;(;);;; ;e;t;p;s;p;(;););;; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;e;s;e;t; ;t;o; ;s;e;g;m;e;n;t; ;o;f; ;t;h;e; ;P;S;P; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;i;n;e; ;i;s; ;l;o;c;a;t;e;d; ;a;t; ;o;f;f;s;e;t; ;0;x;8;1; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;t; ;o;f; ;P;S;P; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
函数名: gets
功 能: 从流中取一字符串
用 法: char *gets(char *string);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[80];
printf("Input a string:");
gets(string);
printf("The string input was: %s/n",
string);
return 0;
}
函数名: gettext
功 能: 将文本方式屏幕上的文本拷贝到存储区
用 法: int gettext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, void *destin);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
char buffer[4096];
int main(void)
{
int i;
clrscr();
for (i = 0; i <= 20; i++)
cprintf("Line #%d/r/n", i);
gettext(1, 1, 80, 25, buffer);
gotoxy(1, 25);
cprintf("Press any key to clear screen...");
getch();
clrscr();
gotoxy(1, 25);
cprintf("Press any key to restore screen...");
getch();
puttext(1, 1, 80, 25, buffer);
gotoxy(1, 25);
cprintf("Press any key to quit...");
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: gettextinfo
功 能: 取得文本模式的显示信息
用 法: void gettextinfo(struct text_info *inforec);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
struct text_info ti;
gettextinfo(&ti);
cprintf("window left %2d/r/n",ti.winleft);
cprintf("window top %2d/r/n",ti.wintop);
cprintf("window right %2d/r/n",ti.winright);
cprintf("window bottom %2d/r/n",ti.winbottom);
cprintf("attribute %2d/r/n",ti.attribute);
cprintf("normal attribute %2d/r/n",ti.normattr);
cprintf("current mode %2d/r/n",ti.currmode);
cprintf("screen height %2d/r/n",ti.screenheight);
cprintf("screen width %2d/r/n",ti.screenwidth);
cprintf("current x %2d/r/n",ti.curx);
cprintf("current y %2d/r/n",ti.cury);
return 0;
}
函数名: gettextsettings
功 能: 返回有关当前图形文本字体的信息
用 法: void far gettextsettings(struct textsettingstype far *textinfo);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* the names of the fonts supported */
char *font[] = { "DEFAULT_FONT",
"TRIPLEX_FONT",
"SMALL_FONT",
"SANS_SERIF_FONT",
"GOTHIC_FONT"
};
/* the names of the text directions supported */
char *dir[] = { "HORIZ_DIR", "VERT_DIR" };
/* horizontal text justifications supported */
char *hjust[] = { "LEFT_TEXT", "CENTER_TEXT", "RIGHT_TEXT" };
/* vertical text justifications supported */
char *vjust[] = { "BOTTOM_TEXT", "CENTER_TEXT", "TOP_TEXT" };
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct textsettingstype textinfo;
int midx, midy, ht;
char fontstr[80], dirstr[80], sizestr[80];
char hjuststr[80], vjuststr[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* get information about current text settings */
gettextsettings(&textinfo);
/* convert text information into strings */
sprintf(fontstr, "%s is the text style.", font[textinfo.font]);
sprintf(dirstr, "%s is the text direction.", dir[textinfo.direction]);
sprintf(sizestr, "%d is the text size.", textinfo.charsize);
sprintf(hjuststr, "%s is the horizontal justification.",
hjust[textinfo.horiz]);
sprintf(vjuststr, "%s is the vertical justification.",
vjust[textinfo.vert]);
/* display the information */
ht = textheight("W");
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, fontstr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*ht, dirstr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+4*ht, sizestr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+6*ht, hjuststr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+8*ht, vjuststr);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: gettime
功 能: 取得系统时间
用 法: void gettime(struct time *timep);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
struct time t;
gettime(&t);
printf("The current time is: %2d:%02d:%02d.%02d/n",
t.ti_hour, t.ti_min, t.ti_sec, t.ti_hund);
return 0;
}
函数名: getvect
功 能: 取得中断向量入口
用 法: void interrupt(*getvect(int intr_num));
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
void interrupt get_out(); /* interrupt prototype */
void interrupt (*oldfunc)(); /* interrupt function pointer */
int looping = 1;
int main(void)
{
puts("Press <Shift><Prt Sc> to terminate");
/* save the old interrupt */
oldfunc = getvect(5);
/* install interrupt handler */
setvect(5,get_out);
/* do nothing */
while (looping);
/* restore to original interrupt routine */
setvect(5,oldfunc);
puts("Success");
return 0;
}
void interrupt get_out()
{
looping = 0; /* change global variable to get out of loop */
}
函数名: getverify
功 能: 返回DOS校验标志状态
用 法: int getverify(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
if (getverify())
printf("DOS verify flag is on/n");
else
printf("DOS verify flag is off/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: getviewsetting
功 能: 返回有关当前视区的信息
用 法: void far getviewsettings(struct viewporttype far *viewport);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
char *clip[] = { "OFF", "ON" };
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct viewporttype viewinfo;
int midx, midy, ht;
char topstr[80], botstr[80], clipstr[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* get information about current viewport */
getviewsettings(&viewinfo);
/* convert text information into strings */
sprintf(topstr, "(%d, %d) is the upper left viewport corner.",
viewinfo.left, viewinfo.top);
sprintf(botstr, "(%d, %d) is the lower right viewport corner.",
viewinfo.right, viewinfo.bottom);
sprintf(clipstr, "Clipping is turned %s.", clip[viewinfo.clip]);
/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
ht = textheight("W");
outtextxy(midx, midy, topstr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*ht, botstr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+4*ht, clipstr);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getw
功 能: 从流中取一整数
用 法: int getw(FILE *strem);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define FNAME "test.$$$"
int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
int word;
/* place the word in a file */
fp = fopen(FNAME, "wb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
printf("Error opening file %s/n", FNAME);
exit(1);
}
word = 94;
putw(word,fp);
if (ferror(fp))
printf("Error writing to file/n");
else
printf("Successful write/n");
fclose(fp);
/* reopen the file */
fp = fopen(FNAME, "rb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
printf("Error opening file %s/n", FNAME);
exit(1);
}
/* extract the word */
word = getw(fp);
if (ferror(fp))
printf("Error reading file/n");
else
printf("Successful read: word = %d/n", word);
/* clean up */
fclose(fp);
unlink(FNAME);
return 0;
}
函数名: getx
功 能: 返回当前图形位置的x坐标
用 法: int far getx(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* move to the screen center point */
moveto(getmaxx() / 2, getmaxy() / 2);
/* create a message string */
sprintf(msg, "<-(%d, %d) is the here.", getx(), gety());
/* display the message */
outtext(msg);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: gety
功 能: 返回当前图形位置的y坐标
用 法: int far gety(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* move to the screen center point */
moveto(getmaxx() / 2, getmaxy() / 2);
/* create a message string */
sprintf(msg, "<-(%d, %d) is the here.", getx(), gety());
/* display the message */
outtext(msg);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: gmtime
功 能: 把日期和时间转换为格林尼治标准时间(GMT)
用 法: struct tm *gmtime(long *clock);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <dos.h>
/* Pacific Standard Time & Daylight Savings */
char *tzstr = "TZ=PST8PDT";
int main(void)
{
time_t t;
struct tm *gmt, *area;
putenv(tzstr);
tzset();
t = time(NULL);
area = localtime(&t);
printf("Local time is: %s", asctime(area));
gmt = gmtime(&t);
printf("GMT is: %s", asctime(gmt));
return 0;
}
函数名: gotoxy
功 能: 在文本窗口中设置光标
用 法: void gotoxy(int x, int y);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
gotoxy(35, 12);
cprintf("Hello world");
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: gotoxy
功 能: 在文本窗口中设置光标
用 法: void gotoxy(int x, int y);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
gotoxy(35, 12);
cprintf("Hello world");
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: graphdefaults
功 能: 将所有图形设置复位为它们的缺省值
用 法: void far graphdefaults(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int maxx, maxy;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "c://bor//Borland//bgi");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();
/* output line with non-default settings */
setlinestyle(DOTTED_LINE, 0, 3);
line(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
outtextxy(maxx/2, maxy/3, "Before default values are restored.");
getch();
/* restore default values for everything */
graphdefaults();
/* clear the screen */
cleardevice();
/* output line with default settings */
line(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
outtextxy(maxx/2, maxy/3, "After restoring default values.");
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: grapherrormsg
功 能: 返回一个错误信息串的指针
用 法: char *far grapherrormsg(int errorcode);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define NONSENSE -50
int main(void)
{
/* FORCE AN ERROR TO OCCUR */
int gdriver = NONSENSE, gmode, errorcode;
/* initialize graphics mode */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* if an error occurred, then output a */
/* descriptive error message. */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* draw a line */
line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: graphresult
功 能: 返回最后一次不成功的图形操作的错误代码
用 法: int far graphresult(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* draw a line */
line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: _graphfreemem
功 能: 用户可修改的图形存储区释放函数
用 法: void far _graphfreemem(void far *ptr, unsigned size);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
/* clear the text screen */
clrscr();
printf("Press any key to initialize graphics mode:");
getch();
clrscr();
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* display a message */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, "Press any key to exit graphics mode:");
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
/* called by the graphics kernel to allocate memory */
void far * far _graphgetmem(unsigned size)
{
printf("_graphgetmem called to allocate %d bytes./n", size);
printf("hit any key:");
getch();
printf("/n");
/* allocate memory from far heap */
return farmalloc(size);
}
/* called by the graphics kernel to free memory */
void far _graphfreemem(void far *ptr, unsigned size)
{
printf("_graphfreemem called to free %d bytes./n", size);
printf("hit any key:");
getch();
printf("/n");
/* free ptr from far heap */
farfree(ptr);
}
函数名: _graphgetmem
功 能: 用户可修改的图形存储区分配函数
用 法: void far *far _graphgetmem(unsigned size);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request autodetection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
/* clear the text screen */
clrscr();
printf("Press any key to initialize graphics mode:");
getch();
clrscr();
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* display a message */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, "Press any key to exit graphics mode:");
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
/* called by the graphics kernel to allocate memory */
void far * far _graphgetmem(unsigned size)
{
printf("_graphgetmem called to allocate %d bytes./n", size);
printf("hit any key:");
getch();
printf("/n");
/* allocate memory from far heap */
return farmalloc(size);
}
/* called by the graphics kernel to free memory */
void far _graphfreemem(void far *ptr, unsigned size)
{
printf("_graphfreemem called to free %d bytes./n", size);
printf("hit any key:");
getch();
printf("/n");
/* free ptr from far heap */
farfree(ptr);
}
@10$H
函数名: harderr
功 能: 建立一个硬件错误处理程序
用 法: void harderr(int (*fptr)());
程序例:
/*This program will trap disk errors and prompt
the user for action. Try running it with no
disk in drive A: to invoke its functions.*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#define IGNORE 0
#define RETRY 1
#define ABORT 2
int buf[500];
/*define the error messages for trapping disk problems*/
static char *err_msg[] = {
"write protect",
"unknown unit",
"drive not ready",
"unknown command",
"data error (CRC)",
"bad request",
"seek error",
"unknown media type",
"sector not found",
"printer out of paper",
"write fault",
"read fault",
"general failure",
"reserved",
"reserved",
"invalid disk change"
};
error_win(char *msg)
{
int retval;
cputs(msg);
/*prompt for user to press a key to abort, retry, ignore*/
while(1)
{
retval= getch();
if (retval == 'a' || retval == 'A')
{
retval = ABORT;
break;
}
if (retval == 'r' || retval == 'R')
{
retval = RETRY;
break;
}
if (retval == 'i' || retval == 'I')
{
retval = IGNORE;
break;
}
}
return(retval);
}
/*pragma warn -par reduces warnings which occur
due to the non use of the parameters errval,
bp and si to the handler.*/
#pragma warn -par
int handler(int errval,int ax,int bp,int si)
{
static char msg[80];
unsigned di;
int drive;
int errorno;
di= _DI;
/*if this is not a disk error then it was
another device having trouble*/
if (ax < 0)
{
/* report the error */
error_win("Device error");
/* and return to the program directly requesting abort */
hardretn(ABORT);
}
/* otherwise it was a disk error */
drive = ax & 0x00FF;
errorno = di & 0x00FF;
/* report which error it was */
sprintf(msg, "Error: %s on drive %c/r/nA)bort, R)etry, I)gnore: ",
err_msg[errorno], 'A' + drive);
/*
return to the program via dos interrupt 0x23 with abort, retry,
or ignore as input by the user.
