7 元数据(Meta data)
请参考
http://www-900.ibm.com/developerWorks/cn/java/j-annotate1/
http://www-900.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/java/j-annotate2.shtml
8 Building Strings(StringBuilder类)
在JDK5.0中引入了StringBuilder类,该类的方法不是同步(synchronized)的,这使得它比StringBuffer更加轻量级和有效。
9 控制台输入(Console Input)
在JDK5.0之前我们只能通过JOptionPane.showInputDialog进行输入,但在5.0中我们可以通过类Scanner在控制台进行输入操作
例如在1.4中的输入
String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(prompt);
int n = Integer.parseInt(input);
double x = Double.parseDouble(input);
s = input;
在5.0中我们可以
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(prompt);
int n = in.nextInt();
double x = in.nextDouble();
String s = in.nextLine();
10 Covariant Return Types(不晓得怎么翻译,大概是 改变返回类型)
JDK5之前我们覆盖一个方法时我们无法改变被方法的返回类型,但在JDK5中我们可以改变它
例如1.4中我们只能
public Object clone() { ... }
...
Employee cloned = (Employee) e.clone();
但是在5.0中我们可以改变返回类型为Employee
public Employee clone() { ... }
...
Employee cloned = e.clone();
11 格式化I/O(Formatted I/O)
增加了类似C的格式化输入输出,简单的例子:
public class TestFormat{
public static void main(String[] args){
int a = 150000, b = 10;
float c = 5.0101f, d = 3.14f;
System.out.printf("%4d %4d%n", a, b);
System.out.printf("%x %x%n", a, b);
System.out.printf("%3.2f %1.1f%n", c, d);
System.out.printf("%1.3e %1.3e%n", c, d*100);
}
}
输出结果为:
150000 10
249f0 a
5.01 3.1
5.010e+00 3.140e+02
下面是一些格式化参数说明(摘自Core Java 2 Volume I - Fundamentals, Seventh Edition)
Table 3-5. Conversions for printf
Conversion Character | Type | Example |
d | Decimal integer | 159 |
x | 9f | |
o | Octal integer | 237 |
f | Fixed-point floating-point | 15.9 |
e | Exponential floating-point | 1.59E+01 |
g | General floating-point (the shorter of e and f) |
|
a | Hexadecimal floating point | 0x1.fccdp3 |
s | String | Hello |
c | Character | H |
b | Boolean | TRUE |
h | Hash code | 42628b2 |
tx | Date and time | |
% | The percent symbol | % |
n | The platform-dependent line separator |
|
Table 3-7. Date and Time Conversion Characters
Conversion Character | Type | Example |
C | Complete date and time | Mon Feb 09 18:05:19 PST 2004 |
F | ISO 8601 date | 2004-02-09 |
D | U.S. formatted date (month/day/year) | 02/09/2004 |
T | 24-hour time | 18:05:19 |
r | 12-hour time | 06:05:19 pm |
R | 18:05 | |
Y | Four-digit year (with leading zeroes) | 2004 |
y | Last two digits of the year (with leading zeroes) | 04 |
C | First two digits of the year (with leading zeroes) | 20 |
B | Full month name | February |
b or h | Feb | |
m | Two-digit month (with leading zeroes) | 02 |
d | 09 | |
e | Two-digit day (without leading zeroes) | 9 |
A | Full weekday name | Monday |
a | Abbreviated weekday name | Mon |
j | Three-digit day of year (with leading zeroes), between 001 and 366 | 069 |
H | Two-digit hour (with leading zeroes), between 00 and 23 | 18 |
k | Two-digit hour (without leading zeroes), between 0 and 23 | 18 |
I | Two-digit hour (with leading zeroes), between 01 and 12 | 06 |
l | Two-digit hour (without leading zeroes), between 1 and 12 | 6 |
M | Two-digit minutes (with leading zeroes) | 05 |
S | Two-digit seconds (with leading zeroes) | 19 |
L | Three-digit milliseconds (with leading zeroes) | 047 |
N | Nine-digit nanoseconds (with leading zeroes) | 047000000 |
P | Uppercase morning or afternoon marker | PM |
p | Lowercase morning or afternoon marker | pm |
z | RFC 822 numeric offset from GMT | -0800 |
Z | Time zone | PST |
s | Seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 GMT | 1078884319 |
E | 1078884319047 |
Table 3-6. Flags for printf
Flag | Purpose | Example |
+ | Prints sign for positive and negative numbers | +3333.33 |
space | Adds a space before positive numbers | | 3333.33| |
0 | Adds leading zeroes | 003333.33 |
- | Left-justifies field | |3333.33 | |
( | Encloses negative number in parentheses | (3333.33) |
, | Adds group separators | 3,333.33 |
# (for f format) | Always includes a decimal point | 3,333. |
# (for x or o format) | Adds 0x or 0 prefix | 0xcafe |
^ | Converts to upper case | 0XCAFE |
$ | Specifies the index of the argument to be formatted; for example, %1$d %1$x prints the first argument in decimal and hexadecimal | 159 9F |
< | Formats the same value as the previous specification; for example, %d %<x prints the same number in decimal and hexadecimal |
|
这里是一些简单的介绍,更详细的说明请参考:
Core Java 2 Volume I - Fundamentals, Seventh Edition
Core Java 2 Volume II - Advanced Features, Seventh Edition
里面都有一些很精彩的描述,中文名称就是《Java核心技术》。只有第七版才有J2SE5.0的介绍,但是第七版好像还没有中文版。本文还参考了Professional Java JDK - 5th Edition.