last 命令

last 命令：

功能说明：列出目前与过去登入系统的用户相关信息。

　　语　　法：last [-adRx][-f <记录文件>][-n <显示行数>][帐号名称...][终端机编号...]

　　补充说明：单独执行last指令，它会读取位于/var/log目录下，名称为wtmp的文件，并把该给文件的内容记录的登入系统的用户名单全部显示出来。

　　参　　数：
　　-a 　把从何处登入系统的主机名称或IP地址，显示在最后一行。
　　-d 　将IP地址转换成主机名称。
　　-f <记录文件> 　指定记录文件。
　　-n <显示行数>或-<显示行数> 　设置列出名单的显示行数。
　　-R 　不显示登入系统的主机名称或IP地址。
　　-x 　显示系统关机，重新开机，以及执行等级的改变等信息。

 

 

例子：

 

[root@ora2 ~]# date
Tue May 10 21:14:52 CST 2011
[root@ora2 ~]# last -a
root     pts/3        Tue May 10 21:14   still logged in    192.168.36.71
root     pts/2        Tue May 10 21:09   still logged in    :0.0
root     pts/1        Tue May 10 21:05   still logged in    :0.0
root     :0           Tue May 10 21:04   still logged in   
root     :0           Tue May 10 21:04 - 21:04  (00:00)    
reboot   system boot  Tue May 10 20:57          (00:17)     2.6.18-92.el5
root     pts/2        Wed Jan 26 05:36 - crash (104+15:21)  192.168.36.71
root     pts/1        Wed Jan 26 05:35 - crash (104+15:22)  :0.0
root     :0           Wed Jan 26 05:34 - crash (104+15:23) 
root     :0           Wed Jan 26 05:34 - 05:34  (00:00)    
reboot   system boot  Wed Jan 26 05:07         (104+16:07)  2.6.18-92.el5
reboot   system boot  Wed Jan 26 04:47          (00:16)     2.6.18-92.el5

wtmp begins Wed Jan 26 04:47:12 2011
[root@ora2 ~]# last
root     pts/3        192.168.36.71    Tue May 10 21:14   still logged in  
root     pts/2        :0.0             Tue May 10 21:09   still logged in  
root     pts/1        :0.0             Tue May 10 21:05   still logged in  
root     :0                            Tue May 10 21:04   still logged in  
root     :0                            Tue May 10 21:04 - 21:04  (00:00)   
reboot   system boot  2.6.18-92.el5    Tue May 10 20:57          (00:17)   
root     pts/2        192.168.36.71    Wed Jan 26 05:36 - crash (104+15:21)
root     pts/1        :0.0             Wed Jan 26 05:35 - crash (104+15:22)
root     :0                            Wed Jan 26 05:34 - crash (104+15:23)
root     :0                            Wed Jan 26 05:34 - 05:34  (00:00)   
reboot   system boot  2.6.18-92.el5    Wed Jan 26 05:07         (104+16:07)
reboot   system boot  2.6.18-92.el5    Wed Jan 26 04:47          (00:16)   

wtmp begins Wed Jan 26 04:47:12 2011
[root@ora2 ~]# last -d
root     pts/3        192.168.36.71    Tue May 10 21:14   still logged in  
root     pts/2        :0.0             Tue May 10 21:09   still logged in  
root     pts/1        :0.0             Tue May 10 21:05   still logged in  
root     :0                            Tue May 10 21:04   still logged in  
root     :0                            Tue May 10 21:04 - 21:04  (00:00)   
reboot   system boot  2.6.18-92.el5    Tue May 10 20:57          (00:17)   
root     pts/2        192.168.36.71    Wed Jan 26 05:36 - crash (104+15:21)
root     pts/1        :0.0             Wed Jan 26 05:35 - crash (104+15:22)
root     :0                            Wed Jan 26 05:34 - crash (104+15:23)
root     :0                            Wed Jan 26 05:34 - 05:34  (00:00)   
reboot   system boot  2.6.18-92.el5    Wed Jan 26 05:07         (104+16:08)
reboot   system boot  2.6.18-92.el5    Wed Jan 26 04:47          (00:16)   

wtmp begins Wed Jan 26 04:47:12 2011
[root@ora2 ~]# man last
Formatting page, please wait...
LAST,LASTB(1)         Linux System Administrator鈥檚 Manual        LAST,LASTB(1)

