这一部分讲述如何绘制一些简单的图元,包括直线、填充与笔画操作、虚线、线端(Cap)与线的交合等图形的绘制方法。
直线段
直线段是非常基础的矢量图形对象。画一条直线段,需要调用两个函数:cairo_move_to()
函数,用于设置线段起点;cairo_line_to()
用于设定线段终点。
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
double coordx [ 100 ];
double coordy [ 100 ];
int count = 0;
static gboolean
on_expose_event (GtkWidget *widget,
GdkEventExpose *event,
gpointer data )
{
cairo_t *cr;
cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window );
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0, 0, 0 );
cairo_set_line_width (cr, 0.5 );
int i, j;
for ( i = 0; i <= count - 1; i++ ) {
for ( j = 0; j <= count -1; j++ ) {
cairo_move_to (cr, coordx [i ], coordy [i ] );
cairo_line_to (cr, coordx [j ], coordy [j ] );
}
}
count = 0;
cairo_stroke (cr );
cairo_destroy (cr );
return FALSE;
}
gboolean clicked (GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventButton *event,
gpointer user_data )
{
if (event->button == 1 ) {
coordx [count ] = event->x;
coordy [count++ ] = event->y;
}
if (event->button == 3 ) {
gtk_widget_queue_draw (widget );
}
return TRUE;
}
int
main ( int argc, char *argv [ ] )
{
GtkWidget *window;
gtk_init (&argc, &argv );
window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL );
gtk_widget_add_events (window, GDK_BUTTON_PRESS_MASK );
g_signal_connect (window, "expose-event",
G_CALLBACK (on_expose_event ), NULL );
g_signal_connect (window, "destroy",
G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit ), NULL );
g_signal_connect (window, "button-press-event",
G_CALLBACK (clicked ), NULL );
gtk_window_set_position (GTK_WINDOW (window ), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER );
gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window ), "lines" );
gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (window ), 400, 300 );
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable (window, TRUE );
gtk_widget_show_all (window );
gtk_main ( );
return 0;
}
该示例会创建一个支持鼠标交互绘制直线段的 GTK+ 窗口。在窗口中使用鼠标左键随便点几下,每一次点击时,光标位置的坐标都会被记入长度为 100 的数组;然后点击鼠标右键,所有由鼠标左键点击所得到的点会被彼此连接形成直线段;在窗口中再次点击鼠标右键时,会对窗口绘图区域进行清除。
下面对该示例程序代码进行分析:
cairo_set_line_width (cr, 0.5 );
设置颜色为黑色,线宽为 0.5pt 为参数,绘制直线段。
for ( i = 0; i <= count - 1; i++ ) {
for ( j = 0; j <= count -1; j++ ) {
cairo_move_to (cr, coordx [i ], coordy [i ] );
cairo_line_to (cr, coordx [j ], coordy [j ] );
}
}
用 cairo_move_to() 和 cairo_line_to() 函数在 cr 中定义绘图路径 (path),连接 coordx[] 和 coordy[] 所记录的每个点。
cairo_stroke() 函数会将 cr 中的路径绘制出来。
G_CALLBACK (clicked ), NULL );
设定 button-press-event
事件的回调函数为 clicked ()
。
coordx [count ] = event->x;
coordy [count++ ] = event->y;
}
在 clicked ()
函数中,当鼠标左键点击事件发生时,讲光标所在位置的 x 和 y 坐标分别记入数组 coordx 和
coordy
。
gtk_widget_queue_draw (widget );
}
在 clicked ()
函数中,当鼠标右键单击时,调用 gtk_widget_queue_draw () 函数重绘窗口区域。
描绘 (Stroke) 与填充 (Fill)
描绘 (Stroke) 可以绘制形状的轮廓,填充 (Fill) 则用于向形状内部灌注颜色。
#include <cairo.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
static gboolean
on_expose_event (GtkWidget * widget,
GdkEventExpose * event, gpointer data )
{
cairo_t *cr;
cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window );
int width, height;
gtk_window_get_size (GTK_WINDOW (widget ), &width, &height );
cairo_set_line_width (cr, 9 );
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0.69, 0.19, 0 );
cairo_arc (cr, width / 2, height / 2,
(width < height ? width : height ) / 2 - 10, 0,
2 * M_PI );
cairo_stroke_preserve (cr );
