关于javascript模块和命名空间(Module and namespace)

我们做个项目想作为一个Module，要让它能在各个地方运行，就需要避免定义全局变量global variables和全局函数global function. 所以就要给自己的所有的variables和functions变成一个empty object 的属性或者方法，如例：

// Create an empty object as our namespace
// This single global symbol will hold all of our other symbols
var Module;
if(Module && (typeof Module != "object" || Module.Name))
	throw new Error("Namespace 'Module' already exists");
Module = {};

// Define all variables and functions within the namespace
Module.max = 10;
Module.define = function(){ /* code goes here*/}
Module.provides = function(o, c){ /*code goes here*/}
Module.sayHi = function(){ /* code goes here*/}

这样需要用的时候我们原来比如写 sayHi()， 现在这样写Module.sayHi();

另外现在更流行的一种是通过闭包作为私有命名空间和作用域，使用闭包来创建一个私有命名空间，然后将其共有方法导出到一个公有的命名空间中。

如例：

// Create the namespace object. Error checking omitted here brevity
// Instead of using com.davidflanagan.Class
// we can also simply say var Module={} as the example above
// the reason to use com.davidflanagan.Class is just 100% ensure the name is UNIQUE
var com;
if(!com) com = {};
if(!com.davidflanagan) com.davidflanagan = {};			
com.davidflanagan.Class = {};

// Don't stick anything into the namespace directly
// Instead we define and invoke an anonymous function to create a closure
// that serves as our private namespace. This function will export its
// public symbols from the closure into the Module object
// Note that we use an unnamed function so we don't create any other global symbols
(function(){ // Begin anonymous function definition
	// Nested functions create symbols within the closure
	function define(data) {counter+=data; /* more code here*/}
	function provides(o, c) { /* code here*/}
	
	// local variable are symbols within the closure
	// This one will remain private within the closure
	var counter = 0;
	function localMethod(){ return "This is local method"};
	console.log(localMethod()); // This is local method
	
	// This function can refer to the variable with a simple name
	// instead of having to qualify it with a namespace
	function getCounter(){ return counter;}
	
	// Now that we will defined the properties we want in our private closure
	// we can export the public ones to the public namespace
	// and leave the private ones hidden here.
	var ns = com.davidflanagan.Class;
	
	// Define all variables and functions within the namespace
	ns.define = define;
	ns.provides = provides;
	ns.getCounter = getCounter;
})(); // End anonymours function definition and invoke it

com.davidflanagan.Class.define(5);
console.log(com.davidflanagan.Class.getCounter()); // 5
console.log(com.davidflanagan.Class.localMethod()); // ERROR 命名空间中private function未经export不能被使用

更多详细内容见《犀牛书》第十章