*/
hardresume(error_win(msg));
return ABORT;
}
#pragma warn +par
int main(void)
{
/*
install our handler on the hardware problem interrupt
*/
harderr(handler);
clrscr();
printf("Make sure there is no disk in drive A:/n");
printf("Press any key ..../n");
getch();
printf("Trying to access drive A:/n");
printf("fopen returned %p/n",fopen("A:temp.dat", "w"));
return 0;
}
函数名: hardresume
功 能: 硬件错误处理函数
用 法: void hardresume(int rescode);
程序例:
/* This program will trap disk errors and prompt the user for action. */
/* Try running it with no disk in drive A: to invoke its functions */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#define IGNORE 0
#define RETRY 1
#define ABORT 2
int buf[500];
/* define the error messages for trapping disk problems */
static char *err_msg[] = {
"write protect",
"unknown unit",
"drive not ready",
"unknown command",
"data error (CRC)",
"bad request",
"seek error",
"unknown media type",
"sector not found",
"printer out of paper",
"write fault",
"read fault",
"general failure",
"reserved",
"reserved",
"invalid disk change"
};
error_win(char *msg)
{
int retval;
cputs(msg);
/* prompt for user to press a key to abort, retry, ignore */
while(1)
{
retval= getch();
if (retval == 'a' || retval == 'A')
{
retval = ABORT;
break;
}
if (retval == 'r' || retval == 'R')
{
retval = RETRY;
break;
}
if (retval == 'i' || retval == 'I')
{
retval = IGNORE;
break;
}
}
return(retval);
}
/* pragma warn -par reduces warnings which occur due to the non use */
/* of the parameters errval, bp and si to the handler. */
#pragma warn -par
int handler(int errval,int ax,int bp,int si)
{
static char msg[80];
unsigned di;
int drive;
int errorno;
di= _DI;
/* if this is not a disk error then it was another device having trouble */
if (ax < 0)
{
/* report the error */
error_win("Device error");
/* and return to the program directly
requesting abort */
hardretn(ABORT);
}
/* otherwise it was a disk error */
drive = ax & 0x00FF;
errorno = di & 0x00FF;
/* report which error it was */
sprintf(msg, "Error: %s on drive %c/r/nA)bort, R)etry, I)gnore: ",
err_msg[errorno], 'A' + drive);
/* return to the program via dos interrupt 0x23 with abort, retry */
/* or ignore as input by the user. */
hardresume(error_win(msg));
return ABORT;
}
#pragma warn +par
int main(void)
{
/* install our handler on the hardware problem interrupt */
harderr(handler);
clrscr();
printf("Make sure there is no disk in drive A:/n");
printf("Press any key ..../n");
getch();
printf("Trying to access drive A:/n");
printf("fopen returned %p/n",fopen("A:temp.dat", "w"));
return 0;
}
函数名: highvideo
功 能: 选择高亮度文本字符
用 法: void highvideo(void);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
lowvideo();
cprintf("Low Intensity text/r/n");
highvideo();
gotoxy(1,2);
cprintf("High Intensity Text/r/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: hypot
功 能: 计算直角三角形的斜边长
用 法: double hypot(double x, double y);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 3.0;
double y = 4.0;
result = hypot(x, y);
printf("The hypotenuse is: %lf/n", result);
return 0;
}
@11$I
函数名: imagesize
功 能: 返回保存位图像所需的字节数
用 法: unsigned far imagesize(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define ARROW_SIZE 10
void draw_arrow(int x, int y);
int main(void)
{
/* request autodetection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
void *arrow;
int x, y, maxx;
unsigned int size;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
maxx = getmaxx();
x = 0;
y = getmaxy() / 2;
/* draw the image to be grabbed */
draw_arrow(x, y);
/* calculate the size of the image */
size = imagesize(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, x+(4*ARROW_SIZE), y+ARROW_SIZE);
/* allocate memory to hold the image */
arrow = malloc(size);
/* grab the image */
getimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, x+(4*ARROW_SIZE), y+ARROW_SIZE, arrow);
/* repeat until a key is pressed */
while (!kbhit())
{
/* erase old image */
putimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, arrow, XOR_PUT);
x += ARROW_SIZE;
if (x >= maxx)
x = 0;
/* plot new image */
putimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, arrow, XOR_PUT);
}
/* clean up */
free(arrow);
closegraph();
return 0;
}
void draw_arrow(int x, int y)
{
/* draw an arrow on the screen */
moveto(x, y);
linerel(4*ARROW_SIZE, 0);
linerel(-2*ARROW_SIZE, -1*ARROW_SIZE);
linerel(0, 2*ARROW_SIZE);
linerel(2*ARROW_SIZE, -1*ARROW_SIZE);
}
函数名: initgraph
功 能: 初始化图形系统
用 法: void far initgraph(int far *graphdriver, int far *graphmode,
char far *pathtodriver);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
/* initialize graphics mode */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* return with error code */
}
/* draw a line */
line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: inport
功 能: 从硬件端口中输入
用 法: int inp(int protid);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
int result;
int port = 0; /* serial port 0 */
result = inport(port);
printf("Word read from port %d = 0x%X/n", port, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: insline
功 能: 在文本窗口中插入一个空行
用 法: void insline(void);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
cprintf("INSLINE inserts an empty line in the text window/r/n");
cprintf("at the cursor position using the current text/r/n");
cprintf("background color. All lines below the empty one/r/n");
cprintf("move down one line and the bottom line scrolls/r/n");
cprintf("off the bottom of the window./r/n");
cprintf("/r/nPress any key to continue:");
gotoxy(1, 3);
getch();
insline();
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: installuserdriver
功 能: 安装设备驱动程序到BGI设备驱动程序表中
用 法: int far installuserdriver(char far *name, int (*detect)(void));
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* function prototypes */
int huge detectEGA(void);
void checkerrors(void);
int main(void)
{
int gdriver, gmode;
/* install a user written device driver */
gdriver = installuserdriver("EGA", detectEGA);
/* must force use of detection routine */
gdriver = DETECT;
/* check for any installation errors */
checkerrors();
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* check for any initialization errors */
checkerrors();
/* draw a line */
line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
/* detects EGA or VGA cards */
int huge detectEGA(void)
{
int driver, mode, sugmode = 0;
detectgraph(&driver, &mode);
if ((driver == EGA) || (driver == VGA))
/* return suggested video mode number */
return sugmode;
else
/* return an error code */
return grError;
}
/* check for and report any graphics errors */
void checkerrors(void)
{
int errorcode;
/* read result of last graphics operation */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
}
}
函数名: installuserfont
功 能: 安装未嵌入BGI系统的字体文件(CHR)
用 法: int far installuserfont(char far *name);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* function prototype */
void checkerrors(void);
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode;
int userfont;
int midx, midy;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* check for any initialization errors */
checkerrors();
/* install a user defined font file */
userfont = installuserfont("USER.CHR");
/* check for any installation errors */
checkerrors();
/* select the user font */
settextstyle(userfont, HORIZ_DIR, 4);
/* output some text */
outtextxy(midx, midy, "Testing!");
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
/* check for and report any graphics errors */
void checkerrors(void)
{
int errorcode;
/* read result of last graphics operation */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
}
}
函数名: int86
功 能: 通用8086软中断接口
用 法: int int86(int intr_num, union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#define VIDEO 0x10
void movetoxy(int x, int y)
{
union REGS regs;
regs.h.ah = 2; /* set cursor postion */
regs.h.dh = y;
regs.h.dl = x;
regs.h.bh = 0; /* video page 0 */
int86(VIDEO, ®s, ®s);
}
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
movetoxy(35, 10);
printf("Hello/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: int86x
功 能: 通用8086软中断接口
用 法: int int86x(int intr_num, union REGS *insegs, union REGS *outregs,
struct SREGS *segregs);
程序例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char filename[80];
union REGS inregs, outregs;
struct SREGS segregs;
printf("Enter filename: ");
gets(filename);
inregs.h.ah = 0x43;
inregs.h.al = 0x21;
inregs.x.dx = FP_OFF(filename);
segregs.ds = FP_SEG(filename);
int86x(0x21, &inregs, &outregs, &segregs);
printf("File attribute: %X/n", outregs.x.cx);
return 0;
}
函数名: intdos
功 能: 通用DOS接口
用 法: int intdos(union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
/* deletes file name; returns 0 on success, nonzero on failure */
int delete_file(char near *filename)
{
union REGS regs;
int ret;
regs.h.ah = 0x41; /* delete file */
regs.x.dx = (unsigned) filename;
ret = intdos(®s, ®s);
/* if carry flag is set, there was an error */
return(regs.x.cflag ? ret : 0);
}
int main(void)
{
int err;
err = delete_file("NOTEXIST.$$$");
if (!err)
printf("Able to delete NOTEXIST.$$$/n");
else
printf("Not Able to delete NOTEXIST.$$$/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: intdosx
功 能: 通用DOS中断接口
用 法: int intdosx(union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs,
struct SREGS *segregs);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
/* deletes file name; returns 0 on success, nonzero on failure */
int delete_file(char far *filename)
{
union REGS regs; struct SREGS sregs;
int ret;
regs.h.ah = 0x41; /* delete file */
regs.x.dx = FP_OFF(filename);
sregs.ds = FP_SEG(filename);
ret = intdosx(®s, ®s, &sregs);
/* if carry flag is set, there was an error */
return(regs.x.cflag ? ret : 0);
}
int main(void)
{
int err;
err = delete_file("NOTEXIST.$$$");
if (!err)
printf("Able to delete NOTEXIST.$$$/n");
else
printf("Not Able to delete NOTEXIST.$$$/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: intr
功 能: 改变软中断接口
用 法: void intr(int intr_num, struct REGPACK *preg);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <dir.h>
#include <dos.h>
#define CF 1 /* Carry flag */
int main(void)
{
char directory[80];
struct REGPACK reg;
printf("Enter directory to change to: ");
gets(directory);
reg.r_ax = 0x3B << 8; /* shift 3Bh into AH */
reg.r_dx = FP_OFF(directory);
reg.r_ds = FP_SEG(directory);
intr(0x21, ®);
if (reg.r_flags & CF)
printf("Directory change failed/n");
getcwd(directory, 80);
printf("The current directory is: %s/n", directory);
return 0;
}
函数名: ioctl
功 能: 控制I/O设备
用 法: int ioctl(int handle, int cmd[,int *argdx, int argcx]);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
int stat;
/* use func 8 to determine if the default drive is removable */
stat = ioctl(0, 8, 0, 0);
if (!stat)
printf("Drive %c is removable./n", getdisk() + 'A');
else
printf("Drive %c is not removable./n", getdisk() + 'A');
return 0;
}
函数名: isatty
功 能: 检查设备类型
用 法: int isatty(int handle);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle;
handle = fileno(stdprn);
if (isatty(handle))
printf("Handle %d is a device type/n", handle);
else
printf("Handle %d isn't a device type/n", handle);
return 0;
}
函数名: itoa
功 能: 把一整数转换为字符串
用 法: char *itoa(int value, char *string, int radix);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int number = 12345;
char string[25];
itoa(number, string, 10);
printf("integer = %d string = %s/n", number, string);
return 0;
}
@12$K
函数名: kbhit
功 能: 检查当前按下的键
用 法: int kbhit(void);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
cprintf("Press any key to continue:");
while (!kbhit()) /* do nothing */ ;
cprintf("/r/nA key was pressed.../r/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: keep
功 能: 退出并继续驻留
用 法: void keep(int status, int size);
程序例:
/***NOTE:
This is an interrupt service routine. You
can NOT compile this program with Test
Stack Overflow turned on and get an
executable file which will operate
correctly. Due to the nature of this
function the formula used to compute
the number of paragraphs may not
necessarily work in all cases. Use with
care! Terminate Stay Resident (TSR)
programs are complex and no other support
for them is provided. Refer to the
MS-DOS technical documentation
for more information. */
#include <dos.h>
/* The clock tick interrupt */
#define INTR 0x1C
/* Screen attribute (blue on grey) */
#define ATTR 0x7900
/* reduce heaplength and stacklength
to make a smaller program in memory */
extern unsigned _heaplen = 1024;
extern unsigned _stklen = 512;
void interrupt ( *oldhandler)(void);
void interrupt handler(void)
{
unsigned int (far *screen)[80];
static int count;
/* For a color screen the video memory
is at B800:0000. For a monochrome
system use B000:000 */
screen = MK_FP(0xB800,0);
/* increase the counter and keep it
within 0 to 9 */
count++;
count %= 10;
/* put the number on the screen */
screen[0][79] = count + '0' + ATTR;
/* call the old interrupt handler */
oldhandler();
}
int main(void)
{
/* get the address of the current clock
tick interrupt */
oldhandler = getvect(INTR);
/* install the new interrupt handler */
setvect(INTR, handler);
/* _psp is the starting address of the
program in memory. The top of the stack
is the end of the program. Using _SS and
_SP together we can get the end of the
stack. You may want to allow a bit of
saftey space to insure that enough room
is being allocated ie:
(_SS + ((_SP + safety space)/16) - _psp)
*/
keep(0, (_SS + (_SP/16) - _psp));
return 0;
}
@13$L
函数名: labs
功 能: 取长整型绝对值
用 法: long labs(long n);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
long result;
long x = -12345678L;
result= labs(x);
printf("number: %ld abs value: %ld/n",
x, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: ldexp
功 能: 计算value*2的幂
用 法: double ldexp(double value, int exp);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double value;
double x = 2;
/* ldexp raises 2 by a power of 3
then multiplies the result by 2 */
value = ldexp(x,3);
printf("The ldexp value is: %lf/n",
value);
return 0;
}
函数名: ldiv
功 能: 两个长整型数相除, 返回商和余数
用 法: ldiv_t ldiv(long lnumer, long ldenom);
程序例:
/* ldiv example */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
ldiv_t lx;
lx = ldiv(100000L, 30000L);
printf("100000 div 30000 = %ld remainder %ld/n", lx.quot, lx.rem);
return 0;
}
函数名: lfind
功 能: 执行线性搜索
用 法: void *lfind(void *key, void *base, int *nelem, int width,
int (*fcmp)());
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int compare(int *x, int *y)
{
return( *x - *y );
}
int main(void)
{
int array[5] = {35, 87, 46, 99, 12};
size_t nelem = 5;
int key;
int *result;
key = 99;
result = lfind(&key, array, &nelem,
sizeof(int), (int(*)(const void *,const void *))compare);
if (result)
printf("Number %d found/n",key);
else
printf("Number %d not found/n",key);
return 0;
}
函数名: line
功 能: 在指定两点间画一直线
用 法: void far line(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int xmax, ymax;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
}
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
xmax = getmaxx();
ymax = getmaxy();
/* draw a diagonal line */
line(0, 0, xmax, ymax);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: linerel
功 能: 从当前位置点(CP)到与CP有一给定相对距离的点画一直线
用 法: void far linerel(int dx, int dy);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
}
/* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */
moveto(20, 30);
/* create and output a
message at (20, 30) */
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
outtextxy(20, 30, msg);
/* draw a line to a point a relative
distance away from the current
value of C.P. */
linerel(100, 100);
/* create and output a message at C.P. */
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
outtext(msg);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: localtime
功 能: 把日期和时间转变为结构
用 法: struct tm *localtime(long *clock);
程序例:
#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
time_t timer;
struct tm *tblock;
/* gets time of day */
timer = time(NULL);
/* converts date/time to a structure */
tblock = localtime(&timer);
printf("Local time is: %s", asctime(tblock));
return 0;
}
函数名: lock
功 能: 设置文件共享锁
用 法: int lock(int handle, long offset, long length);
程序例:
#include <io.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <share.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle, status;
long length;
/* Must have DOS Share.exe loaded for */
/* file locking to function properly */
handle = sopen("c://autoexec.bat",
O_RDONLY,SH_DENYNO,S_IREAD);
if (handle < 0)
{
printf("sopen failed/n");
exit(1);
}
length = filelength(handle);
status = lock(handle,0L,length/2);
if (status == 0)
printf("lock succeeded/n");
else
printf("lock failed/n");
status = unlock(handle,0L,length/2);
if (status == 0)
printf("unlock succeeded/n");
else
printf("unlock failed/n");
close(handle);
return 0;
}
函数名: log
功 能: 对数函数ln(x)
用 法: double log(double x);
程序例:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 8.6872;
result = log(x);
printf("The natural log of %lf is %lf/n", x, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: log10
功 能: 对数函数log
用 法: double log10(double x);
程序例:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 800.6872;
result = log10(x);
printf("The common log of %lf is %lf/n", x, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: longjump
功 能: 执行非局部转移
用 法: void longjump(jmp_buf env, int val);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <setjmp.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void subroutine(jmp_buf);
int main(void)
{
int value;
jmp_buf jumper;
value = setjmp(jumper);
if (value != 0)
{
printf("Longjmp with value %d/n", value);
exit(value);
}
printf("About to call subroutine ... /n");
subroutine(jumper);
return 0;
}
void subroutine(jmp_buf jumper)
{
longjmp(jumper,1);
}
函数名: lowvideo
功 能: 选择低亮度字符
用 法: void lowvideo(void);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
highvideo();
cprintf("High Intesity Text/r/n");
lowvideo();
gotoxy(1,2);
cprintf("Low Intensity Text/r/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: lrotl, _lrotl
功 能: 将无符号长整型数向左循环移位
用 法: unsigned long lrotl(unsigned long lvalue, int count);
unsigned long _lrotl(unsigned long lvalue, int count);
程序例:
/* lrotl example */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
unsigned long result;
unsigned long value = 100;
result = _lrotl(value,1);
printf("The value %lu rotated left one bit is: %lu/n", value, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: lsearch
功 能: 线性搜索
用 法: void *lsearch(const void *key, void *base, size_t *nelem,
size_t width, int (*fcmp)(const void *, const void *));
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int compare(int *x, int *y)
{
return( *x - *y );
}
int main(void)
{
int array[5] = {35, 87, 46, 99, 12};
size_t nelem = 5;
int key;
int *result;
key = 99;
result = lfind(&key, array, &nelem,
sizeof(int), (int(*)(const void *,const void *))compare);
if (result)
printf("Number %d found/n",key);
else
printf("Number %d not found/n",key);
return 0;
}
函数名: lseek
功 能: 移动文件读/写指针
用 法: long lseek(int handle, long offset, int fromwhere);
程序例:
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle;
char msg[] = "This is a test";
char ch;
/* create a file */
handle = open("TEST.$$$", O_CREAT | O_RDWR, S_IREAD | S_IWRITE);
/* write some data to the file */
write(handle, msg, strlen(msg));
/* seek to the begining of the file */
lseek(handle, 0L, SEEK_SET);
/* reads chars from the file until we hit EOF */
do
{
read(handle, &ch, 1);
printf("%c", ch);
} while (!eof(handle));
close(handle);
return 0;
}
@14$M
main()主函数
每一C 程序都必须有一main()函数, 可以根据自己的爱好把它放在程序的某
个地方。有些程序员把它放在最前面, 而另一些程序员把它放在最后面, 无论放
在哪个地方, 以下几点说明都是适合的。
1. main() 参数
在Turbo C2.0启动过程中, 传递main()函数三个参数: argc, argv和env。
* argc: 整数, 为传给main()的命令行参数个数。
* argv: 字符串数组。
在DOS 3.X 版本中, argv[0] 为程序运行的全路径名; 对DOS 3.0
以下的版本, argv[0]为空串("") 。
argv[1] 为在DOS命令行中执行程序名后的第一个字符串;
argv[2] 为执行程序名后的第二个字符串;
...
