MacOS中afconvert的使用（音频格式转换）

MacOS的强大一方面也在于其继承了众多实用工具，比如今天介绍的这个afconvert。

位置：/usr/bin/afconvert

用法：需要使用命令行操作，在终端cd到bin下即可使用

参数说明：

afconvert [option…] input_file [output_file]

    Options may appear before or after the direct arguments. If output_file

    is not specified, a name is generated programmatically and the file

    is written into the same directory as input_file.

afconvert input_file [-o output_file [option…]]…

    Output file options apply to the previous output_file. Other options

    may appear anywhere.

General options:

    { -d | –data } data_format[@sample_rate][/format_flags][#frames_per_packet]

        [-][BE|LE]{F|[U]I}{8|16|24|32|64}          (PCM)

            e.g.   BEI16   F32@44100

        or a data format appropriate to file format (see -hf)

        format_flags: hex digits, e.g. ‘80’

        Frames per packet can be specified for some encoders, e.g.: samr#12

        A format of “0” specifies the same format as the source file,

            with packets copied exactly.

        A format of “N” specifies the destination format should be the

            native format of the lossless encoded source file (alac, FLAC only)

    { -c | –channels } number_of_channels

        add/remove channels without regard to order

    { -l | –channellayout } layout_tag

        layout_tag: name of a constant from CoreAudioTypes.h

          (prefix “kAudioChannelLayoutTag_” may be omitted)

        if specified once, applies to output file; if twice, the first

          applies to the input file, the second to the output file

    { -b | –bitrate } total_bit_rate_bps

         e.g. 256000 will give you roughly:

             for stereo source: 128000 bits per channel

             for 5.1 source: 51000 bits per channel

                 (the .1 channel consumes few bits and can be discounted in the

                 total bit rate calculation)

    { -q | –quality } codec_quality

        codec_quality: 0-127

    { -r | –src-quality } src_quality

        src_quality (sample rate converter quality): 0-127 (default is 127)

    { –src-complexity } src_complexity

        src_complexity (sample rate converter complexity): line, norm, bats

    { -s | –strategy } strategy

        bitrate allocation strategy for encoding an audio track

        0 for CBR, 1 for ABR, 2 for VBR_constrained, 3 for VBR

    –prime-method method

        decode priming method (see AudioConverter.h)

    –prime-override samples_prime samples_remain

        can be used to override the priming information stored in the source

        file to the specified values. If -1 is specified for either, the value

        in the file is used.

    –no-filler

        don’t page-align audio data in the output file

    –soundcheck-generate

        analyze audio, add SoundCheck data to the output file

    –media-kind “media kind string”

        media kinds are: “Audio Ad”, “Video Ad” 

    –anchor-loudness

        set a single precision floating point value to

        indicate the anchor loudness of the content in dB

    –generate-hash

        generate an SHA-1 hash of the input audio data and add it to the output file.

    –codec-manuf codec_manuf

        specify the codec with the specified 4-character component manufacturer

        code

    –dither algorithm

        algorithm: 1-2

    –mix

        enable channel downmixing

    { -u | –userproperty } property value

        set an arbitrary AudioConverter property to a given value

        property is a four-character code; value can be a signed

        32-bit integer or a single precision floating point value.

        e.g. ‘-u vbrq ’ sets the sound quality level

             (: 0-127)

        May not be used in a transcoding situation.

    -ud property value

        identical to -u except only applies to a decoder. Fails if there is no

        decoder.

    -ue property value

        identical to -u except only applies to an encoder. Fails if there is no

        encoder.

Input file options:

    –read-track track_index

        For input files containing multiple tracks, the index (0..n-1)

        of the track to read and convert.

    –offset number_of_frames

        the starting offset in the input file in frames. (The first frame is

        frame zero.)

    –soundcheck-read

         read SoundCheck data from source file and set it on any destination

         file(s) of appropriate filetype (.m4a, .caf).

    –copy-hash

         copy an SHA-1 hash chunk, if present, from the source file to the output file.

    –gapless-before filename

        file coming before the current input file of a gapless album

    –gapless-after filename

        file coming after the current input file of a gapless album

Output file options:

    -o filename

        specify an (additional) output file.

    { -f | –file } file_format

        use -hf for a complete list of supported file/data formats

    –condensed-framing field_size_in_bits

        specify storage size in bits for externally framed packet sizes.

        Supported value is 16 for aac in m4a file format.

Other options:

    { -v | –verbose }

        print progress verbosely

    { -t | –tag }

        If encoding to CAF, store the source file’s format and name in a user

        chunk. If decoding from CAF, use the destination format and filename

        found in a user chunk.

