JPA快速入门 - 环境搭建

1. 开发JPA依赖的jar文件

Hiberante核心包(8个文件)

hibernate-distribution-3.3.1.GA

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hibernate3.jar

lib\bytecode\cglib\hibernate-cglib-repack-2.1_3.jar

lib\required\*.jar

 

Hiberante注解包(3个文件)：hibernate-annotations-3.4.0.GA

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hibernate-annotations.jar

lib\ejb3-persistence.jar、hibernate-commons-annotations.jar

 

Hibernate针对JPA的实现包(3个文件)：hibernate-entitymanager-3.4.0.GA

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hibernate-entitymanager.jar

lib\test\log4j.jar、slf4j-log4j12.jar 

2. 项目的组织结构

jpa直接使用java项目即可，具体包组织结构如下

3.JPA的配置文件

 JPA规范要求在类路径的META-INF目录下放置persistence.xml，文件的名称是固定的，配置模版如下：

<persistence xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_1_0.xsd"
	version="1.0">
	<persistence-unit name="itcast" transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
		<properties>
			<property name="hibernate.connection.driver_class" value="org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver" />
			<property name="hibernate.connection.url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/itcast?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=UTF-8" />
			<property name="hibernate.connection.username" value="root" />
			<property name="hibernate.connection.password" value="root" />
			<property name="hibernate.dialect" value="org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5Dialect" />
			<property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto" value="update" />
			<property name="hibernate.show_sql" value="true" />
			<property name="hibernate.format_sql" value="true" />
			<property name="hibernate.max_fetch_depth" value="1" />
		</properties>
	</persistence-unit>
</persistence>

4.单个实体对象映射的例子

（1）实体类Person

package cn.itcast.bean;

import java.util.Date;

import javax.persistence.Basic;
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.EnumType;
import javax.persistence.Enumerated;
import javax.persistence.FetchType;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Lob;
import javax.persistence.Temporal;
import javax.persistence.TemporalType;
import javax.persistence.Transient;

/**
 * Person 用户实体类
 */
@Entity
public class Person {
	/** 主键 */
	private int id;
	/** 姓名 */
	private String name;
	/** 生日 */
	private Date birthday;// 1987-12-10
	/** 性别 */
	private Gender gender = Gender.MAN;// 枚举类型（设置该列的默认值，在字段后面赋初始值）  
	/** 信息 */
	private String info;
	/** 文件 */
	private Byte[] file;
	/** 图片路径 */
	private String imagePath;

	public Person() {}

	public Person(String name) {
		this.name = name;
	}
	
	@Id // 注解可以放在get方法上面或字段上面  
	@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
	public int getId() {
		return id;
	}
	public void setId(int id) {
		this.id = id;
	}
	@Column(name = "person_name", length = 10, nullable = false)
	public String getName() {// 设置该列在数据中列名，长度，非空  
		return name;
	}
	public void setName(String name) {
		this.name = name;
	}
	@Temporal(TemporalType.TIMESTAMP)
	public Date getBirthday() {// 设置日期的格式为yyyy-MM-dd  
		return birthday;
	}
	public void setBirthday(Date birthday) {
		this.birthday = birthday;
	}
	@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)// 取其枚举的值  @Enumerated(EnumType.ORDINAL); 取其枚举的索引
	@Column(length = 5, nullable = false, unique = false)
	public Gender getGender() {
		return gender;
	}
	public void setGender(Gender gender) {
		this.gender = gender;
	}
	@Lob @Basic(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)// @Lob表示大的文本字段  @Basic(fetch=FetchType.LAZY)设置该字段是否懒加载 
	public String getInfo() {
		return info;
	}
	public void setInfo(String info) {
		this.info = info;
	}
	@Lob @Basic(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)//大的二进制字段
	public Byte[] getFile() {
		return file;
	}
	public void setFile(Byte[] file) {
		this.file = file;
	}
	@Transient//非持久化字段(数据库中没有字段与之对应)  
	public String getImagePath() {
		return imagePath;
	}
	public void setImagePath(String imagePath) {
		this.imagePath = imagePath;
	}
	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return "Person [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + ", gender=" + gender + ", birthday=" + birthday + "]";
	}
}

枚举类Gender

package cn.itcast.bean;

/**
 * Gender性别
 */
public enum Gender {
	MAN {
		public String getName() {return "男";}
	}, WOMAN{
		public String getName() {return "女";}
	};
	public abstract String getName();
}

（2）实体bean测试类PersonTest

package junit.test;

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import javax.persistence.Query;

import org.junit.Test;

import cn.itcast.bean.Gender;
import cn.itcast.bean.Person;

