只 要你使用了Struts一段时间,你就会开始注意到你花了很多时间来创建ActionForm 类。尽管这些类对于Struts的MVC结构很重要(因为他们实现了视图部分),但他们通常只是bean属性和 validate 方法(有时也称为reset 方法)的汇集。有了Struts 1.1版本,开发者就有了一组新的选项来创建他们的视图对象,在DynaBeans的基础上创建。DynaBeans是动态配置的Java Beans,这就意味着:他们可从外部配置(通常为XML)的某些种类中获取他们的属性,而不是通过在类中明确定义的方法处获得。 为了说明DynaBeans (和Struts实现,Dynaforms)的工作原理,我们首先讨论一个简单的 Struts Form ,它主要记录姓名、地址、和电话号码。下面就是如何使用ActionForm 来实现它的过程。
article1.CustomerForm package article1; import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm; import org.apache.struts.action.ActionErrors; import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping; import org.apache.struts.action.ActionError; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; public class CustomerForm extends ActionForm { protected boolean nullOrBlank (String str) { return ((str == null) || (str.length() == 0)); } public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) { ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors(); if (nullOrBlank(lastName)) { errors.add("lastName", new ActionError("article1.lastName.missing")); } if (nullOrBlank(firstName)) { errors.add("firstName", new ActionError("article1.firstName.missing")); } if (nullOrBlank(street)) { errors.add("street", new ActionError("article1.street.missing")); } if (nullOrBlank(city)) { errors.add("city", new ActionError("article1.city.missing")); } if (nullOrBlank(state)) { errors.add("state", new ActionError("article1.state.missing")); } if (nullOrBlank(postalCode)) { errors.add("postalCode", new ActionError("article1.postalCode.missing")); } if (nullOrBlank(phone)) { errors.add("phone", new ActionError("article1.phone.missing")); } return errors; } private String lastName; private String firstName; private String street; private String city; private String state; private String postalCode; private String phone; public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName(String lastName) { this.lastName = lastName; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName(String firstName) { this.firstName = firstName; } public String getStreet() { return street; } public void setStreet(String street) { this.street = street; } public String getCity() { return city; } public void setCity(String city) { this.city = city; } public String getState() { return state; } public void setState(String state) { this.state = state; } public String getPostalCode() { return postalCode; } public void setPostalCode(String postalCode) { this.postalCode = postalCode; } public String getPhone() { return phone; } public void setPhone(String phone) { this.phone = phone; } }
如你所见,这是一个带有有效方法的标准JavaBean,它保证所有的域都正确设置。 与这个bean接口的JSP 页也同样简单:
customer.jsp <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/c.tld" prefix="c" %> <%@ taglib prefix="fmt" uri="/WEB-INF/fmt.tld" %> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-tiles.tld" prefix="tiles" %> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html" %> <head> <title>Example of a standard Customer form</title> </head> <h1>Example of a standard Customer form</h1> <html:form action="/addCustomer"> Last Name: <html:text property="lastName"/> <html:errors property="lastName" /><br> First Name: <html:text property="firstName"/> <html:errors property="firstName" /><br> Street Addr: <html:text property="street"/> <html:errors property="street" /><br> City: <html:text property="city"/> <html:errors property="city" /><br> State: <html:text property="state" maxlength="2" size="2" /> <html:errors property="state" /><br> Postal Code: <html:text property="postalCode" maxlength="5" size="5" /> <html:errors property="postalCode" /><br> Telephone: <html:text property="phone" maxlength="11" size="11" /> <html:errors property="phone" /><br> <html:submit/> </html:form>
用于该页的Action只发送值到标准输出(它会将值放在 Catalina 日志文件内):
article1.AddCustomerAction package article1; import org.apache.struts.action.Action; import org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping; import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForward; import org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import java.io.IOException; public class AddCustomerAction extends Action { public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException{ CustomerForm custForm = (CustomerForm) form; System.out.println("lastName = " + custForm.getLastName()); System.out.println("firstName = " + custForm.getFirstName()); System.out.println("street = " + custForm.getStreet()); System.out.println("city = " + custForm.getCity()); System.out.println("state = " + custForm.getState()); System.out.println("postalCode = " + custForm.getPostalCode()); System.out.println("phone = " + custForm.getPhone()); return mapping.findForward("success"); } }
原文地址:http://www.developer.com/java/ejb/article.php/2214681
这就是一起绑定的所有东西,他们总是与Struts一起,放在struts-config.xml 文件内:
