问题导读：
1.NumPy 的 ndarray：一种多维数数组对象
2.通用函数 - 快速的元素级数组函数
3.利用数组进行数据分析
4.用于数组的文件输入输出
5.线性代数
6.随机数生成
解决方案：
NumPy 的 ndarray：
（1）简介：
ndarray是numpy 的一个N维数组对象，该对象是一个快速而灵活的大数据集容器。我们可以利用这个数据结构对整块数据执行一些数学运算，
In [13]: data = np.random.rand(2,3)
In [14]: data
Out[14]:
array([[ 0.37049662, 0.29125076, 0.62865859],
[ 0.52419945, 0.68931012, 0.20101274]])
In [15]: data * 10
Out[15]:
array([[ 3.70496616, 2.91250765, 6.2865859 ],
[ 5.24199448, 6.89310123, 2.01012736]])
ndarray是一个通用的 同构数据多维容器，其中的所有 元素必须是相同类型的。每个数组都有一个 shape（表示各维度大小的元组）和一个 dtype（一个用于说明数组数据类型的对象）。
In [16]: data.shape
Out[16]: (2, 3)
In [17]: data.dtype
Out[17]: dtype('float64')
（2）创建ndarray
- 使用array 函数。它可以接受一切序列型的对象（包括其他数组），然后产生一个ndarray数组，
In [18]: data1 = [2,2.5,10,0,7]
In [19]: arr1 = np.array(data1)
In [20]: arr1
Out[20]: array([ 2. , 2.5, 10. , 0. , 7. ])
In [21]: data2 = [[1,1,1],[2,2,2],[3,3,3]]
In [22]: arr2 = np.array(data2)
In [23]: arr2
Out[23]:
array([[1, 1, 1],
[2, 2, 2],
[3, 3, 3]])
除非显示的说明否则np.array 会尝试为新建的这个数组推断出一个较位合适的数据类型 保存在dtype 对象中，
In [33]: arr1.shape
Out[33]: (5,)
In [34]: arr1.shape
Out[34]: (5,)
In [35]: arr1.dtype
Out[35]: dtype('float64')
In [36]: arr1.ndim
Out[36]: 1
In [37]: arr2.shape
Out[37]: (3, 3)
In [38]: arr2.dtype
Out[38]: dtype('int64')
In [39]: arr2.ndim
Out[39]: 2
- zeros 可以创建全0数组
- ones 可以创建全1数组
- empty 可以创建一个没有任何具体值的数组（未初始化的垃圾值）
我们只需要传入一个表示形状的元组即可，
In [40]: np.zeros(10)
Out[40]: array([ 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])
In [41]: np.zeros((3,2))
Out[41]:
array([[ 0., 0.],
[ 0., 0.],
[ 0., 0.]])
In [42]: np.ones((2,3))
Out[42]:
array([[ 1., 1., 1.],
[ 1., 1., 1.]])
In [43]: np.empty((1,1,1))
Out[43]: array([[[ 6.90576859e-310]]])
- arange 相当于内置的range，但返回的是一个ndarray 而不是列表
In [54]: arange(1,10)
Out[54]: array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
（3）ndarray 的数据类型
- 在创建时声明
In [57]: arr1 = np.array([1,2,3],dtype=np.float64)
In [58]: arr2 = np.array([1,2,3],dtype=np.string_)
In [59]: arr1.dtype
Out[59]: dtype('float64')
In [60]: arr2.dtype
Out[60]: dtype('S1')
In [61]: arr2
Out[61]:
array(['1', '2', '3'],
dtype='|S1')
NumPy 数据类型：
object O Python对象类型
string_ S 固定长度的字符串类型
- 通过ndarray 的 astype 方法显示地转换其dtype
In [63]: int_arr = np.array([1,2,3,4,])
In [64]: int_arr.dtype
Out[64]: dtype('int64')
In [65]: float_arr = int_arr.astype(np.float64)
In [66]: float_arr.dtype
Out[66]: dtype('float64')
In [67]: float_arr
Out[67]: array([ 1., 2., 3., 4.])
