oracle数据库零碎---Oracle Merge 使用,表中存在数据就修改,没有数据自动添加

Oracle9i引入了MERGE命令,你能够在一个SQL语句中对一个表同时执行inserts和updates操作. MERGE命令从一个或多个数据源中选择行来updating或inserting到一个或多个表.在Oracle10g中MERGE有如下一些改进：

1、UPDATE或INSERT子句是可选的

2、UPDATE和INSERT子句可以加WHERE子句

3、在ON条件中使用常量过滤谓词来insert所有的行到目标表中,不需要连接源表和目标表

4、UPDATE子句后面可以跟DELETE子句来去除一些不需要的行

语法:

MERGEHINTINTO SCHEMA .TABLE T_ALIAS

USINGSCHEMA . {TABLE | VIEW |SUBQUERY } T_ALIAS

ON (CONDITION)

WHENMATCHEDTHEN MERGE_UPDATE_CLAUSE

WHENNOTMATCHED THEN MERGE_INSERT_CLAUSE / MERGE_DELETE_CLAUSE;

联想:
merge into是特有的功能，相当于在 MSSQL中的

ifexists(...)

updatetable

else

Insertinto table.

mergeinto语法不仅没有if exists语法啰嗦，而且比if exists还要高效很多，常用来在oracle之间同步数据库表。

例子：

1、创建测试表及数据

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1. DROP TABLE PRODUCTS;
2. DROP TABLE NEWPRODUCTS;
3. create table PRODUCTS
4. (
5. PRODUCT_ID INTEGER,
6. PRODUCT_NAME VARCHAR2(60),
7. CATEGORY VARCHAR2(60)
8. );
9. insert into PRODUCTS values (1501, 'VIVITAR 35MM', 'ELECTRNCS');
10. insert into PRODUCTS values (1502, 'OLYMPUS IS50', 'ELECTRNCS');
11. insert into PRODUCTS values (1600, 'PLAY GYM', 'TOYS');
12. insert into PRODUCTS values (1601, 'LAMAZE', 'TOYS');
13. insert into PRODUCTS values (1666, 'HARRY POTTER', 'DVD');
14. commit;
15. create table NEWPRODUCTS
16. (
17. PRODUCT_ID INTEGER,
18. PRODUCT_NAME VARCHAR2(60),
19. CATEGORY VARCHAR2(60)
20. );
21. insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1502, 'OLYMPUS CAMERA', 'ELECTRNCS');
22. insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1601, 'LAMAZE', 'TOYS');
23. insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1666, 'HARRY POTTER', 'TOYS');
24. insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1700, 'WAIT INTERFACE', 'BOOKS');
25. commit;

DROP TABLE PRODUCTS;DROP TABLE NEWPRODUCTS;create table PRODUCTS(PRODUCT_ID INTEGER,PRODUCT_NAME VARCHAR2(60),CATEGORY VARCHAR2(60));insert into PRODUCTS values (1501, 'VIVITAR 35MM', 'ELECTRNCS');insert into PRODUCTS values (1502, 'OLYMPUS IS50', 'ELECTRNCS');insert into PRODUCTS values (1600, 'PLAY GYM', 'TOYS');insert into PRODUCTS values (1601, 'LAMAZE', 'TOYS');insert into PRODUCTS values (1666, 'HARRY POTTER', 'DVD');commit;create table NEWPRODUCTS(PRODUCT_ID INTEGER,PRODUCT_NAME VARCHAR2(60),CATEGORY VARCHAR2(60));insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1502, 'OLYMPUS CAMERA', 'ELECTRNCS');insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1601, 'LAMAZE', 'TOYS');insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1666, 'HARRY POTTER', 'TOYS');insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1700, 'WAIT INTERFACE', 'BOOKS');commit;

2、匹配更新

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
3. ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)
4. WHEN MATCHED THEN
5. UPDATE
6. SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME,
7. P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY;
8. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;
9. SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME, P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY;SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

3、不匹配插入

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
3. ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)
4. WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
5. INSERT
6. (PRODUCT_ID
7. ,PRODUCT_NAME
8. ,CATEGORY)
9. VALUES
10. (NP.PRODUCT_ID
11. ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME
12. ,NP.CATEGORY);
13. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;
14. SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (PRODUCT_ID ,PRODUCT_NAME ,CATEGORY) VALUES (NP.PRODUCT_ID ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME ,NP.CATEGORY);SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

4、匹配带where/on更新

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
3. ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)
4. WHEN MATCHED THEN
5. UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME WHERE P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY;
6. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
7. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
8. ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID AND P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY)
9. WHEN MATCHED THEN
10. UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME;
11. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;
12. SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;
13. SELECT *
14. FROM PRODUCTS A
15. INNER JOIN NEWPRODUCTS B
16. ON A.PRODUCT_ID = B.PRODUCT_ID
17. AND A.CATEGORY = B.CATEGORY;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME WHERE P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY;MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID AND P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY)WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME;SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS A INNER JOIN NEWPRODUCTS B ON A.PRODUCT_ID = B.PRODUCT_ID AND A.CATEGORY = B.CATEGORY;

5、匹配带where更新、插入

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
3. ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)
4. WHEN MATCHED THEN
5. UPDATE
6. SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME,
7. P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY
8. WHERE P.CATEGORY = 'DVD'
9. WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
10. INSERT
11. (PRODUCT_ID
12. ,PRODUCT_NAME
13. ,CATEGORY)
14. VALUES
15. (NP.PRODUCT_ID
16. ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME
17. ,NP.CATEGORY) WHERE NP.CATEGORY != 'BOOKS';
18. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;
19. SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME, P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY WHERE P.CATEGORY = 'DVD'WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (PRODUCT_ID ,PRODUCT_NAME ,CATEGORY) VALUES (NP.PRODUCT_ID ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME ,NP.CATEGORY) WHERE NP.CATEGORY != 'BOOKS';SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

