Espresso学习笔记二：Espresso基础知识

一. Espresso基础知识

Espresso包含4个主要组件：

1. Espresso：和view交互的入口点（通过onView和OnData），还有一些与view无关的APIs（如：pressBack）。

包含以下函数：

public static ViewInteraction onView(final Matcher<View> viewMatcher);
public static DataInteraction onData(Matcher<Object> dataMatcher);
public static void registerLooperAsIdlingResource(Looper looper);
public static void registerLooperAsIdlingResource(Looper looper, boolean considerWaitIdle);
public static void registerIdlingResources(IdlingResource... resources);
public static void setFailureHandler(FailureHandler failureHandler);
public static void closeSoftKeyboard();
public static void openContextualActionModeOverflowMenu();
public static void pressBack();
public static void openActionBarOverflowOrOptionsMenu(Context context);

2. ViewMatchers：一组实现了Matcher<? super View>接口的对象。可以将一个或多个ViewMatchers传入到onView方法中，用来在视图层次中定位视图。

包含以下函数：

public static Matcher<View> isAssignableFrom(final Class<?extendsView> clazz)；
public static Matcher<View> withClassName(final Matcher<String> classNameMatcher)；
public static Matcher<View> isDisplayed()；
public static Matcher<View> isCompletelyDisplayed()；
public static Matcher<View> isDisplayingAtLeast(final int areaPercentage)；
public static Matcher<View> isEnabled()；
public static Matcher<View> isFocusable()；
public static Matcher<View> hasFocus()；
public static Matcher<View> hasSibling(final Matcher<View> siblingMatcher)；
public static Matcher<View> withContentDescription(String text)；
public static Matcher<View> withContentDescription(final Matcher<?extendsCharSequence> charSequenceMatcher)；
public static Matcher<View> withId(int id)；
public static Matcher<View> withId(final Matcher<Integer> integerMatcher)；
public static Matcher<View> withTagKey(final int key)；
public static Matcher<View> withTagKey(final int key,final Matcher<Object> objectMatcher)；
public static Matcher<View> withTagValue(final Matcher<Object> tagValueMatcher)；
public static Matcher<View> withText(String text)；
public static Matcher<View> withText(final Matcher<String> stringMatcher)；
public static Matcher<View> withText(final int resourceId)；
public static Matcher<View> isChecked()；
public static Matcher<View> isNotChecked()；
public static Matcher<View> hasContentDescription()；
public static Matcher<View> hasDescendant(final Matcher<View> descendantMatcher)；
public static Matcher<View> isClickable()；
public static Matcher<View> isDescendantOfA(final Matcher<View> ancestorMatcher)；
public static Matcher<View> withEffectiveVisibility(final Visibility visibility)；
public static Matcher<View> withParent(final Matcher<View> parentMatcher)；
public static Matcher<View> withChild(finalMatcher<View> childMatcher)；
public static Matcher<View> isRoot()；
public static Matcher<View> supportsInputMethods()；
public static Matcher<View> hasImeAction(int imeAction)；
public static Matcher<View> hasImeAction(finalMatcher<Integer> imeActionMatcher)；
public static <T>void assertThat(T actual,Matcher<T> matcher)；
public static <T>void assertThat(String message, T actual,Matcher<T> matcher)；

3. ViewActions：一组可以执行的动作（如点击动作：click），可以传入到ViewInteraction.perform方法中。

包含以下函数：

public static ViewAction clearText()；
public static ViewAction click()；
public static ViewAction click(ViewAction rollbackAction)；
public static ViewAction swipeLeft()；
public static ViewAction swipeRight()；
public static ViewAction closeSoftKeyboard()；
public static ViewAction pressImeActionButton()；
public static ViewAction pressBack()；
public static ViewAction pressMenuKey()；
public static ViewAction pressKey(int keyCode)；
public static ViewAction pressKey(EspressoKey key)；
public static ViewAction doubleClick()；
public static ViewAction longClick()；
public static ViewAction scrollTo()；
public static ViewAction typeTextIntoFocusedView；
public static ViewAction typeText(String stringToBeTyped)；

4. ViewAssertions：用来验证视图的状态，需要传到ViewInteraction.check方法中，大多数时候要使用matches函数来验证当前选择的视图的状态。

包含以下函数：

public static ViewAssertion doesNotExist()；
public static ViewAssertion matches(final Matcher<? super View> viewMatcher)；
public static ViewAssertion selectedDescendantsMatch(final Matcher<View> selector, final Matcher<View> matcher)；

例如：

onView(withId(R.id.my_view))      // withId(R.id.my_view)是一个ViewMatcher，用来得到指定的视图
  .perform(click())               // click()是一个ViewAction，用在执行一个click动作
  .check(matches(isDisplayed())); // matches(isDisplayed())是一个ViewAssertion，用来验证视图是否已经显示

二. Hamcrest matcher

hamcrest matcher功能非常强大，用于匹配定义的声明。Espresso中的matcher都属于自定义的hamcrest matcher，hamcrest matcher还被用于Mockito、Junit等框架中。例如：onView方法使用一个matcher在视图层中获得唯一一个匹配的视图对象。

Hamcrest本身也包含许多有用的matcher：

• Core
  • anything - always matches, useful if you don't care what the object under test is
  • describedAs - decorator to adding custom failure description
  • is - decorator to improve readability - see "Sugar", below
• Logical
  • allOf - matches if all matchers match, short circuits (like Java &&)
  • anyOf - matches if any matchers match, short circuits (like Java ||)
  • not - matches if the wrapped matcher doesn't match and vice versa
  • both, either
• Object
  • equalTo - test object equality using Object.equals
  • hasToString - test Object.toString
  • instanceOf, isCompatibleType - test type
  • any - Is the value an instance of a particular type? Use this version to make generics conform, for example in the JMock clause with(any(Thing.class))
  • notNullValue, nullValue - test for null
  • sameInstance - test object identity
  • typeCompatibleWith
    
  • eventFrom - Tests if the value is an event announced by a specific object
    
• Beans
  • hasProperty - test JavaBeans properties
  • getPropertyDescriptor, propertyDescriptorsFor - Utility class for accessing properties on JavaBean objects.
    
  • samePropertyValuesAs
    
• Collections
  • array - test an array's elements against an array of matchers
  • arrayContainingInAnyOrder
    
  • arrayContaining
    
  • arrayWithSize, emptyArray
    
  • hasSize - Matches if collection size satisfies a nested matcher
    
  • empty - Tests if collection is empty
    
  • emptyIterable - Tests if collection is empty
    
  • isIn, isOneOf
    
  • containsInAnyOrder
    
  • contains
    
  • iterableWithSize
    
  • hasEntry, hasKey, hasValue - test a map contains an entry, key or value
  • hasItem, hasItems - test a collection contains elements
  • hasItemInArray - test an array contains an element
  • everyItem
    
• Number
  • closeTo - test floating point values are close to a given value
  • greaterThan, greaterThanOrEqualTo, lessThan, lessThanOrEqualTo - test ordering
  • comparesEqualTo
    
• Text
  • equalToIgnoringCase - test string equality ignoring case
  • equalToIgnoringWhiteSpace - test string equality ignoring differences in runs of whitespace
  • containsString, endsWith, startsWith - test string matching
  • isEmptyString, isEmptyOrNullString - Matches empty Strings (and null)
  • stringContainsInOrder
• Xml
  • hasXPath - Applies a Matcher to a given XML Node in an existing XML Node tree, specified by an XPath expression