NAME
       last, lastb - show listing of last logged in users

SYNOPSIS
       last  [-R] [-num] [ -n num ] [-adiox] [ -f file ] [ -t YYYYMMDDHHMMSS ]
       [name...]  [tty...]
       lastb [-R] [-num] [ -n num ] [ -f file ] [-adiox] [name...]  [tty...]

DESCRIPTION
       Last searches back through the file /var/log/wtmp (or the  file  desig-
       nated  by  the -f flag) and displays a list of all users logged in (and
       out) since that file was created.  Names of  users  and  tty鈥檚  can  be
       given,  in  which  case  last will show only those entries matching the
       arguments.  Names of ttys can be abbreviated, thus last 0 is  the  same
       as last tty0.

       When last catches a SIGINT signal (generated by the interrupt key, usu-
       ally control-C) or a SIGQUIT signal (generated by the quit key, usually
       control-/), last will show how far it has searched through the file; in
       the case of the SIGINT signal last will then terminate.

       The pseudo user reboot logs in each time the system is rebooted.   Thus
       last  reboot will show a log of all reboots since the log file was cre-
       ated.

       Lastb is the same as last, except that by default it shows a log of the
       file /var/log/btmp, which contains all the bad login attempts.

OPTIONS
       -num   This is a count telling last how many lines to show.

       -n num The same.

       -t YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
              Display  the  state of logins as of the specified time.  This is
              useful, e.g., to determine easily who was logged in at a partic-
              ular  time  --  specify  that  time  with -t and look for "still
              logged in".

       -f file
              Specifies a file to search other than /var/log/wtmp.

       -R     Suppresses the display of the hostname field.

       -a     Display the hostname in the last column. Useful  in  combination
              with the next flag.

       -d     For non-local logins, Linux stores not only the host name of the
              remote host but its IP number as well.  This  option  translates
              the IP number back into a hostname.

       -i     This  option is like -d in that it displays the IP number of the
              remote host, but it displays the IP number  in  numbers-and-dots
              notation.

       -o     Read  an  old-type  wtmp  file  (written by linux-libc5 applica-
              tions).

       -x     Display the system shutdown entries and run level changes.

NOTES
       The files wtmp and btmp might not be found. The system only logs infor-
       mation  in  these files if they are present. This is a local configura-
       tion issue. If you want the files to be used, they can be created  with
       a simple touch(1) command (for example, touch /var/log/wtmp).

FILES
       /var/log/wtmp
       /var/log/btmp

AUTHOR
       Miquel van Smoorenburg, miquels@cistron.nl

SEE ALSO
       shutdown(8), login(1), init(8)

                                 Jul 31, 2004                    LAST,LASTB(1)
[root@ora2 ~]# last
root     pts/3        192.168.36.71    Tue May 10 21:14   still logged in  
root     pts/2        :0.0             Tue May 10 21:09   still logged in  
root     pts/1        :0.0             Tue May 10 21:05   still logged in  
root     :0                            Tue May 10 21:04   still logged in  
root     :0                            Tue May 10 21:04 - 21:04  (00:00)   
reboot   system boot  2.6.18-92.el5    Tue May 10 20:57          (00:18)   
root     pts/2        192.168.36.71    Wed Jan 26 05:36 - crash (104+15:21)
root     pts/1        :0.0             Wed Jan 26 05:35 - crash (104+15:22)
root     :0                            Wed Jan 26 05:34 - crash (104+15:23)
root     :0                            Wed Jan 26 05:34 - 05:34  (00:00)   
reboot   system boot  2.6.18-92.el5    Wed Jan 26 05:07         (104+16:08)
reboot   system boot  2.6.18-92.el5    Wed Jan 26 04:47          (00:16)   

