网易云课堂 Linux内核分析（三）

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-12 20:58:18 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-09-12 20:58:18 发布

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分类专栏： linux 文章标签： linux linux kernel

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寇亚飞 + 原创作品转载请注明出处 + 《Linux内核分析》MOOC课程http://mooc.study.163.com/course/USTC-1000029000

实验内容

跟踪分析Linux内核的启动过程

使用gdb跟踪调试内核从start_kernel到init进程启动

实验步骤及结果

参见实验报告

实验分析

本次实验是使用gdb调试跟踪内核启动代码。通过前几次课了解到，计算机是通过执行指令来完成一系列操作，这其中很重要的一点就是eip寄存器，它给cpu指明了下一条要执行的指令是谁。因此，x86计算机启动的第一个动作就是从硬盘固定位置读取BIOS程序位置到eip中，然后BIOS例行程序检测完硬件并完成相应的初始化之后就会寻找可引导介质，找到后把引导程序加载到指定内存区域后，就把控制权交给了引导程序。这里一般是把硬盘的第一个扇区MBR和活动分区的引导程序加载到内存（即加载BootLoader），加载完整后把控制权交给BootLoader。引导程序BootLoader开始负责操作系统初始化，然后起动操作系统。启动操作系统时一般会指定kernel、initrd和root所在的分区和目录，比如root (hd0,0)，kernel (hd0,0)/bzImage root=/dev/ram init=/bin/ash，initrd (hd0,0)/myinitrd4M.img
内核启动过程包括start_kernel之前和之后，之前全部是做初始化的汇编指令，之后开始C代码的操作系统初始化，最后执行第一个用户态进程init。本次实验就是调试从start_kernel开始的代码。

在start_kernel中

set_task_stack_end_magic(&init_task);

完成了创建0号进程的任务，即idle进程。它是系统创建的第一个进程。
在start_kernel中，完成了许多初始化的工作。如trap_init()完成了中断初始化，mm_init()完成了内存管理初始化，sched_init()完成了调度初始化等等。start_kernel代码如下：

asmlinkage __visible void __init start_kernel(void)
{
    char *command_line;
    char *after_dashes;

    set_task_stack_end_magic(&init_task);
    smp_setup_processor_id();
    debug_objects_early_init();

    /*
     * Set up the the initial canary ASAP:
     */
    boot_init_stack_canary();

    cgroup_init_early();

    local_irq_disable();
    early_boot_irqs_disabled = true;

/*
 * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
 * enable them
 */
    boot_cpu_init();
    page_address_init();
    pr_notice("%s", linux_banner);
    setup_arch(&command_line);
    mm_init_cpumask(&init_mm);
    setup_command_line(command_line);
    setup_nr_cpu_ids();
    setup_per_cpu_areas();
    boot_cpu_state_init();
    smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */

    build_all_zonelists(NULL, NULL);
    page_alloc_init();

    pr_notice("Kernel command line: %s\n", boot_command_line);
    parse_early_param();
    after_dashes = parse_args("Booting kernel",
                  static_command_line, __start___param,
                  __stop___param - __start___param,
                  -1, -1, NULL, &unknown_bootoption);
    if (!IS_ERR_OR_NULL(after_dashes))
        parse_args("Setting init args", after_dashes, NULL, 0, -1, -1,
               NULL, set_init_arg);

    jump_label_init();

    /*
     * These use large bootmem allocations and must precede
     * kmem_cache_init()
     */
    setup_log_buf(0);
    pidhash_init();
    vfs_caches_init_early();
    sort_main_extable();
    trap_init();
    mm_init();

    /*
     * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
     * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
     * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler.
     */
    sched_init();
    /*
     * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
     * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
     */
    preempt_disable();
    if (WARN(!irqs_disabled(),
         "Interrupts were enabled *very* early, fixing it\n"))
        local_irq_disable();
    idr_init_cache();

    /*
     * Allow workqueue creation and work item queueing/cancelling
     * early.  Work item execution depends on kthreads and starts after
     * workqueue_init().
     */
    workqueue_init_early();

    rcu_init();