    { –leaks }

        run leaks at the end of the conversion

    { –profile }

        collect and print performance information

关于file format（也就是支持转换的格式）：

Audio file and data formats:

    ‘3gpp’ = 3GP Audio (.3gp)

               data_formats: ‘Qclp’ ‘aac ’ ‘aace’ ‘aacf’ ‘aach’ ‘aacl’ 

                             ‘aacp’ ‘samr’ 

    ‘3gp2’ = 3GPP-2 Audio (.3g2)

               data_formats: ‘Qclp’ ‘aac ’ ‘aace’ ‘aacf’ ‘aach’ ‘aacl’ 

                             ‘aacp’ ‘samr’ 

    ‘adts’ = AAC ADTS (.aac, .adts)

               data_formats: ‘aac ’ ‘aach’ ‘aacp’ 

    ‘ac-3’ = AC3 (.ac3)

               data_formats: ‘ac-3’ 

    ‘AIFC’ = AIFC (.aifc, .aiff, .aif)

               data_formats: I8 BEI16 BEI24 BEI32 BEF32 BEF64 UI8 ‘ulaw’ 

                             ‘alaw’ ‘MAC3’ ‘MAC6’ ‘ima4’ ‘QDMC’ ‘QDM2’ 

                             ‘Qclp’ ‘agsm’ 

    ‘AIFF’ = AIFF (.aiff, .aif)

               data_formats: I8 BEI16 BEI24 BEI32 

    ‘amrf’ = AMR (.amr)

               data_formats: ‘samr’ ‘sawb’ 

    ‘m4af’ = Apple MPEG-4 Audio (.m4a, .m4r)

               data_formats: ‘aac ’ ‘aace’ ‘aacf’ ‘aach’ ‘aacl’ ‘aacp’ 

                             ‘ac-3’ ‘alac’ ‘ec-3’ ‘paac’ ‘pac3’ ‘qec3’ 

                             ‘zec3’ 

    ‘m4bf’ = Apple MPEG-4 AudioBooks (.m4b)

               data_formats: ‘aac ’ ‘aace’ ‘aacf’ ‘aach’ ‘aacl’ ‘aacp’ 

                             ‘paac’ 

    ‘caff’ = CAF (.caf)

               data_formats: ‘.mp1’ ‘.mp2’ ‘.mp3’ ‘QDM2’ ‘QDMC’ ‘Qclp’ 

                             ‘Qclq’ ‘aac ’ ‘aace’ ‘aacf’ ‘aach’ ‘aacl’ 

                             ‘aacp’ ‘ac-3’ ‘alac’ ‘alaw’ ‘dvi8’ ‘ec-3’ 

                             ‘ilbc’ ‘ima4’ I8 BEI16 BEI24 BEI32 BEF32 

                             BEF64 LEI16 LEI24 LEI32 LEF32 LEF64 ‘ms\x00\x02’ 

                             ‘ms\x00\x11’ ‘ms\x001’ ‘paac’ ‘pac3’ ‘pec3’ 

                             ‘qaac’ ‘qac3’ ‘qach’ ‘qacp’ ‘qec3’ ‘samr’ 

                             ‘ulaw’ ‘zaac’ ‘zac3’ ‘zach’ ‘zacp’ ‘zec3’ 

    ‘ec-3’ = EC3 (.ec3)

               data_formats: ‘ec-3’ 

    ‘MPG1’ = MPEG Layer 1 (.mp1, .mpeg, .mpa)

               data_formats: ‘.mp1’ 

    ‘MPG2’ = MPEG Layer 2 (.mp2, .mpeg, .mpa)

               data_formats: ‘.mp2’ 

    ‘MPG3’ = MPEG Layer 3 (.mp3, .mpeg, .mpa)

               data_formats: ‘.mp3’ 

    ‘mp4f’ = MPEG-4 Audio (.mp4)

               data_formats: ‘aac ’ ‘aace’ ‘aacf’ ‘aach’ ‘aacl’ ‘aacp’ 

                             ‘ac-3’ ‘ec-3’ ‘qec3’ ‘zec3’ 

    ‘NeXT’ = NeXT/Sun (.snd, .au)

               data_formats: I8 BEI16 BEI24 BEI32 BEF32 BEF64 ‘ulaw’ 

    ‘Sd2f’ = Sound Designer II (.sd2)

               data_formats: I8 BEI16 BEI24 BEI32 

    ‘WAVE’ = WAVE (.wav)

               data_formats: UI8 LEI16 LEI24 LEI32 LEF32 LEF64 ‘ulaw’ 

                             ‘alaw’ 

以上介绍内容均来自help，这么多的参数该如何使用？对于一般人来说，只需要转换音乐，比如我们项目上需要将背景音乐转换成*.caf的格式，那么我们只需关心-f和-d两个参数。

-f指的是file format，也就是需要转换的目标格式，参考上述说明，caf文件的命令是-f caff

-d指的是data format，是数据格式的意思，对照上述说明，caf支持的数据格式很多，为了节省空间，我们使用“I8”，也就是-d I8，理解这些参数的含义需要一定的音乐知识背景，这里不赘述。

关于输出路径，如果不用-o制指定，则默认和输入文件在同一个目录，以下举例：

假设用户桌面上有音频文件music.mp3，路径为/Users/test/Desktop/music.mp3,需要转换成caf格式，采样32，速率44100，输出路径相同，则可以在终端输入：

afconvert -f caff -d LEI32@44100 “/Users/test/Desktop/music.mp3”

这样输出的就是按要求的音频文件了，很简单，也很方便。关于其他的参数，需要专业的音乐制作使用，一般不去动，不然不知道具体用处的话会对输出造成一定影响。如有问题，可留言探讨。