In [68]: int_arr
Out[68]: array([1, 2, 3, 4])
- 浮点型转换成整型将折断小数点；在转换过程中因为某种原因而失败了，就会引发一个TypeError
In [75]: float_arr = np.array([1.111,2.222,3.333])
In [76]: float_arr
Out[76]: array([ 1.111, 2.222, 3.333])
In [77]: int_arr = float_arr.astype(np.int32)
In [78]: int_arr
Out[78]: array([1, 2, 3], dtype=int32)
- astype无论如何都会创建出一个新的数组，即使新dtype 与 原来的 dtype 相同也是如此
In [79]: int_arr.astype(float_arr.dtype)
Out[79]: array([ 1., 2., 3.])
In [80]: float_arr.astype(int_arr.dtype)
Out[80]: array([1, 2, 3], dtype=int32)
（4）数组与标量之间的运算
我们不需要编写循环即可对数据执行批量操作，这样通常叫做矢量化，大小相等的数组之间的任何算数运算都会将运算应用到元素级，
In [24]: arr
Out[24]:
array([[ 1., 2., 3.],
[ 4., 5., 6.]])
In [25]: arr + arr
Out[25]:
array([[ 2., 4., 6.],
[ 8., 10., 12.]])
In [26]: arr / arr
Out[26]:
array([[ 1., 1., 1.],
[ 1., 1., 1.]])
In [27]: 1/arr
Out[27]:
array([[ 1. , 0.5 , 0.33333333],
[ 0.25 , 0.2 , 0.16666667]])
In [28]: arr ** 0.5
Out[28]:
array([[ 1. , 1.41421356, 1.73205081],
[ 2. , 2.23606798, 2.44948974]])
不同大小的数组之间的运算叫做广播，之后会介绍。
（5）基本的索引和切片
当标准值赋值给一个切片时，该值会自动传播（广播）到整个选区。跟列表的最重要的区别在于，数组切片是原始数组的视图。
In [29]: arr = np.arange(10)
In [30]: arr
Out[30]: array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
In [31]: arr[5]
Out[31]: 5
In [32]: arr[5:8]
Out[32]: array([5, 6, 7])
In [33]: arr[:-3] = 0
In [34]: arr
Out[34]: array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 8, 9])
In [35]: arr = range(1,10)
In [36]: arr
Out[36]: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [37]: arr.dtype
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-37-5d17617c092d> in <module>()
----> 1 arr.dtype
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'dtype'
In [38]: arr
Out[38]: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [39]: arr[3:5]
Out[39]: [4, 5]
In [40]: arr[3:5] = 0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-40-449b29d2513c> in <module>()
----> 1 arr[3:5] = 0
TypeError: can only assign an iterable
数组切片是原始数组的视图，数据不会被复制，视图上的任何修改都会直接映射到原数组上，
In [59]: arr
Out[59]: array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 12, 12, 8, 9])
In [60]: arr_slice = arr[5:8]
In [61]: arr_slice
Out[61]: array([12, 12, 12])
In [62]: arr_slice[1] = 10010
In [63]: arr
Out[63]: array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 10010, 12, 8, 9])
In [64]: arr_slice[:] = 10086
In [65]: arr
Out[65]: array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10086, 10086, 10086, 8,如想得到的是ndarray切片的一份副本而非视图，就要显试的复制操作，
In [70]: arr[5:8].copy()
Out[70]: array([10086, 10086, 10086])
高维数组，
In [74]: arr2d = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]])
In [75]: arr2d
Out[75]:
array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]])
In [76]: arr2d[2]
Out[76]: array([7, 8, 9])
In [77]: arr2d[0][2]
Out[77]: 3