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6 );
cairo_fill (cr );
cairo_destroy (cr );
return FALSE;
}
int
main ( int argc, char *argv [ ] )
{
GtkWidget *window;
gtk_init (&argc, &argv );
window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL );
g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window ), "expose-event",
G_CALLBACK (on_expose_event ), NULL );
g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window ), "destroy",
G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit ), NULL );
gtk_window_set_position (GTK_WINDOW (window ),
GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER );
gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (window ), 200, 150 );
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable (window, TRUE );
gtk_widget_show_all (window );
gtk_main ( );
return 0;
}
这个示例绘制一个内部填充灰色的圆。
下面对代码进行解析:
之所以引入这个头文件,是因为程序中使用了圆周率常量 M_PI。
gtk_window_get_size (GTK_WINDOW (widget ), &width, &height );
获取窗口的宽度与高度尺寸。程序中将使用这些值作为绘制圆形的参考尺寸,以实现窗口尺寸变化时,所绘制的圆的尺寸也会相应变化。
cairo_arc (cr, width / 2, height / 2,
(width < height ? width : height ) / 2 - 10, 0,
2 * M_PI );
cairo_stroke_preserve (cr );
描绘圆的轮廓。这里要注意一下 cairo_stroke_preserve () 函数与 cairo_stroke () 函数的区别(最好的办法是用后者替换一下前者,看看程序执行效果)。cairo_stroke_preserve () 函数会将它绘制的路径依然保存在 cairo 环境中,而 cairo_stroke () 所绘制的路径,在绘制完成后,就从 cairo的环境中清除了。
cairo_fill (cr );
对使用 cairo_stroke_preserve () 函数绘制的路径进行蓝色填充。
虚线 (Dash)
每条线都可以用不同的虚线笔 (dash pen) 来画。虚线模式是通过 cairo_set_dash () 函数来设定。模式类型通过一个数组来定义,数组中的值均为正数,它们用于设置虚线的虚部分与实部分。数组的长度与偏移量可以在程序中设定。如果数组的长度 为 0,虚线模式就是被禁止了,那所绘制的线是实线。如果数组长度为 1,则对应着虚实均匀分布的虚线模式。偏移量是用来设置在虚线的始端在一个虚线周期(包含一个实部单元和一个虚部单元)内的起始位置。
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
static gboolean
on_expose_event (GtkWidget * widget,
GdkEventExpose * event, gpointer data )
{
cairo_t *cr;
cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window );
cairo_set_source_rgba (cr, 0, 0, 0, 1 );
static const double dashed1 [ ] = { 4.0, 1.0 };
static int len1 = sizeof (dashed1 ) / sizeof (dashed1 [ 0 ] );
static const double dashed2 [ ] = { 4.0, 10.0, 4.0 };
static int len2 = sizeof (dashed2 ) / sizeof (dashed2 [ 0 ] );
static const double dashed3 [ ] = { 1.0 };
cairo_set_line_width (cr, 1.5 );
cairo_set_dash (cr, dashed1, len1, 0 );
cairo_move_to (cr, 40, 60 );
cairo_line_to (cr, 360, 60 );
cairo_stroke (cr );
cairo_set_dash (cr, dashed2, len2, 10 );
cairo_move_to (cr, 40, 120 );
cairo_line_to (cr, 360, 120 );
cairo_stroke (cr );
cairo_set_dash (cr, dashed3, 1, 0 );
cairo_move_to (cr, 40, 180 );
cairo_line_to (cr, 360, 180 );
cairo_stroke (cr );
cairo_destroy (cr );
return FALSE;
}
int
main ( int argc, char *argv [ ] )
{
GtkWidget *window;
GtkWidget *darea;
gtk_init (&argc, &argv );
window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL );
darea = gtk_drawing_area_new ( );
gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window ), darea );
g_signal_connect (darea, "expose-event",
G_CALLBACK (on_expose_event ), NULL );
g_signal_connect (window, "destroy",
G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit ), NULL );
gtk_window_set_position (GTK_WINDOW (window ),
GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER );
gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (window ), 400, 300 );
gtk_widget_show_all (window );
gtk_main ( );
return 0;
}
该示例演示了三种虚线模式的设置及绘制。
下面分析一下关键代码。
设定第一条虚线的模式,它的实部是 4 个像素,虚部是 1 个像素。
