1. [] {} ().用列表解析器代替for遍历
理由:
高校
2. 函数传参既非传引用也非传值
a = 5 # 开辟一个内存存放5,将a这个标签贴在这个内存上
b = a # 将b这个标签也贴在刚才的那个内存上
b = 7 # 开辟一个内存存放7,将b这个标签贴在这个内存上,刚才的那个b被覆盖。
3. *args,**kwargs
4. staticmethod和classmethod
首先要明白,什么是实例方法、静态方法和类方法:
class Demo(object):
def instance_method(self, your_para):
"""
this is an instance_method
you should call it like the follow:
a = Demo()
a.instance_method(your_para)
plus: in python, we denote 'cls' as latent para of Class
while 'self' as latent para of the instance of the Class
:param your_para:
:return:
"""
print("call instance_method and get:", your_para)
@classmethod
def class_method(cls, your_para):
"""
this is a class_method
you can call it like the follow:
method1:
a = Demo()
a.class_method(your_para)
method2:
Demo.class_method
plus: in python, we denote 'cls' as latent para of Class
while 'self' as latent para of the instance of the Class
:param your_para:
:return:
"""
print("call class_method and get:", your_para)
@staticmethod
def static_method(your_para):
"""
this is a static_method and you can call it like the
methods of class_method
:param your_para:
:return:
"""
print("call static_method and get:", your_para)
- 虽然类方法在调用的时候没有显式声明cls,但实际上类本身是作为隐含参数传入的。这就像实例方法在调用的时候也没有显式声明self,但实际上实例本身是作为隐含参数传入的。
- 对于静态函数,我们一般把与类无关也与实例无关的函数定义为静态函数。例如入口检查的函数就最好定义成静态函数。
- 类方法的妙处:
1,在继承中的作用:
class Fruit(object):
total = 0 # 这是一个类属性
@classmethod
def print_total(cls):
print('this is the ', cls, '.total:', cls.total, ' and its id: ', id(cls.total)) # cls是类本身,打印类属性total的值
print('this is the Fruit.total:', Fruit.total, 'and its id: ', id(Fruit.total))
print("=======================")
@classmethod
def set(cls, value):
cls.total = value
class Apple(Fruit):
pass
class Orange(Fruit):
pass
app1 = Apple()
app1.set(10)
app1.print_total()
Apple.print_total()
Fruit.set(2)
app1.print_total()
Fruit.print_total()
"""
output:
this is the <class '__main__.Apple'> .total: 10 and its id: 1355201264
this is the Fruit.total: 0 and its id: 1355200944
=======================
this is the <class '__main__.Apple'> .total: 10 and its id: 1355201264
this is the Fruit.total: 0 and its id: 1355200944
=======================
this is the <class '__main__.Apple'> .total: 10 and its id: 1355201264
this is the Fruit.total: 2 and its id: 1355201008
=======================
this is the <class '__main__.Fruit'> .total: 2 and its id: 1355201008
this is the Fruit.total: 2 and its id: 1355201008
=======================
"""