argv[argc]为NULL。
*env: 安符串数组。env[] 的每一个元素都包含ENVVAR=value形式的字符
串。其中ENVVAR为环境变量如PATH或87。value 为ENVVAR的对应值如C:/DOS, C:
/TURBOC(对于PATH) 或YES(对于87)。
Turbo C2.0启动时总是把这三个参数传递给main()函数, 可以在用户程序中
说明(或不说明)它们, 如果说明了部分(或全部)参数, 它们就成为main()子程序
的局部变量。
请注意: 一旦想说明这些参数, 则必须按argc, argv, env 的顺序, 如以下
的例子:
main()
main(int argc)
main(int argc, char *argv[])
main(int argc, char *argv[], char *env[])
其中第二种情况是合法的, 但不常见, 因为在程序中很少有只用argc, 而不
用argv[]的情况。
以下提供一样例程序EXAMPLE.EXE, 演示如何在main()函数中使用三个参数:
/*program name EXAMPLE.EXE*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
main(int argc, char *argv[], char *env[])
{
int i;
printf("These are the %d command- line arguments passed to
main:/n/n", argc);
for(i=0; i<=argc; i++)
printf("argv[%d]:%s/n", i, argv[i]);
printf("/nThe environment string(s)on this system are:/n/n");
for(i=0; env[i]!=NULL; i++)
printf(" env[%d]:%s/n", i, env[i]);
}
如果在DOS 提示符下, 按以下方式运行EXAMPLE.EXE:
C:/example first_argument "argument with blanks" 3 4 "last but
one" stop!
注意: 可以用双引号括起内含空格的参数, 如本例中的: " argument
with blanks"和"Last but one")。
结果是这样的:
The value of argc is 7
These are the 7 command-linearguments passed to main:
argv[0]:C:/TURBO/EXAMPLE.EXE
argv[1]:first_argument
argv[2]:argument with blanks
argv[3]:3
argv[4]:4
argv[5]:last but one
argv[6]:stop!
argv[7]:(NULL)
The environment string(s) on this system are:
env[0]: COMSPEC=C:/COMMAND.COM
env[1]: PROMPT=$P$G /*视具体设置而定*/
env[2]: PATH=C:/DOS;C:/TC /*视具体设置而定*/
应该提醒的是: 传送main() 函数的命令行参数的最大长度为128 个字符 (包
括参数间的空格), 这是由DOS 限制的。
函数名: matherr
功 能: 用户可修改的数学错误处理程序
用 法: int matherr(struct exception *e);
程序例:
/* This is a user-defined matherr function that prevents
any error messages from being printed. */
#include<math.h>
int matherr(struct exception *a)
{
return 1;
}
函数名: memccpy
功 能: 从源source中拷贝n个字节到目标destin中
用 法: void *memccpy(void *destin, void *source, unsigned char ch,
unsigned n);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *src = "This is the source string";
char dest[50];
char *ptr;
ptr = memccpy(dest, src, 'c', strlen(src));
if (ptr)
{
*ptr = '/0';
printf("The character was found: %s/n", dest);
}
else
printf("The character wasn't found/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: malloc
功 能: 内存分配函数
用 法: void *malloc(unsigned size);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <process.h>
int main(void)
{
char *str;
/* allocate memory for string */
/* This will generate an error when compiling */
/* with C++, use the new operator instead. */
if ((str = malloc(10)) == NULL)
{
printf("Not enough memory to allocate buffer/n");
exit(1); /* terminate program if out of memory */
}
/* copy "Hello" into string */
strcpy(str, "Hello");
/* display string */
printf("String is %s/n", str);
/* free memory */
free(str);
return 0;
}
函数名: memchr
功 能: 在数组的前n个字节中搜索字符
用 法: void *memchr(void *s, char ch, unsigned n);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char str[17];
char *ptr;
strcpy(str, "This is a string");
ptr = memchr(str, 'r', strlen(str));
if (ptr)
printf("The character 'r' is at position: %d/n", ptr - str);
else
printf("The character was not found/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: memcpy
功 能: 从源source中拷贝n个字节到目标destin中
用 法: void *memcpy(void *destin, void *source, unsigned n);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char src[] = "******************************";
char dest[] = "abcdefghijlkmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456709";
char *ptr;
printf("destination before memcpy: %s/n", dest);
ptr = memcpy(dest, src, strlen(src));
if (ptr)
printf("destination after memcpy: %s/n", dest);
else
printf("memcpy failed/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: memicmp
功 能: 比较两个串s1和s2的前n个字节, 忽略大小写
用 法: int memicmp(void *s1, void *s2, unsigned n);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "ABCDE123";
char *buf2 = "abcde456";
int stat;
stat = memicmp(buf1, buf2, 5);
printf("The strings to position 5 are ");
if (stat)
printf("not ");
printf("the same/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: memmove
功 能: 移动一块字节
用 法: void *memmove(void *destin, void *source, unsigned n);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *dest = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";
char *src = "******************************";
printf("destination prior to memmove: %s/n", dest);
memmove(dest, src, 26);
printf("destination after memmove: %s/n", dest);
return 0;
}
函数名: memset
功 能: 设置s中的所有字节为ch, s数组的大小由n给定
用 法: void *memset(void *s, char ch, unsigned n);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <mem.h>
int main(void)
{
char buffer[] = "Hello world/n";
printf("Buffer before memset: %s/n", buffer);
memset(buffer, '*', strlen(buffer) - 1);
printf("Buffer after memset: %s/n", buffer);
return 0;
}
函数名: mkdir
功 能: 建立一个目录
用 法: int mkdir(char *pathname);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <dir.h>
int main(void)
{
int status;
clrscr();
status = mkdir("asdfjklm");
(!status) ? (printf("Directory created/n")) :
(printf("Unable to create directory/n"));
getch();
system("dir");
getch();
status = rmdir("asdfjklm");
(!status) ? (printf("Directory deleted/n")) :
(perror("Unable to delete directory"));
return 0;
}
函数名: mktemp
功 能: 建立唯一的文件名
用 法: char *mktemp(char *template);
程序例:
#include <dir.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* fname defines the template for the
temporary file. */
char *fname = "TXXXXXX", *ptr;
ptr = mktemp(fname);
printf("%s/n",ptr);
return 0;
}
函数名: MK_FP
功 能: 设置一个远指针
用 法: void far *MK_FP(unsigned seg, unsigned off);
程序例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <graphics.h>
int main(void)
{
int gd, gm, i;
unsigned int far *screen;
detectgraph(&gd, &gm);
if (gd == HERCMONO)
screen = MK_FP(0xB000, 0);
else
screen = MK_FP(0xB800, 0);
for (i=0; i<26; i++)
screen[i] = 0x0700 + ('a' + i);
return 0;
}
函数名: modf
功 能: 把数分为指数和尾数
用 法: double modf(double value, double *iptr);
程序例:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double fraction, integer;
double number = 100000.567;
fraction = modf(number, &integer);
printf("The whole and fractional parts of %lf are %lf and %lf/n",
number, integer, fraction);
return 0;
}
函数名: movedata
功 能: 拷贝字节
用 法: void movedata(int segsrc, int offsrc, int segdest,
int offdest, unsigned numbytes);
程序例:
#include <mem.h>
#define MONO_BASE 0xB000
/* saves the contents of the monochrome screen in buffer */
void save_mono_screen(char near *buffer)
{
movedata(MONO_BASE, 0, _DS, (unsigned)buffer, 80*25*2);
}
int main(void)
{
char buf[80*25*2];
save_mono_screen(buf);
}
函数名: moverel
功 能: 将当前位置(CP)移动一相对距离
用 法: void far moverel(int dx, int dy);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */
moveto(20, 30);
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());
/* create and output a message at (20, 30) */
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
outtextxy(20, 30, msg);
/* move to a point a relative distance */
/* away from the current value of C.P. */
moverel(100, 100);
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());
/* create and output a message at C.P. */
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
outtext(msg);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: movetext
功 能: 将屏幕文本从一个矩形区域拷贝到另一个矩形区域
用 法: int movetext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
int newleft, int newtop);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *str = "This is a test string";
clrscr();
cputs(str);
getch();
movetext(1, 1, strlen(str), 2, 10, 10);
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: moveto
功 能: 将CP移到(x, y)
用 法: void far moveto(int x, int y);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */
moveto(20, 30);
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());
/* create and output a message at (20, 30) */
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
outtextxy(20, 30, msg);
/* move to (100, 100) */
moveto(100, 100);
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());
/* create and output a message at C.P. */
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
outtext(msg);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: movemem
功 能: 移动一块字节
用 法: void movemem(void *source, void *destin, unsigned len);
程序例:
#include <mem.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *source = "Borland International";
char *destination;
int length;
length = strlen(source);
destination = malloc(length + 1);
movmem(source,destination,length);
printf("%s/n",destination);
return 0;
}
函数名: normvideo
功 能: 选择正常亮度字符
用 法: void normvideo(void);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
normvideo();
cprintf("NORMAL Intensity Text/r/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: nosound
功 能: 关闭PC扬声器
用 法: void nosound(void);
程序例:
/* Emits a 7-Hz tone for 10 seconds.
True story: 7 Hz is the resonant frequency of a chicken's skull cavity.
This was determined empirically in Australia, where a new factory
generating 7-Hz tones was located too close to a chicken ranch:
When the factory started up, all the chickens died.
Your PC may not be able to emit a 7-Hz tone.
