Chapter 1 Introduction

1. Operating system: a program that manages the computer hardware
2. Operating system goals:
   • Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.
   • Make the computer system convenient to use.
   • Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
3. The development of OS:
   1. Manual operation
   2. Simple batch processing：顺序性、单道性、自动性
   3. Multiprogrammed batch systems：无序性、多道性、调度性
   4. Time-sharing system：多路性、独占性、交互性、及时性
4. Characteristic of modern OS:
   1. Concurrency并发
   2. Sharing共享
   3. Virtual虚拟
   4. asynchronism异步性
5. 操作系统的功能：
   • Managing the processor处理机管理
   • • Control processes进程控制
     • Dispatch processes进程调度
     • Synchronize processes进程同步
     • Communicate among processes进程通信
   • Managing the storage存储管理
   • • Allocate and recycle the memory存储分配与回收
     • Protecting the memory存储保护
     • Relocate the address地址重地位
     • Expand the memory内存扩充
   • Managing the equipment设备管理
   • • Manage the buffer缓冲管理
     • Allocate and recycle the equipments设备分配与回收
     • 设备处理：利用设备驱动程序（通常在内核中）完成对设备的操作。
     • Virtualize equipments虚拟设备
     • 设备独立性:提供统一的I/O设备接口，使应用程序独立于物理设备
   • Managing the files文件管理
   • • 文件存储控件管理
     • Manage the catalog目录管理
     • 文件存取管理
     • Manage the software软件管理
   • User interfaces用户接口
6. Hardware protection
   • Dual-Mode operation
   • • User mode, Monitor mode
     • mode bit added to computer hardware to indicate the current mode: monitor(0) or user(1)
     • at boot time, the hardware starts in monitor mode
     • starts user processes in user mode
     • when an interrupt or fault occurs hardware, switching to monitor mode
   • • Privileged instructions: change mode, I/O
   • I/O protection
   • • All I/O instructions are privileged instructions
     • It must be ensured that a user program could never gain control of the computer in monitor mode
   • Memory protection
   • • In order to have memory protection, add two registers that determine the range of legal addresses a program may access: base register, limit register(memory ouside the defined range is protected)
   • CPU protection
   • • We must prevent a program from getting stuck in an infinite loop, or not calling OS services and never returning control to the OS
     • Use a timer: interrupts computer after specified period to ensure operating system maintains control
     • Load-timer is a privileged instruction
     • • before turning over control to the user’s program, the OS ensures that the timer is set to interrupt
       • if the timer interrupts, control transfers to the OS, and the user program may be killed or given more time to run
     • Commonly used to implement time sharing