    /* trace_printk() and trace points may be used after this */
    trace_init();

    context_tracking_init();
    radix_tree_init();
    /* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */
    early_irq_init();
    init_IRQ();
    tick_init();
    rcu_init_nohz();
    init_timers();
    hrtimers_init();
    softirq_init();
    timekeeping_init();
    time_init();
    sched_clock_postinit();
    printk_safe_init();
    perf_event_init();
    profile_init();
    call_function_init();
    WARN(!irqs_disabled(), "Interrupts were enabled early\n");
    early_boot_irqs_disabled = false;
    local_irq_enable();

    kmem_cache_init_late();

    /*
     * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
     * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
     * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
     */
    console_init();
    if (panic_later)
        panic("Too many boot %s vars at `%s'", panic_later,
              panic_param);

    lockdep_info();

    /*
     * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
     * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
     * too:
     */
    locking_selftest();

#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
    if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
        page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
        pr_crit("initrd overwritten (0x%08lx < 0x%08lx) - disabling it.\n",
            page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)),
            min_low_pfn);
        initrd_start = 0;
    }
#endif
    page_ext_init();
    debug_objects_mem_init();
    kmemleak_init();
    setup_per_cpu_pageset();
    numa_policy_init();
    if (late_time_init)
        late_time_init();
    calibrate_delay();
    pidmap_init();
    anon_vma_init();
    acpi_early_init();
#ifdef CONFIG_X86
    if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES))
        efi_enter_virtual_mode();
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_ESPFIX64
    /* Should be run before the first non-init thread is created */
    init_espfix_bsp();
#endif
    thread_stack_cache_init();
    cred_init();
    fork_init();
    proc_caches_init();
    buffer_init();
    key_init();
    security_init();
    dbg_late_init();
    vfs_caches_init();
    pagecache_init();
    signals_init();
    proc_root_init();
    nsfs_init();
    cpuset_init();
    cgroup_init();
    taskstats_init_early();
    delayacct_init();

    check_bugs();

    acpi_subsystem_init();
    arch_post_acpi_subsys_init();
    sfi_init_late();

    if (efi_enabled(EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES)) {
        efi_free_boot_services();
    }

    ftrace_init();

    /* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
    rest_init();
}

在实验中，将断点设置在start_kernel的最后一行，即rest_init()，它完成了剩余部分的初始化。
在rest_init()中

kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS)

创建了1号进程，它是所有用户态进程的祖先，也就是init进程。
然后通过

pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);

创建的kthreadd2号进程，它是所有内核态线程的祖先。

static noinline void __ref rest_init(void)
{
    int pid;

    rcu_scheduler_starting();
    /*
     * We need to spawn init first so that it obtains pid 1, however
     * the init task will end up wanting to create kthreads, which, if
     * we schedule it before we create kthreadd, will OOPS.
     */
    kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS);
    numa_default_policy();
    pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES);
    rcu_read_lock();
    kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
    rcu_read_unlock();
    complete(&kthreadd_done);

    /*
     * The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
     * at least once to get things moving:
     */
    init_idle_bootup_task(current);
    schedule_preempt_disabled();
    /* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
    cpu_startup_entry(CPUHP_ONLINE);
}

在rest_init的最后

 void cpu_startup_entry(enum cpuhp_state state)
{
    /*
    * This #ifdef needs to die, but it's too late in the cycle to
    * make this generic (arm and sh have never invoked the canary
    * init for the non boot cpus!). Will be fixed in 3.11
    */
#ifdef CONFIG_X86
    /*
    * If we're the non-boot CPU, nothing set the stack canary up
    * for us. The boot CPU already has it initialized but no harm
    * in doing it again. This is a good place for updating it, as
    * we wont ever return from this function (so the invalid
    * canaries already on the stack wont ever trigger).
    */
    boot_init_stack_canary();
#endif
    arch_cpu_idle_prepare();
    cpu_idle_loop();
}

cpu_startup_entry()调用了cpu_idle_loop()，在cpu_idle_loop()中，是一个while(1)循环，它是在系统没有别的进程执行时就调用idle进程即0号进程。
更具体的关于0号，1号，2号进程的分析参考这个人的博客

总结

计算机在启动后，执行到start_kernel后，创建了第一个进程即0号进程，然后完成了一系列的内核初始化工作；然后0号进程通过kernel_thread创建了init进程，即1号进程；通过kernel_thread创建 kthreadd进程即2号进程。idle进程真的没意义吗？这么看来它是无比的有意义。