*/
int main(void)
{
sound(7);
delay(10000);
nosound();
}
@15$O
函数名: open
功 能: 打开一个文件用于读或写
用 法: int open(char *pathname, int access[, int permiss]);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle;
char msg[] = "Hello world";
if ((handle = open("TEST.$$$", O_CREAT | O_TEXT)) == -1)
{
perror("Error:");
return 1;
}
write(handle, msg, strlen(msg));
close(handle);
return 0;
}
函数名: outport
功 能: 输出整数到硬件端口中
用 法: void outport(int port, int value);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
int value = 64;
int port = 0;
outportb(port, value);
printf("Value %d sent to port number %d/n", value, port);
return 0;
}
函数名: outportb
功 能: 输出字节到硬件端口中
用 法: void outportb(int port, char byte);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
int value = 64;
int port = 0;
outportb(port, value);
printf("Value %d sent to port number %d/n", value, port);
return 0;
}
函数名: outtext
功 能: 在视区显示一个字符串
用 法: void far outtext(char far *textstring);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* move the C.P. to the center of the screen */
moveto(midx, midy);
/* output text starting at the C.P. */
outtext("This ");
outtext("is ");
outtext("a ");
outtext("test.");
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: outtextxy
功 能: 在指定位置显示一字符串
用 法: void far outtextxy(int x, int y, char *textstring);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph( &gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* output text at the center of the screen*/
/* Note: the C.P. doesn't get changed.*/
outtextxy(midx, midy, "This is a test.");
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
@16$P
函数名: parsfnm
功 能: 分析文件名
用 法: char *parsfnm (char *cmdline, struct fcb *fcbptr, int option);
程序例:
#include <process.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
char line[80];
struct fcb blk;
/* get file name */
printf("Enter drive and file name (no path - ie. a:file.dat)/n");
gets(line);
/* put file name in fcb */
if (parsfnm(line, &blk, 1) == NULL)
printf("Error in parsfm call/n");
else
printf("Drive #%d Name: %11s/n", blk.fcb_drive, blk.fcb_name);
return 0;
}
函数名: peek
功 能: 检查存储单元
用 法: int peek(int segment, unsigned offset);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
int value = 0;
printf("The current status of your keyboard is:/n");
value = peek(0x0040, 0x0017);
if (value & 1)
printf("Right shift on/n");
else
printf("Right shift off/n");
if (value & 2)
printf("Left shift on/n");
else
printf("Left shift off/n");
if (value & 4)
printf("Control key on/n");
else
printf("Control key off/n");
if (value & 8)
printf("Alt key on/n");
else
printf("Alt key off/n");
if (value & 16)
printf("Scroll lock on/n");
else
printf("Scroll lock off/n");
if (value & 32)
printf("Num lock on/n");
else
printf("Num lock off/n");
if (value & 64)
printf("Caps lock on/n");
else
printf("Caps lock off/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: peekb
功 能: 检查存储单元
用 法: char peekb (int segment, unsigned offset);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
int value = 0;
printf("The current status of your keyboard is:/n");
value = peekb(0x0040, 0x0017);
if (value & 1)
printf("Right shift on/n");
else
printf("Right shift off/n");
if (value & 2)
printf("Left shift on/n");
else
printf("Left shift off/n");
if (value & 4)
printf("Control key on/n");
else
printf("Control key off/n");
if (value & 8)
printf("Alt key on/n");
else
printf("Alt key off/n");
if (value & 16)
printf("Scroll lock on/n");
else
printf("Scroll lock off/n");
if (value & 32)
printf("Num lock on/n");
else
printf("Num lock off/n");
if (value & 64)
printf("Caps lock on/n");
else
printf("Caps lock off/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: perror
功 能: 系统错误信息
用 法: void perror(char *string);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen("perror.dat", "r");
if (!fp)
perror("Unable to open file for reading");
return 0;
}
函数名: pieslice
功 能: 绘制并填充一个扇形
用 法: void far pieslice(int x, int stanle, int endangle, int radius);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
int stangle = 45, endangle = 135, radius = 100;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* set fill style and draw a pie slice */
setfillstyle(EMPTY_FILL, getmaxcolor());
pieslice(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, radius);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: poke
功 能: 存值到一个给定存储单元
用 法: void poke(int segment, int offset, int value);
程序例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
cprintf("Make sure the scroll lock key is off and press any key/r/n");
getch();
poke(0x0000,0x0417,16);
cprintf("The scroll lock is now on/r/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: pokeb
功 能: 存值到一个给定存储单元
用 法: void pokeb(int segment, int offset, char value);
程序例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
cprintf("Make sure the scroll lock key is off and press any key/r/n");
getch();
pokeb(0x0000,0x0417,16);
cprintf("The scroll lock is now on/r/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: poly
功 能: 根据参数产生一个多项式
用 法: double poly(double x, int n, double c[]);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
/* polynomial: x**3 - 2x**2 + 5x - 1 */
int main(void)
{
double array[] = { -1.0, 5.0, -2.0, 1.0 };
double result;
result = poly(2.0, 3, array);
printf("The polynomial: x**3 - 2.0x**2 + 5x - 1 at 2.0 is %lf/n",
result);
return 0;
}
函数名: pow
功 能: 指数函数(x的y次方)
用 法: double pow(double x, double y);
程序例:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double x = 2.0, y = 3.0;
printf("%lf raised to %lf is %lf/n", x, y, pow(x, y));
return 0;
}
函数名: pow10
功 能: 指数函数(10的p次方)
用 法: double pow10(int p);
程序例:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double p = 3.0;
printf("Ten raised to %lf is %lf/n", p, pow10(p));
return 0;
}
函数名: printf
功 能: 产生格式化输出的函数
用 法: int printf(char *format...);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define I 555
#define R 5.5
int main(void)
{
int i,j,k,l;
char buf[7];
char *prefix = buf;
char tp[20];
printf("prefix 6d 6o 8x 10.2e "
"10.2f/n");
strcpy(prefix,"%");
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < 2; j++)
for (k = 0; k < 2; k++)
for (l = 0; l < 2; l++)
{
if (i==0) strcat(prefix,"-");
if (j==0) strcat(prefix,"+");
if (k==0) strcat(prefix,"#");
if (l==0) strcat(prefix,"0");
printf("%5s |",prefix);
strcpy(tp,prefix);
strcat(tp,"6d |");
printf(tp,I);
strcpy(tp,"");
strcpy(tp,prefix);
strcat(tp,"6o |");
printf(tp,I);
strcpy(tp,"");
strcpy(tp,prefix);
strcat(tp,"8x |");
printf(tp,I);
strcpy(tp,"");
strcpy(tp,prefix);
strcat(tp,"10.2e |");
printf(tp,R);
strcpy(tp,prefix);
strcat(tp,"10.2f |");
printf(tp,R);
printf(" /n");
strcpy(prefix,"%");
}
}
return 0;
}
函数名: putc
功 能: 输出一字符到指定流中
用 法: int putc(int ch, FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char msg[] = "Hello world/n";
int i = 0;
while (msg[i])
putc(msg[i++], stdout);
return 0;
}
函数名: putch
功 能: 输出字符到控制台
用 法: int putch(int ch);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
char ch = 0;
printf("Input a string:");
while ((ch != '/r'))
{
ch = getch();
putch(ch);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: putchar
功 能: 在stdout上输出字符
用 法: int putchar(int ch);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
/* define some box-drawing characters */
#define LEFT_TOP 0xDA
#define RIGHT_TOP 0xBF
#define HORIZ 0xC4
#define VERT 0xB3
#define LEFT_BOT 0xC0
#define RIGHT_BOT 0xD9
int main(void)
{
char i, j;
/* draw the top of the box */
putchar(LEFT_TOP);
for (i=0; i<10; i++)
putchar(HORIZ);
putchar(RIGHT_TOP);
putchar('/n');
/* draw the middle */
for (i=0; i<4; i++)
{
putchar(VERT);
for (j=0; j<10; j++)
putchar(' ');
putchar(VERT);
putchar('/n');
}
/* draw the bottom */
putchar(LEFT_BOT);
for (i=0; i<10; i++)
putchar(HORIZ);
putchar(RIGHT_BOT);
putchar('/n');
return 0;
}
函数名: putenv
功 能: 把字符串加到当前环境中
用 法: int putenv(char *envvar);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
char *path, *ptr;
int i = 0;
/* get the current path environment */
ptr = getenv("PATH");
/* set up new path */
path = malloc(strlen(ptr)+15);
strcpy(path,"PATH=");
strcat(path,ptr);
strcat(path,";c://temp");
/* replace the current path and display current environment */
putenv(path);
while (environ[i])
printf("%s/n",environ[i++]);
return 0;
}
函数名: putimage
功 能: 在屏幕上输出一个位图
用 法: void far putimage(int x, int y, void far *bitmap, int op);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define ARROW_SIZE 10
void draw_arrow(int x, int y);
int main(void)
{
/* request autodetection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
void *arrow;
int x, y, maxx;
unsigned int size;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
maxx = getmaxx();
x = 0;
y = getmaxy() / 2;
/* draw the image to be grabbed */
draw_arrow(x, y);
/* calculate the size of the image */
size = imagesize(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, x+(4*ARROW_SIZE), y+ARROW_SIZE);
/* allocate memory to hold the image */
arrow = malloc(size);
/* grab the image */
getimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, x+(4*ARROW_SIZE), y+ARROW_SIZE, arrow);
/* repeat until a key is pressed */
while (!kbhit())
{
/* erase old image */
putimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, arrow, XOR_PUT);
x += ARROW_SIZE;
if (x >= maxx)
x = 0;
/* plot new image */
putimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, arrow, XOR_PUT);
}
/* clean up */
free(arrow);
closegraph();
return 0;
}
void draw_arrow(int x, int y)
{
/* draw an arrow on the screen */
moveto(x, y);
linerel(4*ARROW_SIZE, 0);
linerel(-2*ARROW_SIZE, -1*ARROW_SIZE);
linerel(0, 2*ARROW_SIZE);
linerel(2*ARROW_SIZE, -1*ARROW_SIZE);
}
函数名: putpixel
功 能: 在指定位置画一像素
用 法: void far putpixel (int x, int y, int pixelcolor);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#define PIXEL_COUNT 1000
#define DELAY_TIME 100 /* in milliseconds */
int main(void)
{
/* request autodetection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int i, x, y, color, maxx, maxy, maxcolor, seed;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
maxx = getmaxx() + 1;
maxy = getmaxy() + 1;
maxcolor = getmaxcolor() + 1;
while (!kbhit())
{
/* seed the random number generator */
seed = random(32767);
srand(seed);
for (i=0; i<PIXEL_COUNT; i++)
{
x = random(maxx);
y = random(maxy);
color = random(maxcolor);
putpixel(x, y, color);
}
delay(DELAY_TIME);
srand(seed);
for (i=0; i<PIXEL_COUNT; i++)
{
x = random(maxx);
y = random(maxy);
color = random(maxcolor);
if (color == getpixel(x, y))
putpixel(x, y, 0);
}
}
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: puts
功 能: 送一字符串到流中
用 法: int puts(char *string);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[] = "This is an example output string/n";
puts(string);
return 0;
}
函数名: puttext
功 能: 将文本从存储区拷贝到屏幕
用 法: int puttext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, void *source);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
char buffer[512];
/* put some text to the console */
clrscr();
gotoxy(20, 12);
cprintf("This is a test. Press any key to continue ...");
getch();
/* grab screen contents */
gettext(20, 12, 36, 21,buffer);
clrscr();
/* put selected characters back to the screen */
gotoxy(20, 12);
puttext(20, 12, 36, 21, buffer);
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: putw
功 能: 把一字符或字送到流中
用 法: int putw(int w, FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define FNAME "test.$$$"
int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
int word;
/* place the word in a file */
fp = fopen(FNAME, "wb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
printf("Error opening file %s/n", FNAME);
exit(1);
}
word = 94;
putw(word,fp);
if (ferror(fp))
printf("Error writing to file/n");
else
printf("Successful write/n");
fclose(fp);
/* reopen the file */
fp = fopen(FNAME, "rb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
printf("Error opening file %s/n", FNAME);
exit(1);
}
/* extract the word */
word = getw(fp);
if (ferror(fp))
printf("Error reading file/n");
else
printf("Successful read: word = %d/n", word);
/* clean up */
fclose(fp);
unlink(FNAME);
return 0;
}
@17$Q
函数名: qsort
功 能: 使用快速排序例程进行排序
用 法: void qsort(void *base, int nelem, int width, int (*fcmp)());
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int sort_function( const void *a, const void *b);
char list[5][4] = { "cat", "car", "cab", "cap", "can" };
int main(void)
{
int x;
qsort((void *)list, 5, sizeof(list[0]), sort_function);
for (x = 0; x < 5; x++)
printf("%s/n", list[x]);
return 0;
}
int sort_function( const void *a, const void *b)
{
return( strcmp(a,b) );
}
@18$R
函数名: raise
功 能: 向正在执行的程序发送一个信号
用 法: int raise(int sig);
程序例:
#include <signal.h>
int main(void)
{
int a, b;
a = 10;
b = 0;
if (b == 0)
/* preempt divide by zero error */
raise(SIGFPE);
a = a / b;
return 0;
}
函数名: rand
功 能: 随机数发生器
用 法: void rand(void);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int i;
printf("Ten random numbers from 0 to 99/n/n");
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
printf("%d/n", rand() % 100);
return 0;
}
函数名: randbrd
功 能: 随机块读
用 法: int randbrd(struct fcb *fcbptr, int reccnt);
程序例:
#include <process.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
char far *save_dta;
char line[80], buffer[256];
struct fcb blk;
int i, result;
/* get user input file name for dta */
printf("Enter drive and file name (no path - i.e. a:file.dat)/n");
gets(line);
/* put file name in fcb */
if (!parsfnm(line, &blk, 1))
{
printf("Error in call to parsfnm/n");
exit(1);
}
printf("Drive #%d File: %s/n/n", blk.fcb_drive, blk.fcb_name);
/* open file with DOS FCB open file */
bdosptr(0x0F, &blk, 0);
/* save old dta, and set new one */
save_dta = getdta();
setdta(buffer);
/* set up info for the new dta */
blk.fcb_recsize = 128;
blk.fcb_random = 0L;
result = randbrd(&blk, 1);
/* check results from randbrd */
if (!result)
printf("Read OK/n/n");
else
{
perror("Error during read");
exit(1);
}
/* read in data from the new dta */
printf("The first 128 characters are:/n");
for (i=0; i<128; i++)
putchar(buffer[i]);
/* restore previous dta */
setdta(save_dta);
return 0;
}
函数名: randbwr
功 能: 随机块写
用 法: int randbwr(struct fcp *fcbptr, int reccnt);
程序例:
#include <process.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
char far *save_dta;
char line[80];
char buffer[256] = "RANDBWR test!";
struct fcb blk;
int result;
/* get new file name from user */
printf("Enter a file name to create (no path - ie. a:file.dat/n");
gets(line);
/* parse the new file name to the dta */
parsfnm(line,&blk,1);
printf("Drive #%d File: %s/n", blk.fcb_drive, blk.fcb_name);
/* request DOS services to create file */
if (bdosptr(0x16, &blk, 0) == -1)
{
perror("Error creating file");
exit(1);
}
/* save old dta and set new dta */
save_dta = getdta();
setdta(buffer);
/* write new records */
blk.fcb_recsize = 256;
blk.fcb_random = 0L;
result = randbwr(&blk, 1);
if (!result)
printf("Write OK/n");
else
{
perror("Disk error");
exit(1);
}
/* request DOS services to close the file */
if (bdosptr(0x10, &blk, 0) == -1)
{
perror("Error closing file");
exit(1);
}
/* reset the old dta */
setdta(save_dta);
return 0;
}
函数名: random
功 能: 随机数发生器
用 法: int random(int num);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
/* prints a random number in the range 0 to 99 */
int main(void)
{
randomize();
printf("Random number in the 0-99 range: %d/n", random (100));
return 0;
}
函数名: randomize
功 能: 初始化随机数发生器
用 法: void randomize(void);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
