一、C++
1、智能指针(C++的内存管理)
智能指针:它的一种通用实现方法是采用引用计数的方法。智能指针将一个计数器与类指向的对象相关联,引用计数跟踪共有多少个类对象共享同一指针。
每次创建类的新对象时,初始化指针并将引用计数置为1;
当对象作为另一对象的副本而创建时,拷贝构造函数拷贝指针并增加与之相应的引用计数;
对一个对象进行赋值时,赋值操作符减少左操作数所指对象的引用计数(如果引用计数为减至0,则删除对象),并增加右操作数所指对象的引用计数;这是因此左侧的指针指向了右侧指针所指向的对象,因此右指针所指向的对象的引用计数+1;
调用析构函数时,构造函数减少引用计数(如果引用计数减至0,则删除基础对象)。
实现智能指针有两种经典策略:一是引入辅助类,二是使用句柄类
辅助类实现(C++ primer中):
# include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class U_Ptr {
friend class HasPtr;
int *ip;
size_t use;
U_Ptr(int *p) :
ip(p), use(1) {
cout << "U_ptr constructor called !" << endl;
}
~U_Ptr() {
delete ip;
cout << "U_ptr distructor called !" << endl;
}
};
class HasPtr {
public:
HasPtr(int *p, int i) :
ptr(new U_Ptr(p)), val(i) {
cout << "HasPtr constructor called ! " << "use = " << ptr->use << endl;
}
HasPtr(const HasPtr& orig) :
ptr(orig.ptr), val(orig.val) {
++ptr->use;
cout << "HasPtr copy constructor called ! " << "use = " << ptr->use
<< endl;
}
HasPtr& operator=(const HasPtr&);
~HasPtr() {
cout << "HasPtr distructor called ! " << "use = " << ptr->use << endl;
if (--ptr->use == 0)
delete ptr;
}
int *get_ptr() const {
return ptr->ip;
}
int get_int() const {
return val;
}
void set_ptr(int *p) const {
ptr->ip = p;
}
void set_int(int i) {
val = i;
}
int get_ptr_val() const {
return *ptr->ip;
}
void set_ptr_val(int i) {
*ptr->ip = i;
}
private:
U_Ptr *ptr;
int val;
};
HasPtr& HasPtr::operator =(const HasPtr &rhs) { //注意,这里赋值操作符在减少做操作数的使用计数之前使rhs的使用技术加1,从而防止自我赋值
++rhs.ptr->use;
if (--ptr->use == 0)
delete ptr;
ptr = rhs.ptr;
val = rhs.val;
return *this;
}
int main() {
int *pi = new int(0);
HasPtr *hpa = new HasPtr(pi, 100);
HasPtr *hpb = new HasPtr(*hpa);
HasPtr *hpc = new HasPtr(*hpb);
HasPtr hpd = *hpa;
cout << hpa->get_ptr_val() << " " << hpb->get_ptr_val() << endl;
hpc->set_ptr_val(10000);
cout << hpa->get_ptr_val() << " " << hpb->get_ptr_val() << endl;
hpd.set_ptr_val(10);
cout << hpa->get_ptr_val() << " " << hpb->get_ptr_val() << endl;
delete hpa;
delete hpb;
delete hpc;
cout << hpd.get_ptr_val() << endl;
return 0;
}