<struts-config> <form-beans> <form-bean name="customerForm" type="jdj.article1.Customer" /> </form-beans> <action-mappings> <action path="/addCustomer" type="article1.AddCustomerAction" name="customerForm" scope="request" input="/addCustomer.jsp"> <forward name="success" path="/addCustomerSucceeded.jsp" redirect="false" /> </action> </action-mappings> <message-resources parameter="ApplicationResources" /> <plug-in className="org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorPlugIn"> <set-property value="/WEB-INF/validator-rules.xml" property="pathnames" /> struts-config.xml</plug-in></struts-config> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE struts-config PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 1.1//EN" "http://jakarta.apache.org/struts/dtds/struts-config_1_1.dtd"> <struts-config> <form-beans> <form-bean name="customerForm" type="article1.CustomerForm" /> </form-beans> <action-mappings> <action path="/addCustomer" type="article1.AddCustomerAction" name="customerForm" scope="request" input="/customer.jsp"> <forward name="success" path="/addCustomerSucceeded.jsp" redirect="false" /> </action> </action-mappings> <message-resources parameter="ApplicationResources" /> <plug-in className="org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorPlugIn"> <set-property value="/WEB-INF/validator-rules.xml" property="pathnames" /> </plug-in> </struts-config>
customerForm链接到刚刚定义的CustomerForm 类上, /addCustomer动作也是定义用来使用该表格和使用article1.AddCustomerAction类来处理请求。
当你将表格放在了你的浏览器上,你需要填写下列空白表格:
如果你提交了无任何实际内容的表格,就会出现下列内容:
当你认真填写了表格并提交后,在你的Web容器日志文件内(在Tomcat 下为catalina.out )就会出现下列内容:
lastName = Bush firstName = George street = 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW city = Washington state = DC postalCode = 20500 phone = 2024561414
至此,这都是人人熟知的Struts。但是,通过使用Struts 1.1的某些新特征,你可以彻底的删除原本需要编写的大量代码。例如: 我们使用Dynaform扩展,就不需要ActionForm类。如果这样的话,我们需要修改struts-config.xml 中的customerForm 的定义,以便使用org.apache.struts.action.DynaActionForm类(为了这篇指南,我们实际上将创建一个新的类和 JSP页,这样你就能够比较他们两个)
通过使用DynaActionForm,你获得到form-property XML标记的访问,这个标记允许你直接定义struts-config.xml内表格的属性。它看起来如下:
<form-bean name="dynaCustomerForm" type="org.apache.struts.action.DynaActionForm"> <form-property name="lastName" type="java.lang.String"/> <form-property name="firstName" type="java.lang.String"/> <form-property type="java.lang.String" name="street"/> <form-property name="city" type="java.lang.String"/> <form-property name="state" type="java.lang.String"/> <form-property name="postalCode" type="java.lang.String"/> </form-bean>
这就不需要对JSP页做任何修改;DynaForms的使用对Struts HTML标记库是透明的。你确实需要对Action稍微修改一下,但是,因为你不能够再将传递到execute()方法内的表格直接传递给拥有存取器(用 于你的数据的GET和SET方法)的类中。相反,你需要将表格传递给DynaActionForm,并且需要使用普通的get(fieldname)存取 器。所以Action的新版本看起来如下:
article1.AddDynaCustomerAction package article1; import org.apache.struts.action.*; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import java.io.IOException; public class AddDynaCustomerAction extends Action { public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException{ DynaActionForm custForm = (DynaActionForm) form; System.out.println("lastName = " + custForm.get("lastName")); System.out.println("firstName = " + custForm.get("firstName")); System.out.println("street = " + custForm.get("street")); System.out.println("city = " + custForm.get("city")); System.out.println("state = " + custForm.get("state")); System.out.println("postalCode = " + custForm.get("postalCode")); System.out.println("phone = " + custForm.get("phone")); return mapping.findForward("success"); } }
如你所见,它完全删除了整个类(ActionForm)。但是,我们丧失了其他的功能:校验表格数据的能力。有两个方法可以重新获得这个功能。一 个方法就是创建一个类,它产生子类DynaActionForm并且实现validate()方法。在我们的范例中,它看起来如下:
article1.DynaCustomerForm package article1; import org.apache.struts.action.*; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; public class DynaCustomerForm extends DynaActionForm { protected boolean nullOrBlank (String str) { return ((str == null) || (str.length() == 0)); } public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) { ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors(); if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("lastName"))) { errors.add("lastName", new ActionError("article1.lastName.missing")); } if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("firstName"))) { errors.add("firstName", new ActionError("article1.firstName.missing")); } if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("street"))) { errors.add("street", new ActionError("article1.street.missing")); } if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("city"))) { errors.add("city", new ActionError("article1.city.missing")); } if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("state"))) { errors.add("state", new ActionError("article1.state.missing")); } if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("postalCode"))) { errors.add("postalCode", new ActionError("article1.postalCode.missing")); } if (nullOrBlank((String)this.get("phone"))) { errors.add("phone", new ActionError("article1.phone.missing")); } return errors; } }
请再次注意:我们需要使用get()存取器,而不是直接访问实际变量。我们也需要修改struts-config.xml 中表格的定义,以便用这个新类来取代一般的DynaActionForm 类。如果这样的话,就会重新获得校验功能。但是,我们得重新为每个表格定义明确的类。在Struts 1.1下进行校验,我推荐的方法是使用Struts Validator 框架,它将在后续文章中进行说明。
在本系列的下一篇文章中,我们将看到DynaForms 的更高级的用途。特别是,我们将教你如何使用编入索引的属性和beans排列来实现复杂的细节繁琐的表格。
关于作者 James Turner 是Benefit Systems有限公司软件开发总监。他对Apache Struts 项目颇有贡献。他已经出版了两本面向WEB的JAVA技术的书:MySQL and JSP Web Applications, 和Struts Kick Start。他的第三本书,Java Server Faces Kick Start,在2003年冬季由Sams出版发行。
原文地址:http://www.developer.com/java/ejb/article.php/2214681