int main(void)
{
int i;
randomize();
printf("Ten random numbers from 0 to 99/n/n");
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
printf("%d/n", rand() % 100);
return 0;
}
函数名: read
功 能: 从文件中读
用 法: int read(int handle, void *buf, int nbyte);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
int main(void)
{
void *buf;
int handle, bytes;
buf = malloc(10);
/*
Looks for a file in the current directory named TEST.$$$ and attempts
to read 10 bytes from it. To use this example you should create the
file TEST.$$$
*/
if ((handle =
open("TEST.$$$", O_RDONLY | O_BINARY, S_IWRITE | S_IREAD)) == -1)
{
printf("Error Opening File/n");
exit(1);
}
if ((bytes = read(handle, buf, 10)) == -1) {
printf("Read Failed./n");
exit(1);
}
else {
printf("Read: %d bytes read./n", bytes);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: realloc
功 能: 重新分配主存
用 法: void *realloc(void *ptr, unsigned newsize);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *str;
/* allocate memory for string */
str = malloc(10);
/* copy "Hello" into string */
strcpy(str, "Hello");
printf("String is %s/n Address is %p/n", str, str);
str = realloc(str, 20);
printf("String is %s/n New address is %p/n", str, str);
/* free memory */
free(str);
return 0;
}
函数名: rectangle
功 能: 画一个矩形
用 法: void far rectangle(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int left, top, right, bottom;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
left = getmaxx() / 2 - 50;
top = getmaxy() / 2 - 50;
right = getmaxx() / 2 + 50;
bottom = getmaxy() / 2 + 50;
/* draw a rectangle */
rectangle(left,top,right,bottom);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: registerbgidriver
功 能: 登录已连接进来的图形驱动程序代码
用 法: int registerbgidriver(void(*driver)(void));
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
/* register a driver that was added into graphics.lib */
errorcode = registerbgidriver(EGAVGA_driver);
/* report any registration errors */
if (errorcode < 0)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* draw a line */
line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: remove
功 能: 删除一个文件
用 法: int remove(char *filename);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char file[80];
/* prompt for file name to delete */
printf("File to delete: ");
gets(file);
/* delete the file */
if (remove(file) == 0)
printf("Removed %s./n",file);
else
perror("remove");
return 0;
}
函数名: rename
功 能: 重命名文件
用 法: int rename(char *oldname, char *newname);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char oldname[80], newname[80];
/* prompt for file to rename and new name */
printf("File to rename: ");
gets(oldname);
printf("New name: ");
gets(newname);
/* Rename the file */
if (rename(oldname, newname) == 0)
printf("Renamed %s to %s./n", oldname, newname);
else
perror("rename");
return 0;
}
函数名: restorecrtmode
功 能: 将屏幕模式恢复为先前的imitgraph设置
用 法: void far restorecrtmode(void);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int x, y;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2;
/* output a message */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x, y, "Press any key to exit graphics:");
getch();
/* restore system to text mode */
restorecrtmode();
printf("We're now in text mode./n");
printf("Press any key to return to graphics mode:");
getch();
/* return to graphics mode */
setgraphmode(getgraphmode());
/* output a message */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x, y, "We're back in graphics mode.");
outtextxy(x, y+textheight("W"), "Press any key to halt:");
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: rewind
功 能: 将文件指针重新指向一个流的开头
用 法: int rewind(FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
char *fname = "TXXXXXX", *newname, first;
newname = mktemp(fname);
fp = fopen(newname,"w+");
fprintf(fp,"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz");
rewind(fp);
fscanf(fp,"%c",&first);
printf("The first character is: %c/n",first);
fclose(fp);
remove(newname);
return 0;
}
函数名: rmdir
功 能: 删除DOS文件目录
用 法: int rmdir(char *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <dir.h>
#define DIRNAME "testdir.$$$"
int main(void)
{
int stat;
stat = mkdir(DIRNAME);
if (!stat)
printf("Directory created/n");
else
{
printf("Unable to create directory/n");
exit(1);
}
getch();
system("dir/p");
getch();
stat = rmdir(DIRNAME);
if (!stat)
printf("/nDirectory deleted/n");
else
{
perror("/nUnable to delete directory/n");
exit(1);
}
return 0;
}
@19$S1
函数名: sbrk
功 能: 改变数据段空间位置
用 法: char *sbrk(int incr);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("Changing allocation with sbrk()/n");
printf("Before sbrk() call: %lu bytes free/n",
(unsigned long) coreleft());
sbrk(1000);
printf(" After sbrk() call: %lu bytes free/n",
(unsigned long) coreleft());
return 0;
}
函数名: scanf
功 能: 执行格式化输入
用 法: int scanf(char *format[,argument,...]);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
char label[20];
char name[20];
int entries = 0;
int loop, age;
double salary;
struct Entry_struct
{
char name[20];
int age;
float salary;
} entry[20];
/* Input a label as a string of characters restricting to 20 characters */
printf("/n/nPlease enter a label for the chart: ");
scanf("%20s", label);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */
/* Input number of entries as an integer */
printf("How many entries will there be? (less than 20) ");
scanf("%d", &entries);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */
/* input a name restricting input to only letters upper or lower case */
for (loop=0;loop<entries;++loop)
{
printf("Entry %d/n", loop);
printf(" Name : ");
scanf("%[A-Za-z]", entry[loop].name);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */
/* input an age as an integer */
printf(" Age : ");
scanf("%d", &entry[loop].age);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */
/* input a salary as a float */
printf(" Salary : ");
scanf("%f", &entry[loop].salary);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */
}
/* Input a name, age and salary as a string, integer, and double */
printf("/nPlease enter your name, age and salary/n");
scanf("%20s %d %lf", name, &age, &salary);
/* Print out the data that was input */
printf("/n/nTable %s/n",label);
printf("Compiled by %s age %d $%15.2lf/n", name, age, salary);
printf("-----------------------------------------------------/n");
for (loop=0;loop<entries;++loop)
printf("%4d | %-20s | %5d | %15.2lf/n",
loop + 1,
entry[loop].name,
entry[loop].age,
entry[loop].salary);
printf("-----------------------------------------------------/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: searchpath
功 能: 搜索DOS路径
用 法: char *searchpath(char *filename);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>
int main(void)
{
char *p;
/* Looks for TLINK and returns a pointer
to the path */
p = searchpath("TLINK.EXE");
printf("Search for TLINK.EXE : %s/n", p);
/* Looks for non-existent file */
p = searchpath("NOTEXIST.FIL");
printf("Search for NOTEXIST.FIL : %s/n", p);
return 0;
}
函数名: sector
功 能: 画并填充椭圆扇区
用 法: void far sector(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy, i;
int stangle = 45, endangle = 135;
int xrad = 100, yrad = 50;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* loop through the fill patterns */
for (i=EMPTY_FILL; i<USER_FILL; i++)
{
/* set the fill style */
setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor());
/* draw the sector slice */
sector(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, xrad, yrad);
getch();
}
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: segread
功 能: 读段寄存器值
用 法: void segread(struct SREGS *segtbl);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
struct SREGS segs;
segread(&segs);
printf("Current segment register settings/n/n");
printf("CS: %X DS: %X/n", segs.cs, segs.ds);
printf("ES: %X SS: %X/n", segs.es, segs.ss);
return 0;
}
函数名: setactivepage
功 能: 设置图形输出活动页
用 法: void far setactivepage(int pagenum);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* select a driver and mode that supports */
/* multiple pages. */
int gdriver = EGA, gmode = EGAHI, errorcode;
int x, y, ht;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2;
ht = textheight("W");
/* select the off screen page for drawing */
setactivepage(1);
/* draw a line on page #1 */
line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());
/* output a message on page #1 */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x, y, "This is page #1:");
outtextxy(x, y+ht, "Press any key to halt:");
/* select drawing to page #0 */
setactivepage(0);
/* output a message on page #0 */
outtextxy(x, y, "This is page #0.");
outtextxy(x, y+ht, "Press any key to view page #1:");
getch();
/* select page #1 as the visible page */
setvisualpage(1);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setallpallette
功 能: 按指定方式改变所有的调色板颜色
用 法: void far setallpallette(struct palette, far *pallette);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct palettetype pal;
int color, maxcolor, ht;
int y = 10;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
maxcolor = getmaxcolor();
ht = 2 * textheight("W");
/* grab a copy of the palette */
getpalette(&pal);
/* display the default palette colors */
for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++)
{
setcolor(color);
sprintf(msg, "Color: %d", color);
outtextxy(1, y, msg);
y += ht;
}
/* wait for a key */
getch();
/* black out the colors one by one */
for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++)
{
setpalette(color, BLACK);
getch();
}
/* restore the palette colors */
setallpalette(&pal);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setaspectratio
功 能: 设置图形纵横比
用 法: void far setaspectratio(int xasp, int yasp);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int xasp, yasp, midx, midy;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* get current aspect ratio settings */
getaspectratio(&xasp, &yasp);
/* draw normal circle */
circle(midx, midy, 100);
getch();
/* claer the screen */
cleardevice();
/* adjust the aspect for a wide circle */
setaspectratio(xasp/2, yasp);
circle(midx, midy, 100);
getch();
/* adjust the aspect for a narrow circle */
cleardevice();
setaspectratio(xasp, yasp/2);
circle(midx, midy, 100);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setbkcolor
功 能: 用调色板设置当前背景颜色
用 法: void far setbkcolor(int color);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* select a driver and mode that supports */
/* multiple background colors. */
int gdriver = EGA, gmode = EGAHI, errorcode;
int bkcol, maxcolor, x, y;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* maximum color index supported */
maxcolor = getmaxcolor();
/* for centering text messages */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2;
/* loop through the available colors */
for (bkcol=0; bkcol<=maxcolor; bkcol++)
{
/* clear the screen */
cleardevice();
/* select a new background color */
setbkcolor(bkcol);
/* output a messsage */
if (bkcol == WHITE)
setcolor(EGA_BLUE);
sprintf(msg, "Background color: %d", bkcol);
outtextxy(x, y, msg);
getch();
}
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setblock
功 能: 修改先前已分配的DOS存储段大小
用 法: int setblock(int seg, int newsize);
程序例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
unsigned int size, segp;
int stat;
size = 64; /* (64 x 16) = 1024 bytes */
stat = allocmem(size, &segp);
if (stat == -1)
printf("Allocated memory at segment: %X/n", segp);
else
{
printf("Failed: maximum number of paragraphs available is %d/n",
stat);
exit(1);
}
stat = setblock(segp, size * 2);
if (stat == -1)
printf("Expanded memory block at segment: %X/n", segp);
else
printf("Failed: maximum number of paragraphs available is %d/n",
stat);
freemem(segp);
return 0;
}
函数名: setbuf
功 能: 把缓冲区与流相联
用 法: void setbuf(FILE *steam, char *buf);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
/* BUFSIZ is defined in stdio.h */
char outbuf[BUFSIZ];
int main(void)
{
/* attach a buffer to the standard output stream */
setbuf(stdout, outbuf);
/* put some characters into the buffer */
puts("This is a test of buffered output./n/n");
puts("This output will go into outbuf/n");
puts("and won't appear until the buffer/n");
puts("fills up or we flush the stream./n");
/* flush the output buffer */
fflush(stdout);
return 0;
}
函数名: setcbrk
功 能: 设置Control-break
用 法: int setcbrk(int value);
程序例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int break_flag;
printf("Enter 0 to turn control break off/n");
printf("Enter 1 to turn control break on/n");
break_flag = getch() - 0;
setcbrk(break_flag);
if (getcbrk())
printf("Cntrl-brk flag is on/n");
else
printf("Cntrl-brk flag is off/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: setcolor
功 能: 设置当前画线颜色
用 法: void far setcolor(int color);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* select a driver and mode that supports */
/* multiple drawing colors. */
int gdriver = EGA, gmode = EGAHI, errorcode;
int color, maxcolor, x, y;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* maximum color index supported */
maxcolor = getmaxcolor();
/* for centering text messages */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2;
/* loop through the available colors */
for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++)
{
/* clear the screen */
cleardevice();
/* select a new background color */
setcolor(color);
/* output a messsage */
sprintf(msg, "Color: %d", color);
outtextxy(x, y, msg);
getch();
}
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setdate
功 能: 设置DOS日期
用 法: void setdate(struct date *dateblk);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
struct date reset;
struct date save_date;
getdate(&save_date);
printf("Original date:/n");
system("date");
reset.da_year = 2001;
reset.da_day = 1;
reset.da_mon = 1;
setdate(&reset);
printf("Date after setting:/n");
system("date");
setdate(&save_date);
printf("Back to original date:/n");
system("date");
return 0;
}
函数名: setdisk
功 能: 设置当前磁盘驱动器
用 法: int setdisk(int drive);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>
int main(void)
{
int save, disk, disks;
/* save original drive */
save = getdisk();
/* print number of logic drives */
disks = setdisk(save);
printf("%d logical drives on the system/n/n", disks);
/* print the drive letters available */
printf("Available drives:/n");
for (disk = 0;disk < 26;++disk)
{
setdisk(disk);
if (disk == getdisk())
printf("%c: drive is available/n", disk + 'a');
}
setdisk(save);
return 0;
}
函数名: setdta
功 能: 设置磁盘传输区地址
用 法: void setdta(char far *dta);
程序例:
#include <process.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
char line[80], far *save_dta;
char buffer[256] = "SETDTA test!";
struct fcb blk;
int result;
/* get new file name from user */
printf("Enter a file name to create:");
gets(line);
/* parse the new file name to the dta */
parsfnm(line, &blk, 1);
printf("%d %s/n", blk.fcb_drive, blk.fcb_name);
/* request DOS services to create file */
if (bdosptr(0x16, &blk, 0) == -1)
{
perror("Error creating file");
exit(1);
}
/* save old dta and set new dta */
save_dta = getdta();
setdta(buffer);
/* write new records */
blk.fcb_recsize = 256;
blk.fcb_random = 0L;
result = randbwr(&blk, 1);
printf("result = %d/n", result);
if (!result)
printf("Write OK/n");
else
{
perror("Disk error");
exit(1);
}
/* request DOS services to close the file */
if (bdosptr(0x10, &blk, 0) == -1)
{
perror("Error closing file");
exit(1);
}
/* reset the old dta */
setdta(save_dta);
return 0;
}
函数名: setfillpattern
功 能: 选择用户定义的填充模式
