CLR Via C#读书笔记——CLR分配内存【2011-01-17】

当应用程序的进程完成初始化后,CLR将保留一块连续的地址空间,这段空间最初并不对任何应用物理内存。该地址空间即为托管堆。托管堆上维护着一个指针,我们称之为NextObjPtr。该指针表示下一个新建对象分配时在托管堆中所处的位置。刚开始的时候,NextObjPtr被设为CLR保留地址空间的基地址。

      IL指令newobj负责创建新的对象。许多语言(C#,C++/CLI以及Microsoft Visual Basic)都提供了一个new操作符,该操作符会使编译器在相应方法的IL代码中产生一个newobj指令。在代码运行时,newobj指令将导致CLR执行以下操作:

     1.计算类型所有字段(以及其基类所有的字段)所需要的字节总数。

     2.在前面所得字节总数的基础上再加上对象开销所需的字节数。每个对象包括两个开销字段:一个是类型对象指针,另一个是同步块索引。在32位的应用程序中,这两个字段各占32位,合起来将为每个对象增加8个字节。在64位的应用程序中,两个合起来将为每个对象增加16个字节。

     3.CLR检查保留区域中的空间是否满足分配新对象所需的字节数——如果需要则提交物理内存。如果托管堆中还有足够的剩余空间,那么对象将被满足,对象将被分配在NextObjPtr指针所指是的地方,并且所分配的地址空间中的字节被清零。如果托管堆中没有足够的地址空间来分配该对象。托管堆通过将对象所需要的字节总数添加到NextObjPtr指针表示的地址上来检测这种情况。如果得到的结果超过了托管堆的地址空间范围,那么托管堆将被认为已经充满,这事就需要执行垃圾收集(我们要清楚垃圾收集只有在第0代对象充满时才会出现)。接着,类型的实例构造器被调用(NextObjPtr指针会被传递给this参数),IL指令newobj返回对象的内存地址。就在newobj指令返回对象的地址之前,NextObjPtr指针会越过对象所处的内存区域,并指示出下一个新建对象在托管堆中的地址。

 

