General Notes
- This is an Unofficial Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) Starter Guide. It is not associated with Ubuntu and Canonical Ltd.
- This guide can be discussed at the official UbuntuGuide.org Forum at ubuntuforums.org. Stop by and join the discussion.
- Guide is tested on a full installation of the Ubuntu 6.06 x86 Install CD (Dapper Drake)
- If you see a bluish box, this means you have to execute the commands in Terminal mode (Applications -> System Tools -> Terminal) or use the content of that box as mentioned in some other instructions.
- To reduce typo mistakes, copy and paste the commands into Terminal mode (right click on the commands -> "Copy" or "Paste". You can also use Ctrl+C to copy and Shift+Insert to paste it)
- "sudo" means superuser do. "sudo" will prompt for "Password:". Please specify user password
- If you want more information about any command, simply look at the manual page for it using the "man" command. For example, "man sudo" will display the manual page for the "sudo" command.
- If you are tired of typing "apt-get" all the time, Read #How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)
- "apt-get" and "wget" requires Internet connection to install/update/download programs
- To download file, right click on the link -> Select "Save Link As..." -> Make sure file name and extension are correct
- If you wish to help translating Ubuntu to your native language or to help Ubuntu otherwise visit https://launchpad.net/
- May the "humanity to others" spirit be with you always...
- If you are using Kubuntu you don't need to install Gedit anymore, becouse now there's a symbolic link from "gedit" to "kate", so you can use all the commands below with no problems. By the way, if you want to use gedit as your editor, do:
sudo apt-get install gedit
- If the "gedit" command (symbolic link) is not working, you could also create it:
sudo ln -s /usr/bin/kate /usr/bin/gedit
- If you are using 64-bit version replace any "i386" with "amd64"
Getting Started
What is Ubuntu
What is new in Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake
Where to view Ubuntu screenshots / screencast
- Videos
Where to view Kubuntu screenshots / screencast
- Videos
http://osvids.com/files/page3-108-pop.html
Where to find a list of all the programs/libraries that comes with Ubuntu
Where to download Ubuntu
Where to order Ubuntu CDs for absolutely FREE
Where to find help for Ubuntu
Where to look for new programs
Where to look for style elements for your desktop
Repositories
How to add extra repositories
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
- Replace everything with the following lines
## Add comments (##) in front of any line to remove it from being checked.
## Use the following sources.list at your own risk.
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted universe multiverse
## MAJOR BUG FIX UPDATES produced after the final release
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted universe multiverse
## UBUNTU SECURITY UPDATES
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted universe multiverse
## BACKPORTS REPOSITORY (Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
## PLF REPOSITORY (Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-free
deb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-free
sudo apt-get update
- You can also integrate your sources.list using this one really very complete: sources.list (be sure to replace "it" from "it.archive.ubuntu.com" occurances with your country code or delete "it." completely)
- Use your own sources.list file only if you understand what you're doing
Ubuntu Updates
How to manually update Ubuntu
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
OR
Use Update Manager: System -> Administration -> Update Manager
Add-On Applications
How to use Easy Ubuntu
- Read #General Notes
- Easy Ubuntu is a small straight-forward utility that allows novice users to easily install a wide variety of content for Ubuntu such as media codecs, fonts, Macromedia Flash and Sun Java.
wget http://robotgeek.org/eu/easyubuntu-3.0.tar.gz
tar -zxf easyubuntu-3.0.tar.gz
cd easyubuntu
sudo python easyubuntu.py
- From the Easy Ubuntu window, check the appropriate boxes to download and install content to Ubuntu.
How to install Clipboard Daemon for GNOME
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2
sudo tar jxvf gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2 -C /usr/bin/
sudo chown root:root /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo gnome-clipboard-daemon &
export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e
- Add the following line at the end of file
@reboot gnome-clipboard-daemon
How to install J2SE Runtime Environment (JRE) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox
sudo apt-get install sun-java5-jre sun-java5-plugin
- When asked, agree with DLJ license terms.
- To configure J2SE as the default JVM (necessary for programs such as Frostwire, RSSOwl and as a plugin for Mozilla Firefox):
sudo update-alternatives --config java
Then choose the option that corresponds to J2SE.