计算数组 dashed1 的长度。
设置虚线模式。
gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window ), darea );
这次,我们是在 drawing_area 部件上绘图,不再是窗口区域了。
线帽 (Line caps)
线帽是针对直线段的端点形状而言的,分为三种:
- CAIRO_LINE_CAP_SQUARE
- CAIRO_LINE_CAP_ROUND
- CAIRO_LINE_CAP_BUTT
对应形状如下图所示:
同一条直线段,CAIRO_LINE_CAP_SQUARE 线帽与 CAIRO_LINE_CAP_BUTT 线帽会导致直线段长度有所差别,前者会比后者长一个线宽尺寸。
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
static gboolean
on_expose_event (GtkWidget * widget,
GdkEventExpose * event, gpointer data )
{
cairo_t *cr;
cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window );
cairo_set_source_rgba (cr, 0, 0, 0, 1 );
cairo_set_line_width (cr, 10 );
cairo_set_line_cap (cr, CAIRO_LINE_CAP_BUTT );
cairo_move_to (cr, 40, 60 );
cairo_line_to (cr, 360, 60 );
cairo_stroke (cr );
cairo_set_line_cap (cr, CAIRO_LINE_CAP_ROUND );
cairo_move_to (cr, 40, 150 );
cairo_line_to (cr, 360, 150 );
cairo_stroke (cr );
cairo_set_line_cap (cr, CAIRO_LINE_CAP_SQUARE );
cairo_move_to (cr, 40, 240 );
cairo_line_to (cr, 360, 240 );
cairo_stroke (cr );
cairo_set_line_width (cr, 1.5 );
cairo_move_to (cr, 40, 40 );
cairo_line_to (cr, 40, 260 );
cairo_stroke (cr );
cairo_move_to (cr, 360, 40 );
cairo_line_to (cr, 360, 260 );
cairo_stroke (cr );
cairo_move_to (cr, 365, 40 );
cairo_line_to (cr, 365, 260 );
cairo_stroke (cr );
cairo_destroy (cr );
return FALSE;
}
该示例绘制三条具有不同线帽的直线段,同时也展示了不同线帽对线的长度的影响。
下面对关键代码进行简单分析:
设置线的宽度为 10px。
cairo_move_to (cr, 40, 150 );
cairo_line_to (cr, 360, 150 );
cairo_stroke (cr );
画了一条线帽为 CAIRO_LINE_CAP_ROUND 的直线段。
cairo_line_to (cr, 40, 260 );
cairo_stroke (cr );
这是三条竖线之一,用于表现线帽对线的长度的影响。
线的交合 (Line joins)
线的交合存在以下三种风格:
- CAIRO_LINE_JOIN_MITER
- CAIRO_LINE_JOIN_BEVEL
- CAIRO_LINE_JOIN_ROUND
对应形状如下图所示。
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
static gboolean
on_expose_event (GtkWidget * widget,
GdkEventExpose * event, gpointer data )
{
cairo_t *cr;
cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window );
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0.1, 0, 0 );
cairo_rectangle (cr, 30, 30, 100, 100 );
cairo_set_line_width (cr, 14 );
cairo_set_line_join (cr, CAIRO_LINE_JOIN_MITER );
cairo_stroke (cr );
cairo_rectangle (cr, 160, 30, 100, 100 );
cairo_set_line_width (cr, 14 );
cairo_set_line_join (cr, CAIRO_LINE_JOIN_BEVEL );
cairo_stroke (cr );
cairo_rectangle (cr, 100, 160, 100, 100 );
cairo_set_line_width (cr, 14 );
cairo_set_line_join (cr, CAIRO_LINE_JOIN_ROUND );
cairo_stroke (cr );
cairo_destroy (cr );
return FALSE;
}
int
main ( int argc, char *argv [ ] )
{
GtkWidget *window;
GtkWidget *darea;
gtk_init (&argc, &argv );
window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL );
darea = gtk_drawing_area_new ( );
gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window ), darea );
g_signal_connect (darea, "expose-event",
G_CALLBACK (on_expose_event ), NULL );
g_signal_connect (window, "destroy",
G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit ), NULL );
gtk_window_set_position (GTK_WINDOW (window ),
GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER );
gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (window ), 300, 280 );
gtk_widget_show_all (window );
gtk_main ( );
return 0;
}
该示例采用不同的交合类型绘制了三个矩形。
下面对关键代码进行简单分析:
cairo_set_line_width (cr, 14 );
cairo_set_line_join (cr, CAIRO_LINE_JOIN_MITER );
cairo_stroke (cr );
绘制了一个线宽为 14px,交合类型为 CAIRO_LINE_JOIN_MITER 的矩形。