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CLR via C# 第4版 英文PDFKristin, words cannot express how /feel about our life together. cherish our family and all our adventures. I'm filled each day with love for Aidan (age 9)and Grant (age 5), you both have been an inspira- tion to me and have taught me to play and have fun Watching the two of you grow up has been so rewarding and enjoyable for me. am lucky to be able to partake in your lives. love and ap preciate you more than you could ever know Contents at a glance Introduction PART I CLR BASICS CHAPTER 1 The clr's execution model CHAPTER 2 Building, Packaging, Deploying, and Administering Applications and Types 33 chaPTeR 3 Shared Assemblies and Strongly Named Assemblies 65 PART I DESIGNING TYPES CHAPTER 4 Type Fundamentals 91 CHAPTER 5 Primitive, Reference, and Value Types 111 CHAPTER 6 Type and Member Basics 151 CHAPTER 7 Constants and fields 175 chaPTer 8 Methods 181 chaPTer 9 Parameters 209 CHAPTER 10 Properties 227 CHAPTER 11 Events 249 CHAPTER 12 Generics 265 CHAPTER 13 Interfaces 295 PARTⅢ ESSENTIAL TYPES CHAPTER 14 Chars, Strings, and Working with Text 317 CHAPTER 15 Enumerated Types and Bit Flags 361 CHAPTER 16 Arrays 373 CHAPTER 17 Delegates 391 CHAPTER 18 Custom Attributes 421 CHAPTER 19 Nullable value Types 441 PART IV CORE FACILITIES CHAPTER 20 Exceptions and state management 451 CHAPTER 21 The Managed Heap and Garbage Collection 505 CHAPTER 22 CLR Hosting and AppDomains 553 CHAPTER 23 Assembly Loading and reflection 583 CHAPTER 24 Runtime serialization 611 CHAPTER 25 Interoperating with WinRT Components 643 PAR V THREADING ChaPTEr 26 Thread basics 669 CHAPTER 27 Compute-Bound Asynchronous Operations 691 CHAPTER 28 IyO-Bound Asynchronous Operations 727 CHAPTER 29 Primitive thread Synchronization Constructs 757 CHAPTER 30 Hybrid Thread Synchronization Constructs 789 Index 823 Contents at a glance Contents Introduction XX PART CLR BASICS Chapter 1 The Clrs Execution Model 3 Compiling Source Code into Managed Modules Combining managed modules into assemblies Loading the Common Language Runtime 8 Executing Your Assembly's Code 11 IL and∨ erification 16 Unsafe Code The Native Code generator tool: ngen. exe 19 The Framework Class Library 22 The Common Type System The Common Language Specification Interoperability with Unmanaged Code 30 Chapter 2 Building, Packaging, Deploying, and Administering Applications and Types 33 NET Framework Deployment Goals 34 Building Types into a Module 35 Response Fil 36 A Brief Look at metadata 38 What do you think of this book We want to hear from you Microsoft is interested in hearing your feedback so we can continually improve our books and learning resources for you. To participate in a brief online survey, please visit microsoft. com/learning/booksurvey Combining Modules to Form an Assembly 45 Adding Assemblies to a Project by Using the Visual Studio IDE.51 Using the assembly Linker Adding Resource Files to an Assembly 53 Assembly Version Resource Information .54 Version numbers ..58 Culture Simple Application Deployment(Privately deployed Assemblies)...60 Simple Administrative Control(Configuration) 62 Chapter 3 Shared Assemblies and Strongly Named Assemblies 65 Two Kinds of Assemblies, Two Kinds of Deployment 66 Giving an Assembly a Strong Name 67 The global Assembly Cache 72 Building an Assembly That References a Strongly Named Assembly..74 Strongly named assemblies are tamper-Resistant 75 Delayed Signing Privately Deploying Strongly Named Assemblies How the Runtime Resolves Type References 80 Advanced Administrative Control( Configuration) 83 Publisher Policy control 86 PART I DESIGNING TYPES Chapter 4 Type Fundamentals 91 All Types Are Derived from System Object .91 Casting Between Types 93 Casting with the C# is and as Operators Namespaces and assemblies 97 How Things relate at Run time .101 Chapter 5 Primitive, Reference, and Value Types 111 Programming Language Primitive Types 111 Checked and Unchecked Primitive Type Operations 115 Reference Types and value Types 118 Boxing and Unboxing Value Types 124 Changing Fields in a Boxed Value Type by Using Interfaces and Why You Shouldnt Do This) 136 Object Equality and Identity 139 Object hash Codes .142 The dynamic Primitive Type ......144 Chapter 6 Type and member Basics 151 The Different Kinds of Type Members .151 Type visibilit 154 Friend assemblies 154 Member accessibility .156 Static Classes ...158 Partial Classes, Structures, and Interfaces .159 Components, Polymorphism, and Versioning 160 How the CLR Calls Virtual Methods, Properties, and Events 162 Using Type Visibility and Member Accessibility Intelligently...166 Dealing with Virtual Methods When Versioning Types 16 Chapter 7 Constants and Fields 175 Constants 175 Fⅰe|ds ...177 Chapter 8 Methods 181 Instance Constructors and Classes(Reference Types) 181 Instance Constructors and Structures(Value Types) 184 Type Constructors 187 Contents x Operator Overload Methods 191 Operators and Programming Language Interoperability 193 Conversion Operator Methods 195 Extension method 198 Rules and guidelines ....,200 Extending Various Types with Extension Methods 201 The Extension Attribute 203 Partial Methods 204 Rules and guidelines 207 Chapter 9 Parameters 209 Optional and Named Parameters 209 Rules and guidelines 210 The defaultParameter value and optional Attributes 212 Implicitly Typed Local Variabl 212 Passing parameters by reference to a Method 214 Passing a variable Number of arguments to a Method 220 Parameter and Return Type Guidelines 223 Const-nes 224 Chapter 10 Properties 227 Parameterless Properties 227 Automatically Implemented Properties 231 Defining Properties Intelligently 232 Object and collection Initializers 235 Anonymous Type .237 The System. Tuple type 240 Parameterful Properties 242 The performance of calling property accessor Methods 247 Property Accessor Accessibility 248 Generic prop A roperty Access 248

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