How to install Flash Player (Macromedia Flash) Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox
sudo apt-get install flashplugin-nonfree
sudo update-flashplugin
How to install PDF Reader (Adobe Reader) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox
sudo apt-get install acroread
sudo apt-get install mozilla-acroread
sudo apt-get install acroread-plugins
How to install Download Manager (Downloader for X)
sudo apt-get install d4x
How to install FTP Client (gFTP)
sudo apt-get install gftp
How to install File share utility (DC++)
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/linuxdcpp.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf linuxdcpp.tar.gz -C /opt
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dcpp.desktop
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Encoding=UTF-8
Name=DC++
Exec=/opt/linuxdcpp/ldcpp
Terminal=false
Type=Application
StartupNotify=true
Icon=/opt/linuxdcpp/pixmaps/linuxdcpp.svg
Categories=Application;Network;
- Applications -> Internet -> DC++
How to install P2P BitTorrent Client (Azureus)
wget -c http://kent.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/azureus/Azureus_2.4.0.2_linux.tar.bz2
sudo tar jxvf Azureus_2.4.0.2_linux.tar.bz2 -C /opt
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/azureus.desktop
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Azureus
Comment=A Bittorrent client
Exec=/opt/azureus/azureus
Icon=/opt/azureus/Azureus.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
- Save the edited file
- Applications -> Internet -> Azureus
How to install P2P eMule Client (aMule)
sudo apt-get install amule
How to install P2P Gnutella Client (FrostWire)
wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/FrostWire-4.10.9-2.i586.deb
sudo dpkg -i FrostWire-4.10.9-2.i586.deb
- Applications -> Internet -> FrostWire
How to install Messenger (Skype)
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
- Add the following lines at the end of file
## Repository for Skype
deb http://download.skype.com/linux/repos/debian/ stable non-free
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install skype
- Applications -> Internet -> Skype
How to install WinPopup (LinPopUp)
sudo apt-get install linpopup
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/linpopup.desktop
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=LinPopUp
Comment=LinPopUp
Exec=linpopup
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/linpopup.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Utility;
How to install Multimedia Codecs
Stubby All known codecs work except for wmv
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-gl
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-base
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-good
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiverse
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse
How to install DVD playback capability
ironss: gstreamer dvd plugin is available as part of plugins-bad (or ugly?) and does not work reliably. However, Totem works with the xine backend to play back DVDs. This will keep you going until gstreamer gets dvd playback. Note that you do not have to install xine-ui or mplayer as suggested in
sudo apt-get install libdvdread3
sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread3/examples/install-css.sh
sudo apt-get install totem-xine
Stubby: gstreamer dvd plugin not ported to dapper yet. following instructions will not work properly
sudo apt-get install libdvdcss2
How to install Multimedia Player (xine-ui)
sudo apt-get install xine-ui libxine-extracodecs
- Associate xine-ui to play multimedia files
gconftool-2 --type string --set /desktop/gnome/volume_manager/autoplay_dvd_command "xine dvd://"
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applnk/Multimedia/xine.desktop
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/xine/desktop/xine.desktop /usr/share/applications/
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo sed -e 's/totem.desktop/xine.desktop/g' /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
How to install VLC Multimedia player
sudo apt-get install vlc vlc-plugin-*
- Applications -> Sound and Video -> VLC Media Player
How to install Multimedia Player (Totem) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox
sudo apt-get install totem-gstreamer-firefox-plugin
How to install Multimedia Player (XMMS)
sudo apt-get install xmms
sudo apt-get install xmms-skins
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb
- Associate XMMS to play MP3/M3U/WAV files
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /tmp/defaults.list_tmp
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/mpeg=.*/audio\/mpeg=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.list_tmp > /tmp/defaults.mp3
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-mpegurl=.*/audio\/x-mpegurl=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.mp3 > /tmp/defaults.m3u
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-wav=.*/audio\/x-wav=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.m3u > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
sudo rm -f /tmp/defaults.*
How to install Multimedia Player (amaroK)
sudo apt-get install amarok
- Applications -> Sound & Video -> amaroK
How to install Multimedia Player (RealPlayer 10)
sudo apt-get install realplay
- Note: 'realplay' installs RealPlayer 10 from PLF repository, which you should be enabled if you followed this guide. 'realplayer' installs RealPlayer 8 from multiverse.