In [78]: arr2d[0,2]
Out[78]: 3
切片索引，
In [79]: arr2d
Out[79]:
array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]])
In [80]: arr2d[:2,1:]
Out[80]:
array([[2, 3],
[5, 6]])
In [81]: arr2d[:,:1]
Out[81]:
array([[1],
[4],
[7]])
（6）布尔型索引
In [83]: names = np.array(['a','b','c','d','e'])
In [84]: data = randn(5,3)
In [85]: names
Out[85]:
array(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'],
dtype='|S1')
In [86]: data
Out[86]:
array([[-0.11552192, -1.02001624, -2.41543696],
[-0.71050235, -1.05874464, -0.44239117],
[ 0.75511336, 1.5671725 , 0.26329833],
[-1.18434069, -0.4040645 , 0.20707161],
[-0.1109921 , 0.77768241, -0.74954289]])
In [87]: data[names == 'b']
Out[87]: array([[-0.71050235, -1.05874464, -0.44239117]])
In [88]: data[names == 'b',2]
Out[88]: array([-0.44239117])
In [90]: data[names != 'b',2]
Out[90]: array([-2.41543696, 0.26329833, 0.20707161, -0.74954289])In [97]: data[(names != 'b') & (names != 'c')]
Out[97]:
array([[-0.11552192, -1.02001624, -2.41543696],
[-1.18434069, -0.4040645 , 0.20707161],
[-0.1109921 , 0.77768241, -0.74954289]])
In [98]: data[(names != 'b') | (names != 'c')]
Out[98]:
array([[-0.11552192, -1.02001624, -2.41543696],
[-0.71050235, -1.05874464, -0.44239117],
[ 0.75511336, 1.5671725 , 0.26329833],
[-1.18434069, -0.4040645 , 0.20707161],
[-0.1109921 , 0.77768241, -0.74954289]])
In [99]: data
Out[99]:
array([[-0.11552192, -1.02001624, -2.41543696],
[-0.71050235, -1.05874464, -0.44239117],
[ 0.75511336, 1.5671725 , 0.26329833],
[-1.18434069, -0.4040645 , 0.20707161],
[-0.1109921 , 0.77768241, -0.74954289]])
利用整数数组去索引，
In [110]: arr = np.empty((8,4))
In [111]: for i in range(8):
arr[i] = i
.....:
In [112]: arr[[4,0,3,7]]
Out[112]:
array([[ 4., 4., 4., 4.],
[ 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[ 3., 3., 3., 3.],
[ 7., 7., 7., 7.]])
In [113]: arr = np.arange(16).reshape((4,4))
In [114]: arr
Out[114]:
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11],
[12, 13, 14, 15]])
In [115]: arr[[1,0,2],[2,0,1]]
Out[115]: array([6, 0, 9])
花式索引和切片不一样，它总是将数据复制到新数组中。
In [116]: arr[[1,0,2]][:,[2,0,1]]
Out[116]:
array([[ 6, 4, 5],
[ 2, 0, 1],
[10, 8, 9]])
In [118]: arr[np.ix_([1,0,2],[2,0,1])]
Out[118]:
array([[ 6, 4, 5],
[ 2, 0, 1],
[10, 8, 9]])
In [119]: np.ix_([1,0,2],[2,0,1])
Out[119]:
(array([[1],
[0],
[2]]), array([[2, 0, 1]]))
（8）数组转置和轴对换
In [121]: arr
Out[121]:
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
In [122]: arr.T
Out[122]:
array([[ 0, 4, 8],
[ 1, 5, 9],
[ 2, 6, 10],
[ 3, 7, 11]])
In [123]: np.dot(arr.T,arr)
Out[123]:
array([[ 80, 92, 104, 116],
[ 92, 107, 122, 137],
[104, 122, 140, 158],
[116, 137, 158, 179]])
In [124]: arr = np.arange(16).reshape((2,2,4))
In [125]: arr
Out[125]:
array([[[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7]],
