RH133 Unit 8 Network Configuration

Objectives

Upon completion of this unit, you should be able to:

- configure IP interfaces

- setup routes

- understand name resolution

- setup IPv6

Network Interfaces

1) Networking scripts refer to logical interface names:

- Enthernet: eth0, eth1 …

- Dial-up: ppp0, ppp1 …

- Loopback: lo

2) Display network interfaces by using:

- ifconfig –a

- ip link [show]

Driver Selection

1) All drivers for network interface cards built as modules

2) /etc/modprobe.conf maps logical names to specific modules:

alias eth0 3c59x

3) Secondary “card selection” can be specified in the interface configuration file /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

HWADDR= 00:0D:60:FB:CA:61

Speed and Duplex Settings

1) Modules are configured to autonegontiate, by default

2) Mismatched can cause intermittent to no communication

3) Manually override using:

- ethtool

- ETHTOOL_OPTS in ifcfg-ethX

- options or install in /etc/modprobe.conf for older interface modules

IPv4 Addresses

1) View configuration with:

- ifconfig

- ip addr [show]

Dynamic IPv4 Configuration

1) Interface configuration defined in:

- /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethX

- Dynamic with line of: BOOTPROTO=dhcp

2) Zero Configuration Networking

- Uses 169.254.0.0/16

- Disabled with line of: NOZEROCONF=yes in /etc/sysconfig/network-syscripts/ifcfg-ethX

3) Use ifdown device; ifup device to apply configuration changes

Static IPv4 Configuration

1) Interface configuration defined in: /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethX

2) Static with lines of:

BOOTPROTO=none

IPADDR=10.0.0.1

NETMASK=255.255.255.0

Device Aliases

1) Useful for virtual hosting

2) Bind multiple IP addresses to a single NIC

eth1:1

eth1:2

eth1:3

3) Create a separate interface configuration file for each device alias:

ifcfg-ethX:xxx

Must use static networking

Routing Table

1) Defines path to all system

2) View table with:

- route

- netstat –r

- ip route [show]

Default Gateway

1) Used when no route entry is matched

2) Might be obtained dynamically with DHCP

3) Can be statically configured:

- With a line of: GATEWAY = 10.53.0.254

- Globally in: /etc/sysconfig/network

- OR, per interface in the interface configuration file: /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethx

Configurating Routes

1) To control traffice flow when there is more than one router

2) Static routes defined per interface

- /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-ethX

- Uses ip route add syntax

3) Dynamic routes learned via daemon(s)

- quagga

- Support for various forms of RIP, OSPF, and BGP

Verify IP Connectivity

1) Ping

- Network packet loss and latency mesurement tool

2) traceroute

- Display network path to the destination

3) mtr

Defining the Local Host Name

1) View/Set local hostname with hostname

2) Initially defined in /etc/sysconfig/network:

- HOSTNAME= stationX.example.com

3) Might “pull” name from network

- dhcpclient daemon

- "Reverser DNS lookup”

Local Resolver

1) Resolver performs forward and reverse lookups

2) /etc/hosts

- Local database of hostname to IP address mappings

- Useful for small isolated networks

- Normally, checked before DNS

Remote Resolvers

1) /etc/resolv.conf

- Domains to search

- Strict order of name servers to use

- May be updated by dhclient

2) /etc/nsswitch.conf

- Precedence of DNS versus /etc/hosts

Verify DNS Connectivity

1) Verify name servers using:

- nslookup (deprecated)

- host

- dig

Network Configuration Utilities

1) system-config-network

- system-config-network-gui

- system-config-network-gui

2) Profile Selection

- system-config-network-cmd

- netprofile kernel argument

Transparent Dynamic Configuration

- NetworkManager service

- nm-applet

Implementing IPv6

1) Kernel ipv6 module enables stateless autoconfiguration

2) Additional configuration implemented by /etc/rc.d/init.d/network initialization script

- NETWORKING_IPV6=yes in /tec/sysconfig/network

- IPV6INIT=yes in /etc/sysconfig/netowrk-script/ifcfg-ethX

IPV6: Dynamic Interface Configuration

1) Two ways to dynamically configure IPv6 addresses:

Router Advertisement Daemon

- Runs on (Linux) Default Gateway – radvd

- Only specifies prefix and default gateway

- Enabled with IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes

- Interface ID automatically generated based on the MAC address of the system

2) DHCP version 6

- dhcp6s supports# more configuration options

- Enabled with DHCPV6C=yes

IPv6: StaticInterface Configuration

1) /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethX

- IPV6ADDR=<ipv6_address>[/prefix_length]

- Device aliases unnecessary…

- IPV6ADDR_SECONDARIES=<ipv6_address>[/prefix_length][…]

IPv6: Routing Configuration

1) Default Gateway

- Dynamically from radvd or hhcpv6s

- Manually specified in /etc/sysconfig/network

   IPV6_DEFAULTGW=<IPv6_address [%interface]>

   IPv6_DEFAULTDEV=<interface> –only valid on point-to-point interfaces

 

2) Static Routes

- Defined per interface in

   /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route6-ethX

   use ip –6 route add syntax

   <ipv6_network/prefix> via <ipv6_routeraddress>

New and Modified Utilities

1) ping6

2) traceroute6

3) tracepath6

4) ip –6

5) host –t AAAA hostname6.domain6

End of Unit8

1) Questions and Answers

2) Summary

- Where are drivers linked to specific interfaces?

- Where is a static IP address defined?

- Where is the default route set?

- Where is the list of nameservers stored?