[大洋] Unity3D架构系列之- FSM有限状态机设计一至四

    Unity3D架构系列之- FSM有限状态机设计一

    我们在游戏开发中经常面临架构设计问题，在蛮牛问答里面也有好多朋友问关于架构方面的问题，在这里我就将一些经常使用的游戏开发方面的知识跟大家介绍 一下， 一是给大家提供一个设计思路，在此基础上可以举一反三，二是大家可以通过这个平台共同学习。闲话不多说了，切入正题，FSM有限状态机，在游戏开发中如何使用？那些模块的设计需要它？接下来我们就分析一下游戏：

         比如我们的玩家自身的状态切换，Idle，walk，attack等等，这些都属于状态的切换，可以用有限状态机；还有比如玩家去完任务：领取任务，杀怪，交易，交接任务；还有界面逻辑比如登录，进入场景，退出等等，在游戏中状态切换还是很多的，以上我说的都可以使用有限状态机。既然这么多地方可以使用，那么我们如何去设计有限状态机？

        下面我们先设计我们的FSM有限状态机类图，如下所示：

         

    在这里我的优先状态机，共五个类文件组成。下面就给大家一一说明：

    第一个是IState类，这个类是抽象的，主要是实现有限状态机的接口，书写如下：

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[/p][p=26, null , left][font=微软雅黑][size=3][color=#696969] using UnityEngine; using System.Collections;   public interface IState {          void OnEnter( string prevState);          void OnExit( string nextState);          void OnUpdate(); }[/color][/size][/font][/p][p=26, null , left][font=微软雅黑][size=3][color=#696969]

这个抽象类一共只有三个接口，一个是进入状态，停止状态，更新状态。

第二个类我会在系列二中给大家介绍。

时间有点晚了，就先到这里吧。

  Unity3D架构系列之- FSM有限状态机设计二

   在设计一中，我们把IState类设计了一下，接下来，我们写一下FiniteStateMachine这个类，这个类主要的作用就是对于外界调用，这个类是独立封装的，不继承Mono。这个类的功能是提供一个栈，用于存放FSState，还有通过Update进行状态的切换，以及对栈的管理，Pop和Push操作以及状态的注册。最重要的一点是声明了三个委托函数代码如下：

public delegate void EnterState(string stateName);
public delegate void PushState(string stateName, string lastStateName);
public delegate void PopState();

主要是用于状态之间的切换。定义了Dictionary和Stack，前者用于State注册，后者是状态切换。代码如下：

   

protected Dictionary<string, FSState> mStates;
protected Stack<FSState>    mStateStack;

对应的相关处理函数如下：

     

public void Register(string stateName, IState stateObject) {
  if (mStates.Count == 0)
   mEntryPoint = stateName;
  mStates.Add(stateName, new FSState(stateObject, this, stateName, Enter, Push, Pop));
}

用于状态机的注册，对Stack的操作是如下两个函数，一个是Pop，一个是Push函数。代码如下：

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[/p][p=26, null , left] public void Push( string newState) {                  string lastName = null ;                  if (mStateStack.Count > 1) {                          lastName = mStateStack.Peek().StateName;                  }                  Push(newState, lastName);          }            protected void Push( string stateName, string lastStateName) {                  mStateStack.Push(mStates[stateName]);                  mStateStack.Peek().StateObject.OnEnter(lastStateName);          }            public void Pop() {                  Pop( null );          }            protected string Pop( string newName) {                  FSState lastState = mStateStack.Peek();                  string newState = null ;                  if (newName == null && mStateStack.Count > 1) {                          int index = 0;                          foreach (FSState item in mStateStack) {                                  if (index++ == mStateStack.Count - 2) {                                          newState = item.StateName;                                  }                          }                  }                  else {                          newState = newName;                  }                    string lastStateName = null ;                  if (lastState != null ) {                          lastStateName = lastState.StateName;                          lastState.StateObject.OnExit(newState);                  }                  mStateStack.Pop();                  return lastStateName;          }

下面增加了状态触发消息事件，代码如下：

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[/p][p=26, null , left] public void Trigger( string eventName) {                  CurrentState.Trigger(eventName);          }            public void Trigger( string eventName, object param1) {                  CurrentState.Trigger(eventName, param1);          }            public void Trigger( string eventName, object param1, object param2) {                  CurrentState.Trigger(eventName, param1, param2);          }            public void Trigger( string eventName, object param1, object param2, object param3) {                  CurrentState.Trigger(eventName, param1, param2, param3);          }[/p][p=26, null , left]