[[ 8, 9, 10, 11],
[12, 13, 14, 15]]])
In [126]: arr.transpose((1,0,2))
Out[126]:
array([[[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]],
[[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[12, 13, 14, 15]]])
In [127]: arr.swapaxes(0,1)
Out[127]:
array([[[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]],
[[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[12, 13, 14, 15]]])
两个函数都是返回原数据的视图，不会进行任何复制操作。
通用函数的介绍：
这些函数都是元素级的函数，使用矢量化包装器。
- 一元函数
In [2]: arr = np.arange(10)
In [3]: arr
Out[3]: array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
In [4]: np.sqrt(arr)
Out[4]:
array([ 0. , 1. , 1.41421356, 1.73205081, 2. ,
2.23606798, 2.44948974, 2.64575131, 2.82842712, 3. ])
In [5]: np.exp(arr)
Out[5]:
array([ 1.00000000e+00, 2.71828183e+00, 7.38905610e+00,
2.00855369e+01, 5.45981500e+01, 1.48413159e+02,
4.03428793e+02, 1.09663316e+03, 2.98095799e+03,
8.10308393e+03])
- 二元函数
（1）maximum 求得元素级别最大值
In [24]: arr = randn(7)*5
In [25]: np.modf(arr)
Out[25]:
(array([-0.38426056, -0.88663126, 0.54868246, 0.69865541, -0.8307569 ,
-0.07793903, 0.07893149]),
array([ -2., -3., 13., 0., -1., -4., 6.]))
（2）modf 返回的是小数部分 和 整数部分的两个数组
In [24]: arr = randn(7)*5
In [25]: np.modf(arr)
Out[25]:
(array([-0.38426056, -0.88663126, 0.54868246, 0.69865541, -0.8307569 ,
-0.07793903, 0.07893149]),
array([ -2., -3., 13., 0., -1., -4., 6.]))
(3）ufunc表
利用数组进行数据分析：
- meshgrid
接受两个一维数组并产生两个二维矩阵（数组与矩阵相对应，第一个数组对应第一个矩阵x轴；第二个数组对应第二个矩阵y轴）
In [31]: points = np.arange(-5,5,0.01)
In [32]: xs, ys = np.meshgrid(points,points)
In [33]: xs
Out[33]:
array([[-5. , -4.99, -4.98, ..., 4.97, 4.98, 4.99],
[-5. , -4.99, -4.98, ..., 4.97, 4.98, 4.99],
[-5. , -4.99, -4.98, ..., 4.97, 4.98, 4.99],
...,
[-5. , -4.99, -4.98, ..., 4.97, 4.98, 4.99],
[-5. , -4.99, -4.98, ..., 4.97, 4.98, 4.99],
[-5. , -4.99, -4.98, ..., 4.97, 4.98, 4.99]])
In [34]: ys
Out[34]:
array([[-5. , -5. , -5. , ..., -5. , -5. , -5. ],
[-4.99, -4.99, -4.99, ..., -4.99, -4.99, -4.99],
[-4.98, -4.98, -4.98, ..., -4.98, -4.98, -4.98],
...,
[ 4.97, 4.97, 4.97, ..., 4.97, 4.97, 4.97],
[ 4.98, 4.98, 4.98, ..., 4.98, 4.98, 4.98],
[ 4.99, 4.99, 4.99, ..., 4.99, 4.99, 4.99]])
In [35]: z = np.sqrt(xs ** 2 + ys ** 2)
In [36]: z
Out[36]:
array([[ 7.07106781, 7.06400028, 7.05693985, ..., 7.04988652,
7.05693985, 7.06400028],
[ 7.06400028, 7.05692568, 7.04985815, ..., 7.04279774,
7.04985815, 7.05692568],
[ 7.05693985, 7.04985815, 7.04278354, ..., 7.03571603,
7.04278354, 7.04985815],
...,
[ 7.04988652, 7.04279774, 7.03571603, ..., 7.0286414 ,
7.03571603, 7.04279774],
[ 7.05693985, 7.04985815, 7.04278354, ..., 7.03571603,
7.04278354, 7.04985815],
[ 7.06400028, 7.05692568, 7.04985815, ..., 7.04279774,
7.04985815, 7.05692568]])
