这里(stackoverflow)有一篇关于使用Django随机获取记录的讨论。
主要意思是说
- Record.objects.order_by('?')[:2]
这样获取2个记录会导致性能问题,原因如下:
“
对于有着相当多数量记录的表来说,这种方法异常糟糕。这会导致一个 ORDER BY RAND() 的SQL查询。举个栗子,这里是MYSQL是如何处理这个查询的(其他数据库的情况也差不多),想象一下当一个表有十亿行的时候会怎样:
- 为了完成ORDER BY RAND() ,需要一个RAND()列来排序
- 为了有RAND()列,需要一个新表,因为现有的表没有这个列。
- 为了这个新表,mysql建立了一个带有新列的,新的临时表,并且将已有的一百万行数据复制进去。
- 当其新建完了,他如你所要求的,为每一行运行RAND()函数来填上这个值。是的,你派mysql创建一百万个随机数,这要点时间:)
- 几个小时或几天后,当他干完这活,他要排序。是的,你排mysql去排序一个一百万行的,最糟糕的表(说他最糟糕是因为排序的键是随机的)。
- 几天或者几星期后,当排序完了,他忠诚地将你实际需要的可怜的两行抓出来返回给你。做的好。;)
注意:只是稍微说一句,得注意到mysql一开始会试着在内存中创建临时表。当内存不够了,他将会把所有东西放在硬盘上,所以你会因为近乎于整个过程中的I/O瓶颈而雪上加霜。
怀疑者可以去看看python代码引起的查询语句,确认是ORDER BY RAND(), 然后去Google下"order by rand()"(带上引号)。
一个更好的方式是将这个耗费严重的查询换成3个耗费更轻的:
- last = MyModel.objects.count() - 1
- # 这是一个获取两个不重复随机数的简单方法
- index1 = randint(0, last)
- index2 = randint(0, last - 1)
- if index2 == index1:
- index2 = last
- MyObj1 = MyModel.objects.all()[index1]
- MyObj2 = MyModel.objects.all()[index2]
”
如上Manganeez所说的方法,相应的获取n条记录的代码应该如下:
- sample = random.sample(xrange(Record.objects.count()),n)
- result = [Record.objects.all()[i]) for i in sample]
- result = random.sample(Record.objects.all(),n)
就性能问题,请教了stackoverflow上的大神 (虽然被踩和被教育了=。=)
“
Record.objects.count() 将被转换成一个相当轻量级的SQL请求:
- SELECT COUNT(*) FROM TABLE
Record.objects.all()[0]也会被转换成一个十分轻量级的SQL请求:
- SELECT * FROM TABLE LIMIT 1
- SELECT * FROM TABLE
- SELECT * FROM table LIMIT 20; // or something similar
任何时候你将一个Queryset转换成list的时候,将是资源消耗严重的时候。
如果我没错的话,在这个例子里,sample方法将把Queryset转换成list。
这样如果你result = random.sample(Record.objects.all(),n) 这样做的话,全部的Queryset将会转换成list,然后从中随机选择。
想象一下如果你有十亿行的数据。你是打算把它存储在一个有百万元素的list中,还是愿意一个一个的query?
”
“
.count的性能是基于数据库的。而Postgres的.count为人所熟知的相当之慢。
”
某人说过,要知道梨子的滋味,就得变革梨子,亲口尝一尝。
在一个已有的测试project中新建一个app,数据库是MYSQL:
- D:\PyWorkspace\DjangoTest>python manage.py startapp randomrecords
- class Record(models.Model):
- """docstring for Record"""
- id = models.AutoField(primary_key = True)
- content = models.CharField(max_length = 16)
- def __str__(self):
- return "id:%s content:%s" % (self.id, self.content)
- def __unicode__(self):
- return u"id:%s content:%s" % (self.id, self.content)
添加一万行数据:
- D:\PyWorkspace\DjangoTest>python manage.py syncdb
- Creating tables ...
- Creating table randomrecords_record
- Installing custom SQL ...
- Installing indexes ...