- Applications -> Sound & Video -> RealPlayer 10
- It will also install all the necessary plugins automagically for it to view embedded real videos in Firefox
- To avoid issues of flickering or screen going blank when switching windows, goto
- RealPlayer 10 -> Tools -> Preferences -> Hardware -> Uncheck XVideo
How to install Stream Directory Browser (streamtuner)
sudo apt-get install streamtuner
sudo apt-get install streamripper
How to install Music Organizer (Cowbell)
sudo apt-get install cowbell
- Applications -> Sound & Video -> Cowbell Music Organizer
How to install ID3 Tag Editor (EasyTAG)
sudo apt-get install easytag
How to install Video Editor (Kino)
sudo apt-get install kino
sudo apt-get install kinoplus
sudo apt-get install kino-timfx
sudo apt-get install kino-dvtitler
How to install Audio Editor (Audacity)
sudo apt-get install audacity
How to install DVD Ripper (dvd::rip)
sudo apt-get install dvdrip
sudo apt-get install vcdimager
sudo apt-get install cdrdao
sudo apt-get install subtitleripper
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/rar-2.80
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dvdrip.desktop
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=dvd::rip
Comment=dvd::rip
Exec=dvdrip
Icon=/usr/share/perl5/Video/DVDRip/icon.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;
How to install CD Ripper (Goobox)
sudo apt-get install goobox
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=CD Player & Ripper
Comment=Play and extract CDs
Exec=goobox
Icon=goobox.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;
How to install Image Viewer (digiKam)
sudo apt-get install digikam digikamimageplugins kipi-plugins
- Applications -> Graphics -> digikam
How to install Picasa image organizer
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
- Add the following lines at the end of file
# Google Picasa for Linux repository
deb http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ stable non-free
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install picasa
- Applications -> Graphics -> Picasa
How to install Opera web browser
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
- Add the following lines at the end of file
# The Opera web browser repopsitory
deb http://deb.opera.com/opera etch non-free
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install opera
- Applications -> Internet -> Opera
- To get java working go to Tools->Preferences->Advanced->Content-> Check "Enable Java". Click the "Enable Java..." button enter "/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun/jre/lib/i386" (for sun java) in the new dialog and then click the "Validate Java Path" button.
How to install Email Client (Mozilla Thunderbird)
sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird
How to install Newsreader (Pan)
wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/pan_0.100_i386.deb
sudo apt-get install libgmime2.1
sudo dpkg -i pan_0.100_i386.deb
How to install RSS/RDF/Atom Newsreader (RSSOwl)
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
sudo gedit /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
- Insert the following lines into the new file
export MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME=/usr/lib/mozilla-firefox
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:${MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME}:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
cd /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
./run.sh
sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RSSOwl.desktop
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=RSSOwl
Comment=RSSOwl
Exec=runRSSOwl.sh
Icon=/opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/rssowl.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
- Save the edited file
- Applications -> Internet -> RSSOwl
How to install Web Authoring System (Nvu)
sudo apt-get install nvu
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nvu
Comment=Web Development Editor
Exec=nvu
Icon=nvu.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
How to install Web Development Environment (quanta plus)
sudo apt-get install quanta
- Applications -> Programming -> Quanta Plus
How to install Project Management Application (Planner)
sudo apt-get install planner
How to install Accounting Application (GnuCash)
sudo apt-get install gnucash
sudo rm -fr /usr/share/gnome/apps/Applications/
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/GnuCash.desktop
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=GnuCash
Comment=GnuCash Personal Finance
Exec=gnucash
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/gnucash/gnucash-icon.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Office;
How to install Desktop Publishing Application (Scribus)
sudo apt-get install scribus
How to install Diagram Editor (Dia)
sudo apt-get install dia-gnome
How to install Compiled HTML Help (CHM) Viewer (xCHM)
sudo apt-get install xchm
How to install CD/DVD Burning Application (GnomeBaker)
sudo apt-get install gnomebaker