利用matplotlib 的 imshow 函数图像化数据，
In [43]: plt.imshow(z, cmap=plt.cm.gray);plt.colorbar()
Out[43]: <matplotlib.colorbar.Colorbar instance at 0x7f49b65dcd88>
- 将条件逻辑表述维数组运算
（1） 两个值数组，一个布尔数组，通过布尔数组中的数据去取值
In [45]: xarr = np.array([1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5])
In [46]: yarr = np.array([2.1,2.2,2.3,2.4,2.5])
In [47]: cond = np.array([True,False,True,True,False])
In [48]: result = np.where(cond,xarr,yarr)
In [49]: result
Out[49]: array([ 1.1, 2.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.5])
（2）传入数据中包含标量
In [51]: arr = randn(4,4)
In [52]: arr
Out[52]:
array([[-0.69197635, -0.16654029, -0.404911 , -1.15366779],
[-0.75540129, 0.4264011 , 0.51838994, -1.17759759],
[-0.02668043, 1.29681056, -0.21656743, -0.37266106],
[-0.29146894, 0.30800829, 0.29399253, 2.15750223]])
In [53]: np.where(arr > 0, 2, -2)
Out[53]:
array([[-2, -2, -2, -2],
[-2, 2, 2, -2],
[-2, 2, -2, -2],
[-2, 2, 2, 2]])
In [54]: np.where(arr > 0, 2, arr)
Out[54]:
array([[-0.69197635, -0.16654029, -0.404911 , -1.15366779],
[-0.75540129, 2. , 2. , -1.17759759],
[-0.02668043, 2. , -0.21656743, -0.37266106],
[-0.29146894, 2. , 2. , 2. ]])
（3）通过两个布尔数组的组合列出【1,2,3,4】四种结果
In [59]: np.where(cond01 & cond02, 0, np.where(cond01,1,np.where(cond02,2,3)))
Out[59]: array([0, 3])
- 数据和统计方法
（1）基本数组统计方法：
（2）除了正常操作之外还可一进行维度上的计算，返回的少了一个维度的数组。
In [3]: arr = np.random.randn(5,4)
In [4]: arr
Out[4]:
array([[-0.39363702, -0.58032882, -0.61961903, 0.65173318],
[-2.82998064, -1.29573389, 1.26868564, -1.57221668],
[-0.25741113, 1.11530682, 2.52294025, -0.2152994 ],
[-1.35972807, -1.20833599, -1.39896103, -1.61382468],
[-1.98407984, -0.56897573, -1.22872402, -0.95416608]])
In [5]: arr.std()
Out[5]: 1.2145328715136516
In [6]: arr.mean()
Out[6]: -0.6261178077018037
In [7]: arr.mean(axis = 0)
Out[7]: array([-1.36496734, -0.50761352, 0.10886436, -0.74075473])
In [8]: arr.sum(axis = 0)
Out[8]: array([-6.8248367 , -2.53806761, 0.54432182, -3.70377366])
In [9]: arr.sum(axis = 1)
Out[9]: array([-0.94185169, -4.42924556, 3.16553654, -5.58084977, -4.73594568])
- 用于布尔数组的方法
（1）sum经常被用来对布尔型数组中的True值计数
In [10]: arr = randn(100)
In [11]: (arr>0).sum()
Out[11]: 53
In [12]: arr.sum()
Out[12]: 0.48998201181042778
In [13]: (arr>0)
Out[13]:
array([ True, False, True, True, True, True, False, True, False,
False, False, False, False, True, False, True, True, True,
False, False, True, True, True, True, False, False, True,
True, True, False, True, False, False, False, False, True,
True, True, True, False, True, True, True, True, True,
True, True, True, False, True, True, False, True, False,
True, True, True, False, True, True, False, True, False,
False, False, True, True, False, False, False, False, False,
True, False, True, False, True, False, False, True, True,