6、ON常量表达式

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
3. ON (1 = 0)
4. WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
5. INSERT
6. (PRODUCT_ID
7. ,PRODUCT_NAME
8. ,CATEGORY)
9. VALUES
10. (NP.PRODUCT_ID
11. ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME
12. ,NP.CATEGORY) WHERE NP.CATEGORY = 'BOOKS';
13. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;
14. SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (1 = 0)WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (PRODUCT_ID ,PRODUCT_NAME ,CATEGORY) VALUES (NP.PRODUCT_ID ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME ,NP.CATEGORY) WHERE NP.CATEGORY = 'BOOKS';SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

7、匹配删除、不匹配插入

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
3. ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)
4. WHEN MATCHED THEN
5. UPDATE
6. SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME,
7. P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY DELETE
8. WHERE (P.CATEGORY = 'ELECTRNCS')
9. WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
10. INSERT
11. (PRODUCT_ID
12. ,PRODUCT_NAME
13. ,CATEGORY)
14. VALUES
15. (NP.PRODUCT_ID
16. ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME
17. ,NP.CATEGORY);
18. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;
19. SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME, P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY DELETE WHERE (P.CATEGORY = 'ELECTRNCS')WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (PRODUCT_ID ,PRODUCT_NAME ,CATEGORY) VALUES (NP.PRODUCT_ID ,NP.PRODUCT_NAME ,NP.CATEGORY);SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

8、源表为子查询(自联接)

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING (SELECT COUNT(*) CO FROM PRODUCTS WHERE PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ID = 1501) B
3. ON (B.CO <> 0)
4. WHEN MATCHED THEN
5. UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = 'KEBO' WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = 1501
6. WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
7. INSERT
8. (PRODUCT_ID
9. ,PRODUCT_NAME
10. ,CATEGORY)
11. VALUES
12. (1501
13. ,'KEBO'
14. ,'NBA');
15. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
16. USING (SELECT COUNT(*) CO FROM PRODUCTS WHERE PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ID = 1508) B
17. ON (B.CO <> 0)
18. WHEN MATCHED THEN
19. UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = 'KEBO' WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = 1508
20. WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
21. INSERT
22. (PRODUCT_ID
23. ,PRODUCT_NAME
24. ,CATEGORY)
25. VALUES
26. (1508
27. ,'KEBO'
28. ,'NBA');
29. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING (SELECT COUNT(*) CO FROM PRODUCTS WHERE PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ID = 1501) BON (B.CO <> 0)WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = 'KEBO' WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = 1501WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (PRODUCT_ID ,PRODUCT_NAME ,CATEGORY) VALUES (1501 ,'KEBO' ,'NBA');MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING (SELECT COUNT(*) CO FROM PRODUCTS WHERE PRODUCTS.PRODUCT_ID = 1508) BON (B.CO <> 0)WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = 'KEBO' WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = 1508WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (PRODUCT_ID ,PRODUCT_NAME ,CATEGORY) VALUES (1508 ,'KEBO' ,'NBA');SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;

优点：

—避免了分开更新

—提高性能并易于使用

—在数据仓库应用中十分有用

—使用merge比传统的先判断再选择插入或更新快很多

需要注意的地方：

1、从语法条件上看（ON (join condition)），merge into也是一个危险的语法。如果不慎重使用，会将源表全部覆盖到目标表，既危险又浪费效率，违背了增量同步的原则。所以在设计表结构时，一般每条记录都有“更新时间”的字段，用目标表“最大更新时间”判断源表数据是否有更新和新增的信息。

2、更新的字段，不允许有关联条件的字段（join condition）。比如条件是 A.ID=B.ID，那么使用“SET A.ID=B.ID”将报出一个莫名其妙的提示错误。

缺少一个带delete语句选项的示例，暂为补上：

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1. MERGE INTO PRODUCTS P
2. USING NEWPRODUCTS NP
3. ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)
4. WHEN MATCHED THEN
5. UPDATE
6. SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME, P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY
7. --WHERE (P.CATEGORY = 'ELECTRNCS')
8. DELETE
9. WHERE (P.CATEGORY = 'ELECTRNCS')
10. WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
11. INSERT
12. (PRODUCT_ID, PRODUCT_NAME, CATEGORY)
13. VALUES
14. (NP.PRODUCT_ID, NP.PRODUCT_NAME, NP.CATEGORY);
15. SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;
16. SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

MERGE INTO PRODUCTS PUSING NEWPRODUCTS NPON (P.PRODUCT_ID = NP.PRODUCT_ID)WHEN MATCHED THEN  UPDATE     SET P.PRODUCT_NAME = NP.PRODUCT_NAME, P.CATEGORY = NP.CATEGORY   --WHERE (P.CATEGORY = 'ELECTRNCS')   DELETE    WHERE (P.CATEGORY = 'ELECTRNCS')WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN  INSERT    (PRODUCT_ID, PRODUCT_NAME, CATEGORY)  VALUES    (NP.PRODUCT_ID, NP.PRODUCT_NAME, NP.CATEGORY);SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;SELECT * FROM NEWPRODUCTS;

说明：DELETE语句删除的是满足matched关联on条件，同时也要是update更新内容的子集，否则不会删除任何内容。