- Installed 0 object(s) from 0 fixture(s)
- D:\PyWorkspace\DjangoTest>python manage.py shell
- Python 2.7.5 (default, May 15 2013, 22:44:16) [MSC v.1500 64 bit (AMD64)] on win
- 32
- Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
- (InteractiveConsole)
- >>> from randomrecords.models import Record
- >>> for i in xrange(10000):
- ... Record.objects.create(content = 'c of %s' % i).save()
- ...
先写了个脚本 在manage.py shell中调用了下 结果让我震惊了。
我表示不敢相信 又写了view 并添加了显示Query的log
这里是写的view:
- def test1(request):
- start = datetime.datetime.now()
- result = Record.objects.order_by('?')[:20]
- l = list(result) # Queryset是惰性的,强制将Queryset转为list
- end = datetime.datetime.now()
- return HttpResponse("time: <br/> %s" % (end-start).microseconds/1000))
- def test2(request):
- start = datetime.datetime.now()
- sample = random.sample(xrange(Record.objects.count()),20)
- result = [Record.objects.all()[i] for i in sample]
- l = list(result)
- end = datetime.datetime.now()
- return HttpResponse("time: <br/> %s" % (end-start)
- def test3(request):
- start = datetime.datetime.now()
- result = random.sample(Record.objects.all(),20)
- l = list(result)
- end = datetime.datetime.now()
- return HttpResponse("time: <br/> %s" % (end-start)
运行结果如下,第一行是页面显示的时间,后边是Queryset实际调用的SQL语句:
- test1:
- time: 0:00:00.012000
- (0.009) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 20; args=()
- [05/Dec/2013 17:48:19] "GET /dbtest/test1 HTTP/1.1" 200 775
- test2:
- time: 0:00:00.055000
- (0.002) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `randomrecords_record`; args=()
- (0.002) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 6593; args=()
- (0.001) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 2570; args=()
- (0.001) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 620; args=()
- (0.001) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 5814; args=()
- (0.003) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 6510; args=()
- (0.002) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 3536; args=()
- (0.001) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 3362; args=()
- (0.003) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 8948; args=()
- (0.002) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 7723; args=()
- (0.001) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 2374; args=()
- (0.002) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 8269; args=()
- (0.002) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 4370; args=()
- (0.002) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 6953; args=()
- (0.001) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1441; args=()
- (0.000) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 772; args=()
- (0.002) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 4323; args=()
- (0.002) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 8139; args=()
- (0.002) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 7441; args=()
- (0.001) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1306; args=()
- (0.001) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 5462; args=()
- [05/Dec/2013 17:50:34] "GET /dbtest/test2 HTTP/1.1" 200 777
- test3:
- time: 0:00:00.156000
- (0.032) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record`; args=()
- [05/Dec/2013 17:51:29] "GET /dbtest/test3 HTTP/1.1" 200 774
令人难以置信的,在10000行的MYSQL表中 方法1的效率是最高的
无论是结果上看(12ms)还是SQL语句的运行时间上看(9ms)方法1甩了其他方法一大截
即便数据量增加到21万:
- time: 98
- (0.094) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 20; args=()
- [05/Dec/2013 19:18:59] "GET /dbtest/test1 HTTP/1.1" 200 14
- time: 0:00:00.668000
- //这里没有注意到 掉了一行count语句
- (0.045) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 176449; args=()
- (0.016) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 68082; args=()
- (0.036) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 145571; args=()
- (0.033) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 111029; args=()
- (0.043) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 169675; args=()
- (0.046) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 186234; args=()
- (0.043) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 167233; args=()
- (0.015) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 54404; args=()
- (0.036) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 140395; args=()
- (0.004) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 13128; args=()
- (0.039) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 153695; args=()
- (0.034) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 131863; args=()
- (0.021) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 82785; args=()
- (0.015) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 57253; args=()
- (0.021) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 77836; args=()
- (0.049) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 199567; args=()
- (0.002) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 3867; args=()
- (0.027) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 104470; args=()
- (0.026) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 107058; args=()