How to install CD/DVD Burning Application (K3b)
sudo apt-get install k3b k3b-mp3
- Applications -> Sound & Video -> K3b
How to install Dialup PPP Client (GNOME PPP)
sudo apt-get install gnome-ppp
How to install Broadband ADSL/PPPoE Client (RP-PPPoE)
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RP-PPPoE.desktop
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=RP-PPPoE
Comment=RP-PPPoE
Exec=gksudo /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/go-gui
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
How to install Boot-Up Manager (BUM)
sudo apt-get install bum
How to install Partition Editor (GParted)
sudo apt-get install gparted
How to install Firewall (Firestarter)
sudo apt-get install firestarter
How to install network traffic analyzer (Ethereal)
sudo apt-get install ethereal
- Applications -> Internet -> Ethereal
How to install Vulnerability Scanner (Nessus)
sudo apt-get install nessus
sudo apt-get install nessusd
sudo nessus-adduser
sudo ln -fs /etc/init.d/nessusd /etc/rc2.d/S20nessusd
sudo /etc/init.d/nessusd start
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nessus.desktop
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nessus
Comment=Nessus
Exec=nessus
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/nessus.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;
How to install RAR Archiver (rar)
sudo apt-get install rar
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/unrar
- Applications -> Accessories -> Archive Manager
How to install Extra Fonts
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-arabic
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-asian
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-european
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-phonetic
sudo apt-get install gsfonts-x11
sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts
sudo fc-cache -f -v
- Note: Ubuntu Dapper comes with the DejaVu fonts (derived from Bitstream Vera) and provides adequate support for Latin, Greek and Cyrillic based languages.
How to install Chinese Input Method (SCIM)
The following advices are outdated and it could be hard to revert to normal afterwards. Please follow instead the official Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake guide at https://wiki.ubuntu.com/InputMethods/SCIM/CJK_Chinese_Japanese_Korean_Input_Method_configuration_using_SCIM_in_Ubuntu_6%2e06_Dapper_Drake
Please note that scim is now installed by default in Dapper, and installing Chinese, Japanese or Korean Support is done using System>Administration>Language Support. The wiki details the method more thoroughly
sudo apt-get install scim
sudo apt-get install scim-chinese
sudo apt-get install scim-config-socket
sudo apt-get install scim-gtk2-immodule
sudo apt-get install scim-tables-zh
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz -C /usr/share/fonts/truetype/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/fonts/truetype/fireflysung-1.3.0/
sudo fc-cache -f -v
- System -> Preferences -> SCIM Input Method Setup
- To activate SCIM
Press 'Ctrl + Space'
How to install Desktop Applets (gDesklets)
sudo apt-get install gdesklets
sudo apt-get install gdesklets-data
How to install Basic Compilers (build-essential)
sudo apt-get install build-essential
How to install Integrated Development Environment (Anjuta)
sudo apt-get install anjuta
- Applications -> Programming -> Anjuta IDE
How to install MonoDevelop (C# IDE)
sudo apt-get install mono mono-gmcs mono-gac mono-utils monodevelop
How to install 3D modeling tool (Blender 3d)
sudo apt-get install blender
- Applications -> Graphics -> Blender 3D modeller
How to install game Tuxracer
sudo apt-get install planetpenguin-racer planetpenguin-racer-data planetpenguin-racer-extras
- Applications -> Games -> planetpenguin-racer
How to install game Frozen-Bubble
sudo apt-get install frozen-bubble
- Applications -> Games -> Frozen-Bubble
How to install game Scorched3D
sudo apt-get install scorched3d
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/scorched3d.desktop
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Scorched 3D
Comment=A 3D Remake Of Scorched Earth
Exec=scorched3d
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Game;ArcadeGame;
How to install virtual planetarium (Stellarium)
sudo apt-get install stellarium
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/stellarium.desktop
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Stellarium
Comment=Virtual planetarium
Exec=stellarium
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Education;
- Applications -> Education -> Stellarium
How to install Google Earth
wget -c http://dl.google.com/earth/GE4/GoogleEarthLinux.bin
sudo sh GoogleEarthLinux.bin
- Leave /usr/local/google-earth as the installation path
sudo cp /usr/local/google-earth/googleearth.desktop /usr/share/applications/
- Applications -> Internet -> Google Earth
How to install KDE Edutainment applications
sudo apt-get install kdeedu
- Applications -> Education -> ...