True, False, True, False, False, True, True, False, True,
False, False, False, False, True, False, False, True, False, False], dtype=bool)
（2）any 测试数组中是否存在一个或者多个True； all 测试数组中是否全部为True
n [14]: bools = np.array([False,False,True,False])
In [15]: bools.any()
Out[15]: True
In [16]: bools.all()
Out[16]: False
- 排序
（1）简单的排序
In [8]: arr
Out[8]:
array([ 0.44042138, 0.27107379, -0.35692384, 0.95729632, -0.94924333,
0.50478958, 0.88257156, -1.65782387])
In [9]: arr.sort()
In [10]: arr
Out[10]:
array([-1.65782387, -0.94924333, -0.35692384, 0.27107379, 0.44042138,
0.50478958, 0.88257156, 0.95729632])
（2）对选中的轴进行排序
In [11]: arr = randn(5,3)
In [12]: arr
Out[12]:
array([[-0.82758627, 0.66299892, -0.38329584],
[-1.64121696, 0.39644587, -0.35494659],
[-1.25550146, 0.92088691, 0.24278241],
[-1.20775834, -0.69017047, 0.08544922],
[ 0.16352949, -0.11005891, 0.3249279 ]])
In [14]: arr.sort(1)
In [15]: arr
Out[15]:
array([[-0.82758627, -0.38329584, 0.66299892],
[-1.64121696, -0.35494659, 0.39644587],
[-1.25550146, 0.24278241, 0.92088691],
[-1.20775834, -0.69017047, 0.08544922],
[-0.11005891, 0.16352949, 0.3249279 ]])
In [16]: arr.sort(0)
In [17]: arr
Out[17]:
array([[-1.64121696, -0.69017047, 0.08544922],
[-1.25550146, -0.38329584, 0.3249279 ],
[-1.20775834, -0.35494659, 0.39644587],
[-0.82758627, 0.16352949, 0.66299892],
[-0.11005891, 0.24278241, 0.92088691]])
（3）np.sort（） 返回的数组的已排序副本；sort 的就地排序会修改数组的本身
- 唯一化以及其他的集合逻辑
（1）np.unique 找出数组中的唯一值并返回已排序的结果
In [39]: names = np.array(['Bob','Joe','Will','Bob','Will','Joe','Joe'])
In [40]: np.unique(names)
Out[40]:
array(['Bob', 'Joe', 'Will'],
dtype='|S4')
In [43]: sorted(set(names))
Out[43]: ['Bob', 'Joe', 'Will']
（2）np.in1d 测试一个数组中的值是否在另个数组中出现过，返回一个布尔数组
In [45]: values = np.array([6,0,0,3,2,5,6])
In [46]: np.in1d(values,[2,3,6])
Out[46]: array([ True, False, False, True, True, False, True], dtype=bool)
（3）数组的集合运算
用于文件的输入输出：
- 将数组以二进制格式保存到磁盘
（1）save 将原始二进制格式保存在扩展名为.npy 的文件中
In [50]: arr
Out[50]:
array([-1.72684184, 1.44283203, -0.38139619, -0.87512866, 1.19248012,
-0.69037504, -0.54342753, 0.92962819, 1.37471742, -0.43971931])
In [51]: np.save('some_array',arr)
In [52]: ll
total 44
-rw-r--r-- 1 peerslee 87 4月 30 18:04 ma6174
drwxrw-r-- 5 peerslee 4096 4月 30 20:22 opt/
-rw-r--r-- 1 peerslee 160 5月 3 17:39 some_array.npy
（2）savez将多个数组保存到一个压缩文件当中
In [61]: np.savez('array_archive.npz',a=arr,b=arr)
In [66]: arch = np.load('array_archive.npz')
In [67]: arch['b']
Out[67]:
array([-1.72684184, 1.44283203, -0.38139619, -0.87512866, 1.19248012,
-0.69037504, -0.54342753, 0.92962819, 1.37471742, -0.43971931])- 存取文本文件
（1）取
In [48]: cat arr*.txt
-1.72684184,1.44283203,-0.38139619,-0.87512866,1.19248012
-0.69037504,-0.54342753,0.92962819,1.37471742,-0.43971931