wtmp begins Wed Jan 26 04:47:12 2011
[root@ora2 ~]# last -R
root     pts/3        Tue May 10 21:14   still logged in  
root     pts/2        Tue May 10 21:09   still logged in  
root     pts/1        Tue May 10 21:05   still logged in  
root     :0           Tue May 10 21:04   still logged in  
root     :0           Tue May 10 21:04 - 21:04  (00:00)   
reboot   system boot  Tue May 10 20:57          (00:18)   
root     pts/2        Wed Jan 26 05:36 - crash (104+15:21)
root     pts/1        Wed Jan 26 05:35 - crash (104+15:22)
root     :0           Wed Jan 26 05:34 - crash (104+15:23)
root     :0           Wed Jan 26 05:34 - 05:34  (00:00)   
reboot   system boot  Wed Jan 26 05:07         (104+16:08)
reboot   system boot  Wed Jan 26 04:47          (00:16)   

wtmp begins Wed Jan 26 04:47:12 2011
[root@ora2 ~]# last - x

wtmp begins Wed Jan 26 04:47:12 2011
[root@ora2 ~]# last -x
root     pts/3        192.168.36.71    Tue May 10 21:14   still logged in  
root     pts/2        :0.0             Tue May 10 21:09   still logged in  
root     pts/1        :0.0             Tue May 10 21:05   still logged in  
root     :0                            Tue May 10 21:04   still logged in  
root     :0                            Tue May 10 21:04 - 21:04  (00:00)   
runlevel (to lvl 5)   2.6.18-92.el5    Tue May 10 20:57 - 21:16  (00:18)   
reboot   system boot  2.6.18-92.el5    Tue May 10 20:57          (00:18)   
root     pts/2        192.168.36.71    Wed Jan 26 05:36 - crash (104+15:21)
root     pts/1        :0.0             Wed Jan 26 05:35 - crash (104+15:22)
root     :0                            Wed Jan 26 05:34 - crash (104+15:23)
root     :0                            Wed Jan 26 05:34 - 05:34  (00:00)   
runlevel (to lvl 5)   2.6.18-92.el5    Wed Jan 26 05:07 - 20:57 (104+15:50)
reboot   system boot  2.6.18-92.el5    Wed Jan 26 05:07         (104+16:09)
shutdown system down  2.6.18-92.el5    Wed Jan 26 05:04 - 21:16 (104+16:11)
runlevel (to lvl 6)   2.6.18-92.el5    Wed Jan 26 05:03 - 05:04  (00:00)   
runlevel (to lvl 5)   2.6.18-92.el5    Wed Jan 26 04:47 - 05:03  (00:16)   
reboot   system boot  2.6.18-92.el5    Wed Jan 26 04:47          (00:16)   

wtmp begins Wed Jan 26 04:47:12 2011
[root@ora2 ~]# last -a
root     pts/3        Tue May 10 21:14   still logged in    192.168.36.71
root     pts/2        Tue May 10 21:09   still logged in    :0.0
root     pts/1        Tue May 10 21:05   still logged in    :0.0
root     :0           Tue May 10 21:04   still logged in   
root     :0           Tue May 10 21:04 - 21:04  (00:00)    
reboot   system boot  Tue May 10 20:57          (00:19)     2.6.18-92.el5
root     pts/2        Wed Jan 26 05:36 - crash (104+15:21)  192.168.36.71
root     pts/1        Wed Jan 26 05:35 - crash (104+15:22)  :0.0
root     :0           Wed Jan 26 05:34 - crash (104+15:23) 
root     :0           Wed Jan 26 05:34 - 05:34  (00:00)    
reboot   system boot  Wed Jan 26 05:07         (104+16:09)  2.6.18-92.el5
reboot   system boot  Wed Jan 26 04:47          (00:16)     2.6.18-92.el5

wtmp begins Wed Jan 26 04:47:12 2011
[root@ora2 ~]# exit
logout