Android GUI系统学习1：Gralloc

Gralloc模块是从Android Eclair（android 2.1）开始加入的一个HAL模块，Gralloc的含义为是Graphics Alloc(图形分配)。他对上为libui提供服务，为其分配显存，刷新显示等。对下对framebuffer进行管理。

gralloc代码通常位于hardware/libhardware/modules/gralloc目录下。包含以下几个文件：

Android.mk  framebuffer.cpp  gralloc.cpp  gralloc_priv.h  gr.h  mapper.cpp

另外，与其相关的头文件位于hardware/libhardware/include/hardware，涉及fb.h和gralloc.h。

下面从gralloc的调用开始学习gralloc的代码。代码基于android4.4。

gralloc的调用是从FramebufferNativeWindow.cpp的构造函数开始的。FramebufferNativeWindow实现FrameBuffer的管理，它主要被SurfaceFlinger使用，也可以被OpenGL Native程序使用。在本质上，它在Framebuffer之上实现了一个ANativeWindow，目前它只管理两个buffers:front and back buffer。

如下所示(FramebufferNativeWindow.cpp)：

FramebufferNativeWindow::FramebufferNativeWindow()
 : BASE(), fbDev(0), grDev(0), mUpdateOnDemand(false)
 {
 hw_module_t const* module;
 if (hw_get_module(GRALLOC_HARDWARE_MODULE_ID, &module) == 0) {
 int stride;
 int err;
 int i;
 err = framebuffer_open(module, &fbDev);
 ALOGE_IF(err, "couldn't open framebuffer HAL (%s)", strerror(-err));

err = gralloc_open(module, &grDev);
 ALOGE_IF(err, "couldn't open gralloc HAL (%s)", strerror(-err));

// bail out if we can't initialize the modules
 if (!fbDev || !grDev)
 return;

mUpdateOnDemand = (fbDev->setUpdateRect != 0);

// initialize the buffer FIFO
 if(fbDev->numFramebuffers >= MIN_NUM_FRAME_BUFFERS &&
 fbDev->numFramebuffers <= MAX_NUM_FRAME_BUFFERS){ mNumBuffers = fbDev->numFramebuffers;
 } else {
 mNumBuffers = MIN_NUM_FRAME_BUFFERS;
 }
 mNumFreeBuffers = mNumBuffers;
 mBufferHead = mNumBuffers-1;

/*
 * This does not actually change the framebuffer format. It merely
 * fakes this format to surfaceflinger so that when it creates
 * framebuffer surfaces it will use this format. It's really a giant
 * HACK to allow interworking with buggy gralloc+GPU driver
 * implementations. You should *NEVER* need to set this for shipping
 * devices.
 */
 #ifdef FRAMEBUFFER_FORCE_FORMAT
 *((uint32_t *)&fbDev->format) = FRAMEBUFFER_FORCE_FORMAT;
 #endif

for (i = 0; i < mNumBuffers; i++) { buffers[i] = new NativeBuffer( fbDev->width, fbDev->height, fbDev->format, GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_FB);
 }

for (i = 0; i < mNumBuffers; i++) { err = grDev->alloc(grDev,
 fbDev->width, fbDev->height, fbDev->format,
 GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_FB, &buffers[i]->handle, &buffers[i]->stride);

ALOGE_IF(err, "fb buffer %d allocation failed w=%d, h=%d, err=%s",
 i, fbDev->width, fbDev->height, strerror(-err));

if (err)
 {
 mNumBuffers = i;
 mNumFreeBuffers = i;
 mBufferHead = mNumBuffers-1;
 break;
 }
 }

const_cast<uint32_t&>(ANativeWindow::flags) = fbDev->flags;
 const_cast<float&>(ANativeWindow::xdpi) = fbDev->xdpi;
 const_cast<float&>(ANativeWindow::ydpi) = fbDev->ydpi;
 const_cast<int&>(ANativeWindow::minSwapInterval) =
 fbDev->minSwapInterval;
 const_cast<int&>(ANativeWindow::maxSwapInterval) =
 fbDev->maxSwapInterval;
 } else {
 ALOGE("Couldn't get gralloc module");
 }

ANativeWindow::setSwapInterval = setSwapInterval;
 ANativeWindow::dequeueBuffer = dequeueBuffer;
 ANativeWindow::queueBuffer = queueBuffer;
 ANativeWindow::query = query;
 ANativeWindow::perform = perform;

ANativeWindow::dequeueBuffer_DEPRECATED = dequeueBuffer_DEPRECATED;
 ANativeWindow::lockBuffer_DEPRECATED = lockBuffer_DEPRECATED;
 ANativeWindow::queueBuffer_DEPRECATED = queueBuffer_DEPRECATED;
 }

这里会先根据gralloc的module ID来得到hw_module_t结构。hw_get_module->hw_get_module_by_class。在hw_get_module_by_class里面，首先根据平台配置找到gralloc动态库的位置，默认使用gralloc.default.so。
参见以下代码(hardware.c)：

for (i=0 ; i<HAL_VARIANT_KEYS_COUNT+1 ; i++) {
        if (i < HAL_VARIANT_KEYS_COUNT) {
            if (property_get(variant_keys[i], prop, NULL) == 0) {
                continue;
            }
            snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s.%s.so",
                     HAL_LIBRARY_PATH2, name, prop);
            if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) break;

            snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s.%s.so",
                     HAL_LIBRARY_PATH1, name, prop);
            if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) break;
        } else {
            snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s.default.so",
                     HAL_LIBRARY_PATH2, name);
            if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) break;

            snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s.default.so",
                     HAL_LIBRARY_PATH1, name);
            if (access(path, R_OK) == 0) break;
        }
    }
 status = -ENOENT;
 if (i < HAL_VARIANT_KEYS_COUNT+1) {
 /* load the module, if this fails, we're doomed, and we should not try
 * to load a different variant. */
 status = load(class_id, path, module);
 }

找到gralloc库的路径后，会调用load函数，在load函数中使用dlopen打开找到的库，并根据HAL_MODULE_INFO_SYM_AS_STR（其值为HMI）获取到hw_module_t（即HAL_MODULE_INFO_SYM）结构体指针，以及把dlopen返回的handle保存在hw_module_t中。而hw_module_t HMI
结构是一个全局结构，在gralloc.cpp中已经得到初始化了。这也是为什么每一个HAL模块都要定义并初始化一个名字为HAL_MODULE_INFO_SYM的hw_module_t结构

struct private_module_t HAL_MODULE_INFO_SYM = {
    base: {
        common: {
            tag: HARDWARE_MODULE_TAG,
            version_major: 1,
            version_minor: 0,
            id: GRALLOC_HARDWARE_MODULE_ID,
            name: "Graphics Memory Allocator Module",
            author: "The Android Open Source Project",
            methods: &gralloc_module_methods
        },
        registerBuffer: gralloc_register_buffer,
        unregisterBuffer: gralloc_unregister_buffer,
        lock: gralloc_lock,
        unlock: gralloc_unlock,
    },
    framebuffer: 0,
    flags: 0,
    numBuffers: 0,
    bufferMask: 0,
    lock: PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
    currentBuffer: 0,
};

回过头，回到FramebufferNativeWindow的构造函数出，接下来调用了err = framebuffer_open(module, &fbDev);framebuffer_open定义在fb.h中，是一个inline函数，其实最终调用了就是上面结构体中初始化的open函数，open函数指向gralloc_device_open，其实现为(gralloc.cpp)：

int gralloc_device_open(const hw_module_t* module, const char* name, hw_device_t** device)
{
    int status = -EI