用 法: void far setfillpattern(char far *upattern, int color);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int maxx, maxy;
/* a user defined fill pattern */
char pattern[8] = {0x00, 0x70, 0x20, 0x27, 0x24, 0x24, 0x07, 0x00};
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* select a user defined fill pattern */
setfillpattern(pattern, getmaxcolor());
/* fill the screen with the pattern */
bar(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setfillstyle
功 能: 设置填充模式和颜色
用 法: void far setfillstyle(int pattern, int color);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* the names of the fill styles supported */
char *fname[] = { "EMPTY_FILL",
"SOLID_FILL",
"LINE_FILL",
"LTSLASH_FILL",
"SLASH_FILL",
"BKSLASH_FILL",
"LTBKSLASH_FILL",
"HATCH_FILL",
"XHATCH_FILL",
"INTERLEAVE_FILL",
"WIDE_DOT_FILL",
"CLOSE_DOT_FILL",
"USER_FILL"
};
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int style, midx, midy;
char stylestr[40];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
for (style = EMPTY_FILL; style < USER_FILL; style++)
{
/* select the fill style */
setfillstyle(style, getmaxcolor());
/* convert style into a string */
strcpy(stylestr, fname[style]);
/* fill a bar */
bar3d(0, 0, midx-10, midy, 0, 0);
/* output a message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, stylestr);
/* wait for a key */
getch();
cleardevice();
}
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setftime
功 能: 设置文件日期和时间
用 法: int setftime(int handle, struct ftime *ftimep);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
struct ftime filet;
FILE *fp;
if ((fp = fopen("TEST.$$$", "w")) == NULL)
{
perror("Error:");
exit(1);
}
fprintf(fp, "testing.../n");
/* load ftime structure with new time and date */
filet.ft_tsec = 1;
filet.ft_min = 1;
filet.ft_hour = 1;
filet.ft_day = 1;
filet.ft_month = 1;
filet.ft_year = 21;
/* show current directory for time and date */
system("dir TEST.$$$");
/* change the time and date stamp*/
setftime(fileno(fp), &filet);
/* close and remove the temporary file */
fclose(fp);
system("dir TEST.$$$");
unlink("TEST.$$$");
return 0;
}
函数名: setgraphbufsize
功 能: 改变内部图形缓冲区的大小
用 法: unsigned far setgraphbufsize(unsigned bufsize);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define BUFSIZE 1000 /* internal graphics buffer size */
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int x, y, oldsize;
char msg[80];
/* set the size of the internal graphics buffer */
/* before making a call to initgraph. */
oldsize = setgraphbufsize(BUFSIZE);
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2;
/* output some messages */
sprintf(msg, "Graphics buffer size: %d", BUFSIZE);
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x, y, msg);
sprintf(msg, "Old graphics buffer size: %d", oldsize);
outtextxy(x, y+textheight("W"), msg);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setgraphmode
功 能: 将系统设置成图形模式且清屏
用 法: void far setgraphmode(int mode);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int x, y;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2;
/* output a message */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x, y, "Press any key to exit graphics:");
getch();
/* restore system to text mode */
restorecrtmode();
printf("We're now in text mode./n");
printf("Press any key to return to graphics mode:");
getch();
/* return to graphics mode */
setgraphmode(getgraphmode());
/* output a message */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x, y, "We're back in graphics mode.");
outtextxy(x, y+textheight("W"), "Press any key to halt:");
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setjmp
功 能: 非局部转移
用 法: int setjmp(jmp_buf env);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <setjmp.h>
void subroutine(void);
jmp_buf jumper;
int main(void)
{
int value;
value = setjmp(jumper);
if (value != 0)
{
printf("Longjmp with value %d/n", value);
exit(value);
}
printf("About to call subroutine ... /n");
subroutine();
return 0;
}
void subroutine(void)
{
longjmp(jumper,1);
}
函数名: setlinestyle
功 能: 设置当前画线宽度和类型
用 法: void far setlinestyle(int linestype, unsigned upattern);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* the names of the line styles supported */
char *lname[] = {
"SOLID_LINE",
"DOTTED_LINE",
"CENTER_LINE",
"DASHED_LINE",
"USERBIT_LINE"
};
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int style, midx, midy, userpat;
char stylestr[40];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* a user defined line pattern */
/* binary: "0000000000000001" */
userpat = 1;
for (style=SOLID_LINE; style<=USERBIT_LINE; style++)
{
/* select the line style */
setlinestyle(style, userpat, 1);
/* convert style into a string */
strcpy(stylestr, lname[style]);
/* draw a line */
line(0, 0, midx-10, midy);
/* draw a rectangle */
rectangle(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());
/* output a message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, stylestr);
/* wait for a key */
getch();
cleardevice();
}
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setmem
功 能: 存值到存储区
用 法: void setmem(void *addr, int len, char value);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <mem.h>
int main(void)
{
char *dest;
dest = calloc(21, sizeof(char));
setmem(dest, 20, 'c');
printf("%s/n", dest);
return 0;
}
函数名: setmode
功 能: 设置打开文件方式
用 法: int setmode(int handle, unsigned mode);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
int result;
result = setmode(fileno(stdprn), O_TEXT);
if (result == -1)
perror("Mode not available/n");
else
printf("Mode successfully switched/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: setpalette
功 能: 改变调色板的颜色
用 法: void far setpalette(int index, int actural_color);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int color, maxcolor, ht;
int y = 10;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
maxcolor = getmaxcolor();
ht = 2 * textheight("W");
/* display the default colors */
for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++)
{
setcolor(color);
sprintf(msg, "Color: %d", color);
outtextxy(1, y, msg);
y += ht;
}
/* wait for a key */
getch();
/* black out the colors one by one */
for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++)
{
setpalette(color, BLACK);
getch();
}
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setrgbpalette
功 能: 定义IBM8514图形卡的颜色
用 法: void far setrgbpalette(int colornum, int red, int green, int blue);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* select a driver and mode that supports the use */
/* of the setrgbpalette function. */
int gdriver = VGA, gmode = VGAHI, errorcode;
struct palettetype pal;
int i, ht, y, xmax;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* grab a copy of the palette */
getpalette(&pal);
/* create gray scale */
for (i=0; i<pal.size; i++)
setrgbpalette(pal.colors[i], i*4, i*4, i*4);
/* display the gray scale */
ht = getmaxy() / 16;
xmax = getmaxx();
y = 0;
for (i=0; i<pal.size; i++)
{
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, i);
bar(0, y, xmax, y+ht);
y += ht;
}
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: settextjustify
功 能: 为图形函数设置文本的对齐方式
用 法: void far settextjustify(int horiz, int vert);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* function prototype */
void xat(int x, int y);
/* horizontal text justification settings */
char *hjust[] = { "LEFT_TEXT",
"CENTER_TEXT",
"RIGHT_TEXT"
};
/* vertical text justification settings */
char *vjust[] = { "LEFT_TEXT",
"CENTER_TEXT",
"RIGHT_TEXT"
};
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy, hj, vj;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
/* loop through text justifications */
for (hj=LEFT_TEXT; hj<=RIGHT_TEXT; hj++)
for (vj=LEFT_TEXT; vj<=RIGHT_TEXT; vj++)
{
cleardevice();
/* set the text justification */
settextjustify(hj, vj);
/* create a message string */
sprintf(msg, "%s %s", hjust[hj], vjust[vj]);
/* create cross hairs on the screen */
xat(midx, midy);
/* output the message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, msg);
getch();
}
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}
/* draw an "x" at (x, y) */
void xat(int x, int y)
{
line(x-4, y, x+4, y);
line(x, y-4, x, y+4);
}
函数名: settextstyle
功 能: 为图形输出设置当前的文本属性
用 法: void far settextstyle (int font, int direction, char size);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* the names of the text styles supported */
char *fname[] = { "DEFAULT font",
"TRIPLEX font",
"SMALL font",
"SANS SERIF font",
"GOTHIC font"
};
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int style, midx, midy;
int size = 1;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
/* loop through the available text styles */
for (style=DEFAULT_FONT; style<=GOTHIC_FONT; style++)
{
cleardevice();
if (style == TRIPLEX_FONT)
size = 4;
/* select the text style */
settextstyle(style, HORIZ_DIR, size);
/* output a message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, fname[style]);
getch();
}
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: settextstyle
功 能: 为图形输出设置当前的文本属性
用 法: void far settextstyle (int font, int direction, char size);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
/* the names of the text styles supported */
char *fname[] = { "DEFAULT font",
"TRIPLEX font",
"SMALL font",
"SANS SERIF font",
"GOTHIC font"
};
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int style, midx, midy;
int size = 1;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
/* loop through the available text styles */
for (style=DEFAULT_FONT; style<=GOTHIC_FONT; style++)
{
cleardevice();
if (style == TRIPLEX_FONT)
size = 4;
/* select the text style */
settextstyle(style, HORIZ_DIR, size);
/* output a message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, fname[style]);
getch();
}
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}
@20$S2
函数名: settime
功 能: 设置系统时间
用 法: void settime(struct time *timep);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
struct time t;
gettime(&t);
printf("The current minute is: %d/n", t.ti_min);
printf("The current hour is: %d/n", t.ti_hour);
printf("The current hundredth of a second is: %d/n", t.ti_hund);
printf("The current second is: %d/n", t.ti_sec);
/* Add one to the minutes struct element and then call settime */
t.ti_min++;
settime(&t);
return 0;
}
函数名: setusercharsize
功 能: 为矢量字体改变字符宽度和高度
用 法: void far setusercharsize(int multx, int dirx, int multy, int diry);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request autodetection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* select a text style */
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4);
/* move to the text starting position */
moveto(0, getmaxy() / 2);
/* output some normal text */
outtext("Norm ");
/* make the text 1/3 the normal width */
setusercharsize(1, 3, 1, 1);
outtext("Short ");
/* make the text 3 times normal width */
setusercharsize(3, 1, 1, 1);
outtext("Wide");
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setvbuf
功 能: 把缓冲区与流相关
用 法: int setvbuf(FILE *stream, char *buf, int type, unsigned size);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *input, *output;
char bufr[512];
input = fopen("file.in", "r+b");
output = fopen("file.out", "w");
/* set up input stream for minimal disk access,
using our own character buffer */
if (setvbuf(input, bufr, _IOFBF, 512) != 0)
printf("failed to set up buffer for input file/n");
else
printf("buffer set up for input file/n");
/* set up output stream for line buffering using space that
will be obtained through an indirect call to malloc */
if (setvbuf(output, NULL, _IOLBF, 132) != 0)
printf("failed to set up buffer for output file/n");
else
printf("buffer set up for output file/n");
/* perform file I/O here */
/* close files */
fclose(input);
fclose(output);
return 0;
}
函数名: setvect
功 能: 设置中断矢量入口
用 法: void setvect(int intr_num, void interrupt(*isr)());
程序例:
/***NOTE:
This is an interrupt service routine. You can NOT compile this
program with Test Stack Overflow turned on and get an executable
file which will operate correctly. */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define INTR 0X1C /* The clock tick interrupt */
void interrupt ( *oldhandler)(void);
int count=0;
void interrupt handler(void)
{
/* increase the global counter */
count++;
/* call the old routine */
oldhandler();
}
int main(void)
{
/* save the old interrupt vector */
oldhandler = getvect(INTR);
/* install the new interrupt handler */
setvect(INTR, handler);
/* loop until the counter exceeds 20 */
while (count < 20)
printf("count is %d/n",count);
/* reset the old interrupt handler */
setvect(INTR, oldhandler);
return 0;
}
函数名: setverify
功 能: 设置验证状态
用 法: void setverify(int value);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
int verify_flag;
printf("Enter 0 to set verify flag off/n");
printf("Enter 1 to set verify flag on/n");
verify_flag = getch() - 0;
setverify(verify_flag);
if (getverify())
printf("DOS verify flag is on/n");
else
printf("DOS verify flag is off/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: setviewport
功 能: 为图形输出设置当前视口
用 法: void far setviewport(int left, int top, int right,
int bottom, int clipflag);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define CLIP_ON 1 /* activates clipping in viewport */
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
/* message in default full-screen viewport */
outtextxy(0, 0, "* <-- (0, 0) in default viewport");
/* create a smaller viewport */
setviewport(50, 50, getmaxx()-50, getmaxy()-50, CLIP_ON);
/* display some text */
outtextxy(0, 0, "* <-- (0, 0) in smaller viewport");
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setvisualpage
功 能: 设置可见图形页号
用 法: void far setvisualpage(int pagenum);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* select a driver and mode that supports */
/* multiple pages. */
int gdriver = EGA, gmode = EGAHI, errorcode;
int x, y, ht;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2;
ht = textheight("W");
/* select the off screen page for drawing */
setactivepage(1);
/* draw a line on page #1 */
line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());
/* output a message on page #1 */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x, y, "This is page #1:");
outtextxy(x, y+ht, "Press any key to halt:");
/* select drawing to page #0 */
setactivepage(0);
/* output a message on page #0 */
outtextxy(x, y, "This is page #0.");
outtextxy(x, y+ht, "Press any key to view page #1:");
getch();
/* select page #1 as the visible page */
setvisualpage(1);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: setwritemode
功 能: 设置图形方式下画线的输出模式
用 法: void far setwritemode(int mode);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int xmax, ymax;
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
xmax = getmaxx();
ymax = getmaxy();
/* select XOR drawing mode */
setwritemode(XOR_PUT);
/* draw a line */
line(0, 0, xmax, ymax);
getch();
/* erase the line by drawing over it */
line(0, 0, xmax, ymax);
getch();
/* select overwrite drawing mode */
setwritemode(COPY_PUT);
/* draw a line */
line(0, 0, xmax, ymax);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: signal
功 能: 设置某一信号的对应动作
用 法: int signal(int sig, sigfun fname);
程序例:
/* This example installs a signal handler routine for SIGFPE,
catches an integer overflow condition, makes an adjustment
to AX register, and returns. This example program MAY cause
your computer to crash, and will produce runtime errors
depending on which memory model is used.