- (0.043) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 150979; args=()
- [05/Dec/2013 19:21:33] "GET /dbtest/test2 HTTP/1.1" 200 15
- time 0:00:00.781000
- [05/Dec/2013 19:23:01] "GET /dbtest/test3 HTTP/1.1" 200 15
- (0.703) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record`; args=()
- [05/Dec/2013 19:23:06] "GET /dbtest/test3 HTTP/1.1" 200 15
数据量再次提升至百万级别 1066768条数据
- time:
- 0:00:02.197000
- (2.193) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 20; args=()
- [05/Dec/2013 20:00:55] "GET /dbtest/test1 HTTP/1.1" 200 26
- time:
- 0:00:02.659000
- (0.204) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `randomrecords_record`; args=()
- (0.180) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 703891; args=()
- (0.038) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 156668; args=()
- (0.013) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 50742; args=()
- (0.031) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 121107; args=()
- (0.033) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 130565; args=()
- (0.017) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 66225; args=()
- (0.234) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 922479; args=()
- (0.267) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1027166; args=()
- (0.189) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 765499; args=()
- (0.009) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 31569; args=()
- (0.233) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 934055; args=()
- (0.264) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1052741; args=()
- (0.155) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 621692; args=()
- (0.014) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 52388; args=()
- (0.199) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 759669; args=()
- (0.170) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 655598; args=()
- (0.035) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 139709; args=()
- (0.228) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 919480; args=()
- (0.104) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 422051; args=()
- (0.017) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 67549; args=()
- [05/Dec/2013 20:00:45] "GET /dbtest/test2 HTTP/1.1" 200 26
- time:
- 0:00:19.651000
- (3.645) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record`; args=()
- [05/Dec/2013 20:02:50] "GET /dbtest/test3 HTTP/1.1" 200 26
第三种方法所用时间长到令人无法接受 但有意思的是 SQL语句所花费的时间“只有”3.6秒。而大部分的时间都用在python上了。
既然第二种方法和第三种方法都需要random.sample 一个百万个数据的list,那就是说,有大量的时间花费在将SELECT到的结果转化为django对象的过程中了。
此后将不再测试第三种方法
最后,数据量增加到5,195,536个
- time:
- 0:00:22.278000
- (22.275) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FR
- OM `randomrecords_record` ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 20; args=()
- [05/Dec/2013 21:46:33] "GET /dbtest/test1 HTTP/1.1" 200 26
- time:
- 0:00:33.319000
- (1.393) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `randomrecords_record`; args=()
- (3.201) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 4997880; args=()
- (1.229) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 2169311; args=()
- (0.445) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1745307; args=()
- (1.306) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 3233861; args=()
- (1.881) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 3946647; args=()
- (1.624) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 3534377; args=()
- (1.068) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1684337; args=()
- (0.902) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 2607361; args=()
- (2.938) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 4872494; args=()
- (0.493) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 851494; args=()
- (3.275) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 5182414; args=()
- (0.946) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1684670; args=()
- (0.701) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1819730; args=()
- (0.915) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1626221; args=()
- (1.809) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 3638682; args=()
- (3.237) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 4801027; args=()
- (1.187) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1955843; args=()
- (2.736) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 4835733; args=()
- (1.705) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 2756641; args=()
- (0.286) SELECT `randomrecords_record`.`id`, `randomrecords_record`.`content` FRO
- M `randomrecords_record` LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1117426; args=()
随着表中数据行数的增加,两个方法的所用的时间都到了一个完全不能接受的程度。两种方法所用的时间也几乎相同。
值得注意的是,Mysql数据库有一个特点是,对于一个大表,OFFSET越大,查询时间越长。或许有其他方法可以在offset较大的时候加快select的速度,然而django明显没有做到。如果能够减少这种消耗,方法2明显会优于方法1。
附上三种方法数据量和SQL时间/总时间的图
最后总结,Django下,使用mysql数据库,数据量在百万级以下时,使用
- Record.objects.order_by('?')[:2]
来获取随机记录系列,性能不会比
- sample = random.sample(xrange(Record.objects.count()),n)
- result = [Record.objects.all()[i]) for i in sample]
差。