TensorFlow学习篇【1】Getting Started With TensorFlow

学习网址：https://www.tensorflow.org/get_started/get_started

This guide gets you started programming in TensorFlow. Before using this guide, install TensorFlow. To get the most out of this guide, you should know the following:

• How to program in Python.
• At least a little bit about arrays.
• Ideally, something about machine learning. However, if you know little or nothing about machine learning, then this is still the first guide you should read.

基础需求：

• Python编程.
• 数组知识（线性代数相关知识）.
• 机器学习相关知识

机器学习推荐：coursera中Andrew NG的课程，Hinton的课程。

Tensors

The central unit of data in TensorFlow is the tensor. A tensor consists of a set of primitive values shaped into an array of any number of dimensions. A tensor's rank is its number of dimensions. Here are some examples of tensors:

   
   

    
    

    
    

   
   
3 # a rank 0 tensor; this is a scalar with shape []
[1. ,2., 3.] # a rank 1 tensor; this is a vector with shape [3]
[[1., 2., 3.], [4., 5., 6.]] # a rank 2 tensor; a matrix with shape [2, 3]
[[[1., 2., 3.]], [[7., 8., 9.]]] # a rank 3 tensor with shape [2, 1, 3]

Tensor如何翻译？翻译为张量，可以包含任意维的数。暂且如此翻译，其实还是不要翻译的好，总是感觉变味呢。

TensorFlow编程初体验：

推荐应用ipython，自动补全功能最好了。

在terminal下进入：ipython

总体上看，这是一些常量的使用方法，应当没什么可以解释的，继续下面

这里面来了一个placeholders，应该是属于变量输入的接口了（暂时如此理解），继续往下看

这里面就有了机器学习的影子了，里面包含了输入变量X，参数w和b，输出y，损失函数loss，基本元素基本上都包含了。那么y也是placeholder，所以placeholder应当包含了输入输出接口了，具体怎么翻译呢？有地方翻译为占位符，也挺好的。

这是如何训练一个模型，这里是最小化损失函数，总共训练了1000次，最后得到了我们要的参数w和b。

最终的损失函数数值为e-11.效果很好，主要是该模型就是一个非常完美的线性模型，毫无疑问了。

该训练网络为上图，rank之上我就看不懂了，还有就是每一个模块似乎都跟gradient模块相连，有点萌。但是计算梯度的时候，这些数值都是需要的，应该是这个原因了。

contrib属性学习，是属于高层的抽象，看一下如何应用

import tensorflow as tf
# NumPy is often used to load, manipulate and preprocess data.
import numpy as np

# Declare list of features. We only have one real-valued feature. There are many
# other types of columns that are more complicated and useful.
features = [tf.contrib.layers.real_valued_column("x", dimension=1)]

# An estimator is the front end to invoke training (fitting) and evaluation
# (inference). There are many predefined types like linear regression,
# logistic regression, linear classification, logistic classification, and
# many neural network classifiers and regressors. The following code
# provides an estimator that does linear regression.
estimator = tf.contrib.learn.LinearRegressor(feature_columns=features)

# TensorFlow provides many helper methods to read and set up data sets.
# Here we use `numpy_input_fn`. We have to tell the function how many batches
# of data (num_epochs) we want and how big each batch should be.
x = np.array([1., 2., 3., 4.])
y = np.array([0., -1., -2., -3.])
input_fn = tf.contrib.learn.io.numpy_input_fn({"x":x}, y, batch_size=4,
                                              num_epochs=1000)

# We can invoke 1000 training steps by invoking the `fit` method and passing the
# training data set.
estimator.fit(input_fn=input_fn, steps=1000)

# Here we evaluate how well our model did. In a real example, we would want
# to use a separate validation and testing data set to avoid overfitting.
estimator.evaluate(input_fn=input_fn)

features = [tf.contrib.layers.real_valued_column("x", dimension=1)]

输入为一维x

estimator = tf.contrib.learn.LinearRegressor(feature_columns=features)
线性模型
x = np.array([1., 2., 3., 4.])
y = np.array([0., -1., -2., -3.])
input_fn = tf.contrib.learn.io.numpy_input_fn({"x":x}, y, batch_size=4,
                                              num_epochs=1000)
输入输出


batch_size，机器学习中非常有用的概念，当样本数量非常大，有一些冗余的时候，采用minibatch训练，效果会非常好。当然这里就4个样本，就是full——batch
num_epochs是每个batch的大小，为什么是1000呢，有点晕

estimator.fit(input_fn=input_fn, steps=1000) 
这里面有两个input_fn，当然了，第一个是默认变量，看一下其源码：


这样是不是就一目了然了，哈哈，1000次训练
estimator.evaluate(input_fn=input_fn)
这个地方也是一样的了，


具体各个参数什么意思，慢慢学习了，先有个总体的印象，学习，就是要一遍一遍不断的看，不断的学习。
这个例子到此先暂时放一下了。


import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
# Declare list of features, we only have one real-valued feature
def model(features, labels, mode):
  # Build a linear model and predict values
  W = tf.get_variable("W", [1], dtype=tf.float64)
  b = tf.get_variable("b", [1], dtype=tf.float64)
  y = W*features['x'] + b
  # Loss sub-graph
  loss = tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(y - labels))
  # Training sub-graph
  global_step = tf.train.get_global_step()
  optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.01)
  train = tf.group(optimizer.minimize(loss),
                   tf.assign_add(global_step, 1))
  # ModelFnOps connects subgraphs we built to the
  # appropriate functionality.
  return tf.contrib.learn.ModelFnOps(
      mode=mode, predictions=y,
      loss=loss,
      train_op=train)

estimator = tf.contrib.learn.Estimator(model_fn=model)
# define our data set
x = np.array([1., 2., 3., 4.])
y = np.array([0., -1., -2., -3.])
input_fn = tf.contrib.learn.io.numpy_input_fn({"x": x}, y, 4, num_epochs=1000)

# train
estimator.fit(input_fn=input_fn, steps=1000)
# evaluate our model
print(estimator.evaluate(input_fn=input_fn, steps=10))
把这个例子写入文件，然后python一下就可以看到结果了，这里不多叙述。

到此，第一个感觉已经建立了。