*/
#pragma inline
#include <stdio.h>
#include <signal.h>
void Catcher(int sig, int type, int *reglist)
{
printf("Caught it!/n");
*(reglist + 8) = 3; /* make return AX = 3 */
}
int main(void)
{
signal(SIGFPE, Catcher);
asm mov ax,07FFFH /* AX = 32767 */
asm inc ax /* cause overflow */
asm into /* activate handler */
/* The handler set AX to 3 on return. If that hadn't happened,
there would have been another exception when the next 'into'
was executed after the 'dec' instruction. */
asm dec ax /* no overflow now */
asm into /* doesn't activate */
return 0;
}
函数名: sin
功 能: 正弦函数
用 法: double sin(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double result, x = 0.5;
result = sin(x);
printf("The sin() of %lf is %lf/n", x, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: sinh
功 能: 双曲正弦函数
用 法: double sinh(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double result, x = 0.5;
result = sinh(x);
printf("The hyperbolic sin() of %lf is %lf/n", x, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: sleep
功 能: 执行挂起一段时间
用 法: unsigned sleep(unsigned seconds);
程序例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int i;
for (i=1; i<5; i++)
{
printf("Sleeping for %d seconds/n", i);
sleep(i);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: sopen
功 能: 打开一共享文件
用 法: int sopen(char *pathname, int access, int shflag, int permiss);
程序例:
#include <io.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <share.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle;
int status;
handle = sopen("c://autoexec.bat", O_RDONLY, SH_DENYNO, S_IREAD);
if (!handle)
{
printf("sopen failed/n");
exit(1);
}
status = access("c://autoexec.bat", 6);
if (status == 0)
printf("read/write access allowed/n");
else
printf("read/write access not allowed/n");
close(handle);
return 0;
}
函数名: sound
功 能: 以指定频率打开PC扬声器
用 法: void sound(unsigned frequency);
程序例:
/* Emits a 7-Hz tone for 10 seconds.
Your PC may not be able to emit a 7-Hz tone. */
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
sound(7);
delay(10000);
nosound();
return 0;
}
函数名: spawnl
功 能: 创建并运行子程序
用 法: int spawnl(int mode, char *pathname, char *arg0,
arg1, ... argn, NULL);
程序例:
#include <process.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
int result;
clrscr();
result = spawnl(P_WAIT, "tcc.exe", NULL);
if (result == -1)
{
perror("Error from spawnl");
exit(1);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: spawnle
功 能: 创建并运行子程序
用 法: int spawnle(int mode, char *pathname, char *arg0,
arg1,..., argn, NULL);
程序例:
/* spawnle() example */
#include <process.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
int result;
clrscr();
result = spawnle(P_WAIT, "tcc.exe", NULL, NULL);
if (result == -1)
{
perror("Error from spawnle");
exit(1);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: sprintf
功 能: 送格式化输出到字符串中
用 法: int sprintf(char *string, char *farmat [,argument,...]);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
char buffer[80];
sprintf(buffer, "An approximation of Pi is %f/n", M_PI);
puts(buffer);
return 0;
}
函数名: sqrt
功 能: 计算平方根
用 法: double sqrt(double x);
程序例:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double x = 4.0, result;
result = sqrt(x);
printf("The square root of %lf is %lf/n", x, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: srand
功 能: 初始化随机数发生器
用 法: void srand(unsigned seed);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
int main(void)
{
int i;
time_t t;
srand((unsigned) time(&t));
printf("Ten random numbers from 0 to 99/n/n");
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
printf("%d/n", rand() % 100);
return 0;
}
函数名: sscanf
功 能: 执行从字符串中的格式化输入
用 法: int sscanf(char *string, char *format[,argument,...]);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
char label[20];
char name[20];
int entries = 0;
int loop, age;
double salary;
struct Entry_struct
{
char name[20];
int age;
float salary;
} entry[20];
/* Input a label as a string of characters restricting to 20 characters */
printf("/n/nPlease enter a label for the chart: ");
scanf("%20s", label);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */
/* Input number of entries as an integer */
printf("How many entries will there be? (less than 20) ");
scanf("%d", &entries);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */
/* input a name restricting input to only letters upper or lower case */
for (loop=0;loop<entries;++loop)
{
printf("Entry %d/n", loop);
printf(" Name : ");
scanf("%[A-Za-z]", entry[loop].name);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */
/* input an age as an integer */
printf(" Age : ");
scanf("%d", &entry[loop].age);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */
/* input a salary as a float */
printf(" Salary : ");
scanf("%f", &entry[loop].salary);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */
}
/* Input a name, age and salary as a string, integer, and double */
printf("/nPlease enter your name, age and salary/n");
scanf("%20s %d %lf", name, &age, &salary);
/* Print out the data that was input */
printf("/n/nTable %s/n",label);
printf("Compiled by %s age %d $%15.2lf/n", name, age, salary);
printf("-----------------------------------------------------/n");
for (loop=0;loop<entries;++loop)
printf("%4d | %-20s | %5d | %15.2lf/n",
loop + 1,
entry[loop].name,
entry[loop].age,
entry[loop].salary);
printf("-----------------------------------------------------/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: stat
功 能: 读取打开文件信息
用 法: int stat(char *pathname, struct stat *buff);
程序例:
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#define FILENAME "TEST.$$$"
int main(void)
{
struct stat statbuf;
FILE *stream;
/* open a file for update */
if ((stream = fopen(FILENAME, "w+")) == NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open output file./n");
return(1);
}
/* get information about the file */
stat(FILENAME, &statbuf);
fclose(stream);
/* display the information returned */
if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IFCHR)
printf("Handle refers to a device./n");
if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IFREG)
printf("Handle refers to an ordinary file./n");
if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IREAD)
printf("User has read permission on file./n");
if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IWRITE)
printf("User has write permission on file./n");
printf("Drive letter of file: %c/n", 'A'+statbuf.st_dev);
printf("Size of file in bytes: %ld/n", statbuf.st_size);
printf("Time file last opened: %s/n", ctime(&statbuf.st_ctime));
return 0;
}
函数名: _status87
功 能: 取浮点状态
用 法: unsigned int _status87(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <float.h>
int main(void)
{
float x;
double y = 1.5e-100;
printf("Status 87 before error: %x/n", _status87());
x = y; /* <-- force an error to occur */
y = x;
printf("Status 87 after error : %x/n", _status87());
return 0;
}
函数名: stime
功 能: 设置时间
用 法: int stime(long *tp);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
time_t t;
struct tm *area;
t = time(NULL);
area = localtime(&t);
printf("Number of seconds since 1/1/1970 is: %ld/n", t);
printf("Local time is: %s", asctime(area));
t++;
area = localtime(&t);
printf("Add a second: %s", asctime(area));
t += 60;
area = localtime(&t);
printf("Add a minute: %s", asctime(area));
t += 3600;
area = localtime(&t);
printf("Add an hour: %s", asctime(area));
t += 86400L;
area = localtime(&t);
printf("Add a day: %s", asctime(area));
t += 2592000L;
area = localtime(&t);
printf("Add a month: %s", asctime(area));
t += 31536000L;
area = localtime(&t);
printf("Add a year: %s", asctime(area));
return 0;
}
函数名: stpcpy
功 能: 拷贝一个字符串到另一个
用 法: char *stpcpy(char *destin, char *source);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[10];
char *str1 = "abcdefghi";
stpcpy(string, str1);
printf("%s/n", string);
return 0;
}
函数名: strcat
功 能: 字符串拼接函数
用 法: char *strcat(char *destin, char *source);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char destination[25];
char *blank = " ", *c = "C++", *Borland = "Borland";
strcpy(destination, Borland);
strcat(destination, blank);
strcat(destination, c);
printf("%s/n", destination);
return 0;
}
函数名: strchr
功 能: 在一个串中查找给定字符的第一个匹配之处/
用 法: char *strchr(char *str, char c);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[15];
char *ptr, c = 'r';
strcpy(string, "This is a string");
ptr = strchr(string, c);
if (ptr)
printf("The character %c is at position: %d/n", c, ptr-string);
else
printf("The character was not found/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: strcmp
功 能: 串比较
用 法: int strcmp(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "aaa", *buf2 = "bbb", *buf3 = "ccc";
int ptr;
ptr = strcmp(buf2, buf1);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1/n");
else
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1/n");
ptr = strcmp(buf2, buf3);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 3/n");
else
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 3/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: strncmpi
功 能: 将一个串中的一部分与另一个串比较, 不管大小写
用 法: int strncmpi(char *str1, char *str2, unsigned maxlen);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "BBB", *buf2 = "bbb";
int ptr;
ptr = strcmpi(buf2, buf1);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1/n");
if (ptr < 0)
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1/n");
if (ptr == 0)
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: strcpy
功 能: 串拷贝
用 法: char *strcpy(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[10];
char *str1 = "abcdefghi";
strcpy(string, str1);
printf("%s/n", string);
return 0;
}
函数名: strcspn
功 能: 在串中查找第一个给定字符集内容的段
用 法: int strcspn(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string1 = "1234567890";
char *string2 = "747DC8";
int length;
length = strcspn(string1, string2);
printf("Character where strings intersect is at position %d/n", length);
return 0;
}
函数名: strdup
功 能: 将串拷贝到新建的位置处
用 法: char *strdup(char *str);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
char *dup_str, *string = "abcde";
dup_str = strdup(string);
printf("%s/n", dup_str);
free(dup_str);
return 0;
}
函数名: stricmp
功 能: 以大小写不敏感方式比较两个串
用 法: int stricmp(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "BBB", *buf2 = "bbb";
int ptr;
ptr = stricmp(buf2, buf1);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1/n");
if (ptr < 0)
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1/n");
if (ptr == 0)
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: strerror
功 能: 返回指向错误信息字符串的指针
用 法: char *strerror(int errnum);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buffer;
buffer = strerror(errno);
printf("Error: %s/n", buffer);
return 0;
}
函数名: strcmpi
功 能: 将一个串与另一个比较, 不管大小写
用 法: int strcmpi(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "BBB", *buf2 = "bbb";
int ptr;
ptr = strcmpi(buf2, buf1);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1/n");
if (ptr < 0)
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1/n");
if (ptr == 0)
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: strncmp
功 能: 串比较
用 法: int strncmp(char *str1, char *str2, int maxlen);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "aaabbb", *buf2 = "bbbccc", *buf3 = "ccc";
int ptr;
ptr = strncmp(buf2,buf1,3);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1/n");
else
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1/n");
ptr = strncmp(buf2,buf3,3);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 3/n");
else
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 3/n");
return(0);
}
函数名: strncmpi
功 能: 把串中的一部分与另一串中的一部分比较, 不管大小写
用 法: int strncmpi(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "BBBccc", *buf2 = "bbbccc";
int ptr;
ptr = strncmpi(buf2,buf1,3);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1/n");
if (ptr < 0)
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1/n");
if (ptr == 0)
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: strncpy
功 能: 串拷贝
用 法: char *strncpy(char *destin, char *source, int maxlen);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[10];
char *str1 = "abcdefghi";
strncpy(string, str1, 3);
string[3] = '/0';
printf("%s/n", string);
return 0;
}
函数名: strnicmp
功 能: 不注重大小写地比较两个串
用 法: int strnicmp(char *str1, char *str2, unsigned maxlen);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "BBBccc", *buf2 = "bbbccc";
int ptr;
ptr = strnicmp(buf2, buf1, 3);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1/n");
if (ptr < 0)
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1/n");
if (ptr == 0)
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: strnset
功 能: 将一个串中的所有字符都设为指定字符
用 法: char *strnset(char *str, char ch, unsigned n);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
char letter = 'x';
printf("string before strnset: %s/n", string);
strnset(string, letter, 13);
printf("string after strnset: %s/n", string);
return 0;
}
函数名: strpbrk
功 能: 在串中查找给定字符集中的字符
用 法: char *strpbrk(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string1 = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
char *string2 = "onm";
char *ptr;
ptr = strpbrk(string1, string2);
if (ptr)
printf("strpbrk found first character: %c/n", *ptr);
else
printf("strpbrk didn't find character in set/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: strrchr
功 能: 在串中查找指定字符的最后一个出现
用 法: char *strrchr(char *str, char c);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[15];
char *ptr, c = 'r';
strcpy(string, "This is a string");
ptr = strrchr(string, c);
if (ptr)
printf("The character %c is at position: %d/n", c, ptr-string);
else
printf("The character was not found/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: strrev
功 能: 串倒转
用 法: char *strrev(char *str);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *forward = "string";
printf("Before strrev(): %s/n", forward);
strrev(forward);
printf("After strrev(): %s/n", forward);
return 0;
}
函数名: strset
功 能: 将一个串中的所有字符都设为指定字符
用 法: char *strset(char *str, char c);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[10] = "123456789";
char symbol = 'c';
printf("Before strset(): %s/n", string);
strset(string, symbol);
printf("After strset(): %s/n", string);
return 0;
}
函数名: strspn
功 能: 在串中查找指定字符集的子集的第一次出现
用 法: int strspn(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <alloc.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string1 = "1234567890";
char *string2 = "123DC8";
int length;
length = strspn(string1, string2);
printf("Character where strings differ is at position %d/n", length);
return 0;
}
函数名: strstr
功 能: 在串中查找指定字符串的第一次出现
用 法: char *strstr(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *str1 = "Borland International", *str2 = "nation", *ptr;
ptr = strstr(str1, str2);
printf("The substring is: %s/n", ptr);
return 0;
}
函数名: strtod
功 能: 将字符串转换为double型值