FiniteStateMachine核心的功能给大家介绍完了，下面奉上整个类的代码：

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<font face= "微软雅黑" ><font size= "3" ><font color= "black" >[/color][/size][/font][/p][p=26, null , left][font=微软雅黑][size=3][color=black] using UnityEngine; using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic;   public class FiniteStateMachine {          public delegate void EnterState( string stateName);          public delegate void PushState( string stateName, string lastStateName);          public delegate void PopState();            protected Dictionary< string , FSState>        mStates;          protected string                                                mEntryPoint;          protected Stack<FSState>                                mStateStack;            public FiniteStateMachine() {                  mStates = new Dictionary< string , FSState>();                  mStateStack = new Stack<FSState>();                  mEntryPoint = null ;          }            public void Update() {                  if (CurrentState == null ) {                          mStateStack.Push(mStates[mEntryPoint]);                          CurrentState.StateObject.OnEnter( null );                  }                  CurrentState.StateObject.OnUpdate();          }            public void Register( string stateName, IState stateObject) {                  if (mStates.Count == 0)                          mEntryPoint = stateName;                  mStates.Add(stateName, new FSState(stateObject, this , stateName, Enter, Push, Pop));          }            public FSState State( string stateName) {                  return mStates[stateName];          }            public void EntryPoint( string startName) {                  mEntryPoint = startName;          }            public FSState CurrentState {                  get {                          if (mStateStack.Count == 0)                                  return null ;                          return mStateStack.Peek();                  }          }            public void Enter( string stateName) {                  Push(stateName, Pop(stateName));          }            public void Push( string newState) {                  string lastName = null ;                  if (mStateStack.Count > 1) {                          lastName = mStateStack.Peek().StateName;                  }                  Push(newState, lastName);          }            protected void Push( string stateName, string lastStateName) {                  mStateStack.Push(mStates[stateName]);                  mStateStack.Peek().StateObject.OnEnter(lastStateName);          }            public void Pop() {                  Pop( null );          }            protected string Pop( string newName) {                  FSState lastState = mStateStack.Peek();                  string newState = null ;                  if (newName == null && mStateStack.Count > 1) {                          int index = 0;                          foreach (FSState item in mStateStack) {                                  if (index++ == mStateStack.Count - 2) {                                          newState = item.StateName;                                  }                          }                  }                  else {                          newState = newName;                  }                    string lastStateName = null ;                  if (lastState != null ) {                          lastStateName = lastState.StateName;                          lastState.StateObject.OnExit(newState);                  }                  mStateStack.Pop();                  return lastStateName;          }            public void Trigger( string eventName) {                  CurrentState.Trigger(eventName);          }            public void Trigger( string eventName, object param1) {                  CurrentState.Trigger(eventName, param1);          }            public void Trigger( string eventName, object param1, object param2) {                  CurrentState.Trigger(eventName, param1, param2);          }            public void Trigger( string eventName, object param1, object param2, object param3) {                  CurrentState.Trigger(eventName, param1, param2, param3);          } } </font></font></font>

上面整个FSMStateMachine类就封装完了，要知后事如何？且看系列三的讲解。

    Unity3D架构系列之- FSM有限状态机设计三

在设计二中，我们实现了有限状态机管理类，接下来，我们实现FSState这个类，这里类主要是状态的基本操作以及事件触发。在这里我们定义了在FiniteStateMachine类里声明的三个委托。在FSState里面使用的代码如下：
        protected FiniteStateMachine.EnterState mEnterDelegate;
        protected FiniteStateMachine.PushState mPushDelegate;

        protected FiniteStateMachine.PopState mPopDelegate;
这个FSState是独立的一个类，不继承Mono，我们定义了一个构造函数，将我们的委托进行了初始化：
        public FSState(IState obj, FiniteStateMachine owner, string name, FiniteStateMachine.EnterState e, FiniteStateMachine.PushState pu, FiniteStateMachine.PopState po) {
                mStateObject = obj;
                mStateName = name;
                mOwner = owner;
                mEnterDelegate = e;
                mPushDelegate = pu;
                mPopDelegate = po;
                mTranslationEvents = new Dictionary<string, FSEvent>();

        }


我们声明了FSEvent事件处理函数用于将事件的名字和事件加入的Dictionary里面
        public FSEvent On(string eventName) {
                FSEvent newEvent = new FSEvent(eventName, null, this, mOwner, mEnterDelegate, mPushDelegate, mPopDelegate);
                mTranslationEvents.Add(eventName, newEvent);
                return newEvent;

        }
加入到列表后，我们需要从表里面取出去执行，这就需要Trigger触发函数：
        public void Trigger(string name) {
                mTranslationEvents[name].Execute(null, null, null);
        }


        public void Trigger(string eventName, object param1) {
                mTranslationEvents[eventName].Execute(param1, null, null);
        }
        
        public void Trigger(string eventName, object param1, object param2) {
                mTranslationEvents[eventName].Execute(param1, param2, null);
        }
        
        public void Trigger(string eventName, object param1, object param2, object param3) {
                mTranslationEvents[eventName].Execute(param1, param2, param3);