/**
 * Person 用户实体类JPA操作单元测试类
 */
public class PersonTest {
	
	@Test
	public void testSave() {
		EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("itcast");
		EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager();// -->SessionFactory-->session-->begin事务
		em.getTransaction().begin();// 开始事务
		Person person = new Person("张三");
		person.setBirthday(new Date());
		person.setGender(Gender.MAN);
		person.setInfo("张三是一个语文老师");
		person.setImagePath("/upload/user/images");
		em.persist(person);
		em.getTransaction().commit();
		em.close();
		factory.close();
	}
	
	@Test
	public void testSaves() {
		EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("itcast");
		EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager();// -->SessionFactory-->session-->begin事务
		em.getTransaction().begin();// 开始事务
		for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
			Person person = new Person("张三" + i);
			person.setBirthday(new Date());
			person.setGender(Gender.MAN);
			person.setInfo("张三是一个语文老师");
			person.setImagePath("/upload/user/images");
			em.persist(person);
		}
		em.getTransaction().commit();
		em.close();
		factory.close();
	}

	// new
	// managed 托管
	// 游离(脱管)
	// 删除状态
	@Test
	public void testUpdate() {
		EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("itcast");
		EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager();
		em.getTransaction().begin();// 开始事务
		Person person = em.find(Person.class, 1);
		person.setName("李四");
		em.getTransaction().commit();
		em.close();
		factory.close();
	}

	@Test
	public void testUpdate2() {
		EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("itcast");
		EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager();
		em.getTransaction().begin();// 开始事务
		Person person = em.find(Person.class, 1);
		em.clear();// 把实体管理器中的实体变成游离状态
		person.setName("李四");
		em.merge(person);// 游离状态下的更新同步到数据库
		em.getTransaction().commit();
		em.close();
		factory.close();
	}

	@Test
	public void testUpdate3() {
		EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("itcast");
		EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager();
		em.getTransaction().begin();// 开始事务
		Person person = em.getReference(Person.class, 1);
		// person.setName("王少杰111");
		// em.clear();
		// em.merge(person);
		System.out.println("person:" + person);
		em.getTransaction().commit();
		em.close();
		factory.close();
	}

	@Test
	public void testDelete() {
		EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("itcast");
		EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager();
		em.getTransaction().begin();// 开始事务
		Person person = em.find(Person.class, 1);
		em.remove(person);
		em.getTransaction().commit();	
		em.close();	
		factory.close();
	}

	@Test
	public void testGetById() {
		EntityManagerFactory fatory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("itcast");
		EntityManager em = fatory.createEntityManager();
		Person person = em.find(Person.class, 1);// 相当于hibernate的get方法，会直接访问数据库
		System.out.println(person);
		em.close();
		fatory.close();
	}

	@Test @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
	public void testGetAll() {
		EntityManagerFactory fatory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("itcast");
		EntityManager em = fatory.createEntityManager();
		Query query = em.createQuery("from Person o");
		List<Person> personList = query.getResultList();
		for (Person person : personList) {
			System.out.println(person);
		}
		em.close();
		fatory.close();
	}

	@Test
	public void testUpdateQuery() {
		EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("itcast");
		EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager();
		em.getTransaction().begin();// 开始事务
		Query query = em.createQuery("update Person o set o.name=:name where o.id=:id");
		query.setParameter("name", "xxx");
		query.setParameter("id", 3);
		query.executeUpdate();
		em.getTransaction().commit();
		em.close();
		factory.close();
	}

	@Test
	public void testDeleteQuery() {
		EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("itcast");
		EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager();
		em.getTransaction().begin();// 开始事务
		Query query = em.createQuery("delete from Person o where o.id=:id");
		query.setParameter("id", 2);
		query.executeUpdate();
		em.getTransaction().commit();
		em.close();
		factory.close();
	}

	@Test @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
	public void testQuery() {
		EntityManagerFactory factory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("itcast");
		EntityManager em = factory.createEntityManager();
		Query query = em.createQuery("select o from Person o where o.id=?1");
		query.setParameter(1, 2);
		List<Person> persons = query.getResultList();
		for (Person person : persons) {
			System.out.println(person.getName());
		}
		em.close();
		factory.close();
	}
}

总结：

搭建一个jpa的开发环境过程如上述所示。首先，下载相关的第三方的开发包并解压；其次，新建一个java项目，将开发需要的jar包添加的类路径中；然后，在src目录下的META-INF目录下建立一个persistence.xml的配置文件；最后，开发只需要编写实体类和相关的单元测试类即可。其中在测试类中，需要对增改删查的api方法进行测试。