用 法: double strtod(char *str, char **endptr);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
char input[80], *endptr;
double value;
printf("Enter a floating point number:");
gets(input);
value = strtod(input, &endptr);
printf("The string is %s the number is %lf/n", input, value);
return 0;
}
函数名: strtok
功 能: 查找由在第二个串中指定的分界符分隔开的单词
用 法: char *strtok(char *str1, char *str2);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char input[16] = "abc,d";
char *p;
/* strtok places a NULL terminator
in front of the token, if found */
p = strtok(input, ",");
if (p) printf("%s/n", p);
/* A second call to strtok using a NULL
as the first parameter returns a pointer
to the character following the token */
p = strtok(NULL, ",");
if (p) printf("%s/n", p);
return 0;
}
函数名: strtol
功 能: 将串转换为长整数
用 法: long strtol(char *str, char **endptr, int base);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string = "87654321", *endptr;
long lnumber;
/* strtol converts string to long integer */
lnumber = strtol(string, &endptr, 10);
printf("string = %s long = %ld/n", string, lnumber);
return 0;
}
函数名: strupr
功 能: 将串中的小写字母转换为大写字母
用 法: char *strupr(char *str);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", *ptr;
/* converts string to upper case characters */
ptr = strupr(string);
printf("%s/n", ptr);
return 0;
}
函数名: swab
功 能: 交换字节
用 法: void swab (char *from, char *to, int nbytes);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
char source[15] = "rFna koBlrna d";
char target[15];
int main(void)
{
swab(source, target, strlen(source));
printf("This is target: %s/n", target);
return 0;
}
函数名: system
功 能: 发出一个DOS命令
用 法: int system(char *command);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("About to spawn command.com and run a DOS command/n");
system("dir");
return 0;
}
@21$T
函数名: tan
功 能: 正切函数
用 法: double tan(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double result, x;
x = 0.5;
result = tan(x);
printf("The tan of %lf is %lf/n", x, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: tanh
功 能: 双曲正切函数
用 法: double tanh(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(void)
{
double result, x;
x = 0.5;
result = tanh(x);
printf("The hyperbolic tangent of %lf is %lf/n", x, result);
return 0;
}
函数名: tell
功 能: 取文件指针的当前位置
用 法: long tell(int handle);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle;
char msg[] = "Hello world";
if ((handle = open("TEST.$$$", O_CREAT | O_TEXT | O_APPEND)) == -1)
{
perror("Error:");
return 1;
}
write(handle, msg, strlen(msg));
printf("The file pointer is at byte %ld/n", tell(handle));
close(handle);
return 0;
}
函数名: textattr
功 能: 设置文本属性
用 法: void textattr(int attribute);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
int i;
clrscr();
for (i=0; i<9; i++)
{
textattr(i + ((i+1) << 4));
cprintf("This is a test/r/n");
}
return 0;
}
函数名: textbackground
功 能: 选择新的文本背景颜色
用 法: void textbackground(int color);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
int i, j;
clrscr();
for (i=0; i<9; i++)
{
for (j=0; j<80; j++)
cprintf("C");
cprintf("/r/n");
textcolor(i+1);
textbackground(i);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: textcolor
功 能: 在文本模式中选择新的字符颜色
用 法: void textcolor(int color);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<15; i++)
{
textcolor(i);
cprintf("Foreground Color/r/n");
}
return 0;
}
函数名: textheight
功 能: 返回以像素为单位的字符串高度
用 法: int far textheight(char far *textstring);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int y = 0;
int i;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* draw some text on the screen */
for (i=1; i<11; i++)
{
/* select the text style, direction, and size */
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, i);
/* create a message string */
sprintf(msg, "Size: %d", i);
/* output the message */
outtextxy(1, y, msg);
/* advance to the next text line */
y += textheight(msg);
}
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: textmode
功 能: 将屏幕设置成文本模式
用 法: void textmode(int mode);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
textmode(BW40);
cprintf("ABC");
getch();
textmode(C40);
cprintf("ABC");
getch();
textmode(BW80);
cprintf("ABC");
getch();
textmode(C80);
cprintf("ABC");
getch();
textmode(MONO);
cprintf("ABC");
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: textwidth
功 能: 返回以像素为单位的字符串宽度
用 法: int far textwidth(char far *textstring);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int x = 0, y = 0;
int i;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s/n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
y = getmaxy() / 2;
settextjustify(LEFT_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
for (i=1; i<11; i++)
{
/* select the text style, direction, and size */
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, i);
/* create a message string */
sprintf(msg, "Size: %d", i);
/* output the message */
outtextxy(x, y, msg);
/* advance to the end of the text */
x += textwidth(msg);
}
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: time
功 能: 取一天的时间
用 法: logn time(long *tloc);
程序例:
#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
time_t t;
t = time(NULL);
printf("The number of seconds since January 1, 1970 is %ld",t);
return 0;
}
函数名: tmpfile
功 能: 以二进制方式打开暂存文件
用 法: FILE *tmpfile(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <process.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *tempfp;
tempfp = tmpfile();
if (tempfp)
printf("Temporary file created/n");
else
{
printf("Unable to create temporary file/n");
exit(1);
}
return 0;
}
函数名: tmpnam
功 能: 创建一个唯一的文件名
用 法: char *tmpnam(char *sptr);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char name[13];
tmpnam(name);
printf("Temporary name: %s/n", name);
return 0;
}
函数名: tolower
功 能: 把字符转换成小写字母
用 法: int tolower(int c);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main(void)
{
int length, i;
char *string = "THIS IS A STRING";
length = strlen(string);
for (i=0; i<length; i++)
{
string[i] = tolower(string[i]);
}
printf("%s/n",string);
return 0;
}
函数名: toupper
功 能: 把字符转换成大写字母
用 法: int toupper(int c);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main(void)
{
int length, i;
char *string = "this is a string";
length = strlen(string);
for (i=0; i<length; i++)
{
string[i] = toupper(string[i]);
}
printf("%s/n",string);
return 0;
}
函数名: tzset
功 能: UNIX时间兼容函数
用 法: void tzset(void);
程序例:
#include <time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
time_t td;
putenv("TZ=PST8PDT");
tzset();
time(&td);
printf("Current time = %s/n", asctime(localtime(&td)));
return 0;
}
@22$U
函数名: ultoa
功 能: 转换一个无符号长整型数为字符串
用 法: char *ultoa(unsigned long value, char *string, int radix);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
unsigned long lnumber = 3123456789L;
char string[25];
ultoa(lnumber,string,10);
printf("string = %s unsigned long = %lu/n",string,lnumber);
return 0;
}
函数名: ungetc
功 能: 把一个字符退回到输入流中
用 法: int ungetc(char c, FILE *stream);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main( void )
{
int i=0;
char ch;
puts("Input an integer followed by a char:");
/* read chars until non digit or EOF */
while((ch = getchar()) != EOF && isdigit(ch))
i = 10 * i + ch - 48; /* convert ASCII into int value */
/* if non digit char was read, push it back into input buffer */
if (ch != EOF)
ungetc(ch, stdin);
printf("i = %d, next char in buffer = %c/n", i, getchar());
return 0;
}
函数名: ungetch
功 能: 把一个字符退回到键盘缓冲区中
用 法: int ungetch(int c);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main( void )
{
int i=0;
char ch;
puts("Input an integer followed by a char:");
/* read chars until non digit or EOF */
while((ch = getche()) != EOF && isdigit(ch))
i = 10 * i + ch - 48; /* convert ASCII into int value */
/* if non digit char was read, push it back into input buffer */
if (ch != EOF)
ungetch(ch);
printf("/n/ni = %d, next char in buffer = %c/n", i, getch());
return 0;
}
函数名: unixtodos
功 能: 把日期和时间转换成DOS格式
用 法: void unixtodos(long utime, struct date *dateptr,
struct time *timeptr);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
char *month[] = {"---", "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
"Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"};
#define SECONDS_PER_DAY 86400L /* the number of seconds in one day */
struct date dt;
struct time tm;
int main(void)
{
unsigned long val;
/* get today's date and time */
getdate(&dt);
gettime(&tm);
printf("today is %d %s %d/n", dt.da_day, month[dt.da_mon], dt.da_year);
/* convert date and time to unix format (number of seconds since Jan 1, 1970 */
val = dostounix(&dt, &tm);
/* subtract 42 days worth of seconds */
val -= (SECONDS_PER_DAY * 42);
/* convert back to dos time and date */
unixtodos(val, &dt, &tm);
printf("42 days ago it was %d %s %d/n",
dt.da_day, month[dt.da_mon], dt.da_year);
return 0;
}
函数名: unlink
功 能: 删掉一个文件
用 法: int unlink(char *filename);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *fp = fopen("junk.jnk","w");
int status;
fprintf(fp,"junk");
status = access("junk.jnk",0);
if (status == 0)
printf("File exists/n");
else
printf("File doesn't exist/n");
fclose(fp);
unlink("junk.jnk");
status = access("junk.jnk",0);
if (status == 0)
printf("File exists/n");
else
printf("File doesn't exist/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: unlock
功 能: 解除文件共享锁
用 法: int unlock(int handle, long offset, long length);
程序例:
#include <io.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <share.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle, status;
long length;
handle = sopen("c://autoexec.bat",O_RDONLY,SH_DENYNO,S_IREAD);
if (handle < 0)
{
printf("sopen failed/n");
exit(1);
}
length = filelength(handle);
status = lock(handle,0L,length/2);
if (status == 0)
printf("lock succeeded/n");
else
printf("lock failed/n");
status = unlock(handle,0L,length/2);
if (status == 0)
printf("unlock succeeded/n");
else
printf("unlock failed/n");
close(handle);
return 0;
}
@23$V
函数名: vfprintf
功 能: 送格式化输出到一流中
用 法: int vfprintf(FILE *stream, char *format, va_list param);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
FILE *fp;
int vfpf(char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list argptr;
int cnt;
va_start(argptr, fmt);
cnt = vfprintf(fp, fmt, argptr);
va_end(argptr);
return(cnt);
}
int main(void)
{
int inumber = 30;
float fnumber = 90.0;
char string[4] = "abc";
fp = tmpfile();
if (fp == NULL)
{
perror("tmpfile() call");
exit(1);
}
vfpf("%d %f %s", inumber, fnumber, string);
rewind(fp);
fscanf(fp,"%d %f %s", &inumber, &fnumber, string);
printf("%d %f %s/n", inumber, fnumber, string);
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
函数名: vfscanf
功 能: 从流中执行格式化输入
用 法: int vfscanf(FILE *stream, char *format, va_list param);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
FILE *fp;
int vfsf(char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list argptr;
int cnt;
va_start(argptr, fmt);
cnt = vfscanf(fp, fmt, argptr);
va_end(argptr);
return(cnt);
}
int main(void)
{
int inumber = 30;
float fnumber = 90.0;
char string[4] = "abc";
fp = tmpfile();
if (fp == NULL)
{
perror("tmpfile() call");
exit(1);
}
fprintf(fp,"%d %f %s/n",inumber,fnumber,string);
rewind(fp);
vfsf("%d %f %s",&inumber,&fnumber,string);
printf("%d %f %s/n",inumber,fnumber,string);
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
函数名: vprintf
功 能: 送格式化输出到stdout中
用 法: int vprintf(char *format, va_list param);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
int vpf(char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list argptr;
int cnt;
va_start(argptr, format);
cnt = vprintf(fmt, argptr);
va_end(argptr);
return(cnt);
}
int main(void)
{
int inumber = 30;
float fnumber = 90.0;
char *string = "abc";
vpf("%d %f %s/n",inumber,fnumber,string);
return 0;
}
函数名: vscanf
功 能: 从stdin中执行格式化输入
用 法: int vscanf(char *format, va_list param);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
int vscnf(char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list argptr;
int cnt;
printf("Enter an integer, a float, and a string (e.g. i,f,s,)/n");
va_start(argptr, fmt);
cnt = vscanf(fmt, argptr);
va_end(argptr);
return(cnt);
}
int main(void)
{
int inumber;
float fnumber;
char string[80];
vscnf("%d, %f, %s", &inumber, &fnumber, string);
printf("%d %f %s/n", inumber, fnumber, string);
return 0;
}
函数名: vsprintf
功 能: 送格式化输出到串中
用 法: int vsprintf(char *string, char *format, va_list param);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
char buffer[80];
int vspf(char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list argptr;
int cnt;
va_start(argptr, fmt);
cnt = vsprintf(buffer, fmt, argptr);
va_end(argptr);
return(cnt);
}
int main(void)
{
int inumber = 30;
float fnumber = 90.0;
char string[4] = "abc";
vspf("%d %f %s", inumber, fnumber, string);
printf("%s/n", buffer);
return 0;
}
函数名: vsscanf
功 能: 从流中执行格式化输入
用 法: int vsscanf(char *s, char *format, va_list param);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
char buffer[80] = "30 90.0 abc";
int vssf(char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list argptr;
int cnt;
fflush(stdin);
va_start(argptr, fmt);
cnt = vsscanf(buffer, fmt, argptr);
va_end(argptr);
return(cnt);
}
int main(void)
{
int inumber;
float fnumber;
char string[80];
vssf("%d %f %s", &inumber, &fnumber, string);
printf("%d %f %s/n", inumber, fnumber, string);
return 0;
}
@24$W
函数名: wherex
功 能: 返回窗口内水平光标位置
用 法: int wherex(void);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
gotoxy(10,10);
cprintf("Current location is X: %d Y: %d/r/n", wherex(), wherey());
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: wherey
功 能: 返回窗口内垂直光标位置
用 法: int wherey(void);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
gotoxy(10,10);
cprintf("Current location is X: %d Y: %d/r/n", wherex(), wherey());
getch();
return 0;
}
函数名: window
功 能: 定义活动文本模式窗口
用 法: void window(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
程序例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
window(10,10,40,11);
textcolor(BLACK);
textbackground(WHITE);
cprintf("This is a test/r/n");
return 0;
}
函数名: write
功 能: 写到一文件中
用 法: int write(int handel, void *buf, int nbyte);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <io.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
int handle;
char string[40];
int length, res;
/*
Create a file named "TEST.$$$" in the current directory and write
a string to it. If "TEST.$$$" already exists, it will be overwritten.
*/
if ((handle = open("TEST.$$$", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC,
S_IREAD | S_IWRITE)) == -1)
{
printf("Error opening file./n");
exit(1);
}
strcpy(string, "Hello, world!/n");
length = strlen(string);
if ((res = write(handle, string, length)) != length)
{
printf("Error writing to the file./n");
exit(1);
}
printf("Wrote %d bytes to the file./n", res);
close(handle);
return 0;
}
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