        }
以上也是FSState类的核心代码，闲话少说，FSState类的整个代码，如下：

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[/color][/size][/font] [font=微软雅黑][size=3][color=#000000] [/color][/size][/font] [font=微软雅黑][size=3][color=#000000] using System; using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic;   public class FSState {          protected FiniteStateMachine.EnterState mEnterDelegate;          protected FiniteStateMachine.PushState mPushDelegate;          protected FiniteStateMachine.PopState mPopDelegate;            protected IState mStateObject;          protected string mStateName;          protected FiniteStateMachine mOwner;          protected Dictionary< string , FSEvent> mTranslationEvents;            public FSState(IState obj, FiniteStateMachine owner, string name, FiniteStateMachine.EnterState e, FiniteStateMachine.PushState pu, FiniteStateMachine.PopState po) {                  mStateObject = obj;                  mStateName = name;                  mOwner = owner;                  mEnterDelegate = e;                  mPushDelegate = pu;                  mPopDelegate = po;                  mTranslationEvents = new Dictionary< string , FSEvent>();          }            public IState StateObject {                  get {                          return mStateObject;                  }          }            public string StateName {                  get {                          return mStateName;                  }          }            public FSEvent On( string eventName) {                  FSEvent newEvent = new FSEvent(eventName, null , this , mOwner, mEnterDelegate, mPushDelegate, mPopDelegate);                  mTranslationEvents.Add(eventName, newEvent);                  return newEvent;          }            public void Trigger( string name) {                  mTranslationEvents[name].Execute( null , null , null );          }            public void Trigger( string eventName, object param1) {                  mTranslationEvents[eventName].Execute(param1, null , null );          }                    public void Trigger( string eventName, object param1, object param2) {                  mTranslationEvents[eventName].Execute(param1, param2, null );          }                    public void Trigger( string eventName, object param1, object param2, object param3) {                  mTranslationEvents[eventName].Execute(param1, param2, param3);          }              public FSState On<T>( string eventName, Func<T, bool > action) {                  FSEvent newEvent = new FSEvent(eventName, null , this , mOwner, mEnterDelegate, mPushDelegate, mPopDelegate);                  newEvent.mAction = delegate ( object o1, object o2, object o3) {                          T param1;                          try { param1 = (T)o1; } catch { param1 = default (T); }                          action(param1);                          return true ;                  };                  mTranslationEvents.Add(eventName, newEvent);                  return this ;          }                    public FSState On<T>( string eventName, Action<T> action) {                  FSEvent newEvent = new FSEvent(eventName, null , this , mOwner, mEnterDelegate, mPushDelegate, mPopDelegate);                  newEvent.mAction = delegate ( object o1, object o2, object o3) {                          T param1;                          try { param1 = (T)o1; } catch { param1 = default (T); }                          action(param1);                          return true ;                  };                  mTranslationEvents.Add(eventName, newEvent);                  return this ;          }                    public FSState On<T1, T2>( string eventName, Func<T1, T2, bool > action) {                  FSEvent newEvent = new FSEvent(eventName, null , this , mOwner, mEnterDelegate, mPushDelegate, mPopDelegate);                  newEvent.mAction = delegate ( object o1, object o2, object o3) {                          T1 param1;                          T2 param2;                          try { param1 = (T1)o1; } catch { param1 = default (T1); }                          try { param2 = (T2)o2; } catch { param2 = default (T2); }                          action(param1, param2);                          return true ;                  };                  mTranslationEvents.Add(eventName, newEvent);                  return this ;          }                    public FSState On<T1, T2>( string eventName, Action<T1, T2> action) {                  FSEvent newEvent = new FSEvent(eventName, null , this , mOwner, mEnterDelegate, mPushDelegate, mPopDelegate);                  newEvent.mAction = delegate ( object o1, object o2, object o3) {                          T1 param1;                          T2 param2;                          try { param1 = (T1)o1; } catch { param1 = default (T1); }                          try { param2 = (T2)o2; } catch { param2 = default (T2); }                          action(param1, param2);                          return true ;                  };                  mTranslationEvents.Add(eventName, newEvent);                  return this ;          }            public FSState On<T1, T2, T3>( string eventName, Func<T1, T2, T3, bool > action) {                  FSEvent newEvent = new FSEvent(eventName, null , this , mOwner, mEnterDelegate, mPushDelegate, mPopDelegate);                  newEvent.mAction = delegate ( object o1, object o2, object o3) {                          T1 param1;                          T2 param2;                          T3 param3;                          try { param1 = (T1)o1; } catch { param1 = default (T1); }                          try { param2 = (T2)o2; } catch { param2 = default (T2); }                          try { param3 = (T3)o3; } catch { param3 = default (T3); }                          action(param1, param2, param3);                          return true ;                  };                  mTranslationEvents.Add(eventName, newEvent);                  return this ;          }                    public FSState On<T1, T2, T3>( string eventName, Action<T1, T2, T3> action) {                  FSEvent newEvent = new FSEvent(eventName, null , this , mOwner, mEnterDelegate, mPushDelegate, mPopDelegate);                  newEvent.mAction = delegate ( object o1, object o2, object o3) {                          T1 param1;                          T2 param2;                          T3 param3;                          try { param1 = (T1)o1; } catch { param1 = default (T1); }                          try { param2 = (T2)o2; } catch { param2 = default (T2); }                          try { param3 = (T3)o3; } catch { param3 = default (T3); }                          action(param1, param2, param3);                          return true ;                  };                  mTranslationEvents.Add(eventName, newEvent);                  return this ;          } }

接下来，我会在设计四中给大家介绍FSEvent类的实现，敬请期待。