-0.69037504,-0.54342753,0.92962819,1.37471742,-0.43971931
-0.69037504,-0.54342753,0.92962819,1.37471742,-0.43971931
-0.69037504,-0.54342753,0.92962819,1.37471742,-0.43971931
-0.69037504,-0.54342753,0.92962819,1.37471742,-0.43971931
-0.69037504,-0.54342753,0.92962819,1.37471742,-0.43971931
-0.69037504,-0.54342753,0.92962819,1.37471742,-0.43971931
-0.69037504,-0.54342753,0.92962819,1.37471742,-0.43971931
-0.69037504,-0.54342753,0.92962819,1.37471742,-0.43971931
-0.69037504,-0.54342753,0.92962819,1.37471742,-0.43971931
-0.69037504,-0.54342753,0.92962819,1.37471742,-0.43971931
In [49]: arr = np.loadtxt('array_ex.txt',delimiter=',')
In [50]: arr
Out[50]:
array([[-1.72684184, 1.44283203, -0.38139619, -0.87512866, 1.19248012],
[-0.69037504, -0.54342753, 0.92962819, 1.37471742, -0.43971931],
[-0.69037504, -0.54342753, 0.92962819, 1.37471742, -0.43971931],
[-0.69037504, -0.54342753, 0.92962819, 1.37471742, -0.43971931],
[-0.69037504, -0.54342753, 0.92962819, 1.37471742, -0.43971931],
[-0.69037504, -0.54342753, 0.92962819, 1.37471742, -0.43971931],
[-0.69037504, -0.54342753, 0.92962819, 1.37471742, -0.43971931],
[-0.69037504, -0.54342753, 0.92962819, 1.37471742, -0.43971931],
[-0.69037504, -0.54342753, 0.92962819, 1.37471742, -0.43971931],
[-0.69037504, -0.54342753, 0.92962819, 1.37471742, -0.43971931],
[-0.69037504, -0.54342753, 0.92962819, 1.37471742, -0.43971931],
[-0.69037504, -0.54342753, 0.92962819, 1.37471742, -0.43971931]])
（2）存
In [65]: arr = random.randn(10)
In [66]: arr
Out[66]:
array([ 1.01909753, 1.50819412, -0.49293385, 0.30151565, -0.10602071,
0.09623269, -1.14679074, 1.30595798, -0.34700756, 0.13555792])
In [67]: np.savetxt('array01.txt',arr,delimiter = '\n')
In [68]: cat array01.txt
1.019097530090067094e+00
1.508194120473395072e+00
-4.929338473000169363e-01
3.015156466063917406e-01
-1.060207072744920320e-01
9.623268773502001439e-02
-1.146790738344216187e+00
1.305957976175855517e+00
-3.470075635778481771e-01
1.355579200596107037e-01
线性代数：
- 点积
In [78]: x
Out[78]:
array([[ 1., 2., 3.],
[ 4., 5., 6.]])
In [79]: y
Out[79]:
array([[ 6., 23.],
[ -1., 7.],
[ 8., 9.]])
In [80]: x.dot(y)
Out[80]:
array([[ 28., 64.],
[ 67., 181.]])
In [87]: np.dot(x,np.ones(3))
Out[87]: array([ 6., 15.])
In [88]: x
Out[88]:
array([[ 1., 2., 3.],
[ 4., 5., 6.]])
- 常用的numpy.linalg 函数
随机数生成：
- normal 得到一个标准正太分布的 4*4 的样本数组
In [90]: samples = np.random.normal(size=(4,4))
In [91]: samples
Out[91]:
array([[ 0.65434274, 2.55328917, -0.16027389, -0.14723887],
[-0.87555718, 0.33198742, 0.17313982, 1.34232683],
[ 0.63119381, 0.86120016, 0.27243808, 0.12564236],
[ 0.76887308, 1.62427568, 2.27735502, -0.56002867]])
- numpy.random 函数
扫一扫
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