How to install a windows emulator (Wine)
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
- Add the following lines at the end of this file
# Repository for wine
deb http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt dapper main
deb-src http://wine.budgetdedicated.com/apt dapper main
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install wine
Other Desktop Environments
How to install KDE
sudo apt-get install kubuntu-desktop
- Note: This installation will require ~400MB of disk space
- System -> Log Out -> Log Out
- To log in to KDE click on Sessions and choose KDE
How to install XFCE
sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop
- System -> Log Out -> Log Out
- To log in to XFCE click on Sessions and choose XFCE
How to install XFCE 4.4 preview versions (4.3.90.1)
- to install Xfce 4.4 beta 1 (4.3.90.1) on a fresh install of Dapper:
sudo apt-get install build-essential gcc pkg-config libglib2.0-0 \
libglib2.0-dev libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-dev libxml++2.6c2a libxml++2.6-dev \
libvte-dev libvte4 a2ps libxpm-dev libxpm4 alsa-source alsa alsa-base \
alsa-oss alsa-utils libxml-parser-perl libpng12-0 libpng12-dev libdbh1.0-dev
chmod +x xfce4-4.3.90.1-installer.bin
sudo ./xfce4-4.3.90.1-installer.bin
- finally to enable Xfce, you may need to enable it on the desktop manager (mark allow Xfce manage desktop)
Eye Candy
How to install Xgl/Compiz (Nvidia)
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
Section "Module"
Load "i2c"
Load "bitmap"
...
Load "type1"
Load "vbe"
EndSection
- Comment out dri and GLcore (if present)
# Load "dri"
# Load "GLcore"
- Make sure the glx module is loaded
Load "glx"
- Find this section (your values may vary)
Section "Device"
Identifier "NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]"
Driver "nv"
BusID "PCI:1:0:0"
EndSection
- Replace with the following lines, leaving the Identifier and BusID as it is
Section "Device"
...
Driver "nvidia"
...
Option "RenderAccel" "true"
Option "AllowGLXWithComposite" "true"
EndSection
Section "Screen"
Identifier "Default Screen"
Device "NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]"
Monitor "Generic Monitor"
DefaultDepth 16
- Make sure DefaultDepth is set to 24, if it isn't already
DefaultDepth 24
- Save the edited file
- Install Xgl/Compiz
sudo apt-get install compiz xserver-xgl libgl1-mesa xserver-xorg libglitz-glx1 compiz-gnome
sudo cp /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom-backup
sudo gedit /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom
- Replace everything with the following lines
# GDM Configuration Customization file.
#
# This file is the appropriate place for specifying your customizations to the
# GDM configuration. If you run gdmsetup, it will automatically edit this
# file for you and will cause the daemon and any running GDM GUI programs to
# automatically update with the new configuration. Not all configuration
# options are supported by gdmsetup, so to modify some values it may be
# necessary to modify this file directly by hand.
#
# To hand-edit this file, simply add or modify the key=value combination in
# the appropriate section in the template below. Refer to the comments in the
# gdm.conf file for information about each option. Also refer to the reference
# documentation.
#
# If you hand edit a GDM configuration file, you should run the following
# command to get the GDM daemon to notice the change. Any running GDM GUI
# programs will also be notified to update with the new configuration.
#
# gdmflexiserver --command="UPDATE_CONFIG <configuration key>"
#
# For example, the "Enable" key in the "[debug]" section would be specified by
# "debug/Enable".
#
# You can also run gdm-restart or gdm-safe-restart to cause GDM to restart and
# re-read the new configuration settings. You can also restart GDM by sending
# a HUP or USR1 signal to the daemon. HUP behaves like gdm-restart and causes
# any user session started by GDM to exit immediately while USR1 behaves like
# gdm-safe-restart and will wait until all users log out before restarting GDM.
#
# For full reference documentation see the gnome help browser under
# GNOME|System category. You can also find the docs in HTML form on
# http://www.gnome.org/projects/gdm/
#
# NOTE: Lines that begin with "#" are considered comments.
#
# Have fun!
[daemon]
[security]
[xdmcp]
[gui]
[greeter]
[chooser]
[debug]
[servers]# Override display 1 to use Xgl
0=Xgl
[server-Xgl]
name=Xgl server
command=/usr/bin/Xgl :0 -fullscreen -ac -accel glx:pbuffer -accel xv:fbo
flexible=true
- Create a script that runs Xgl/Compiz on startup
sudo gedit /usr/bin/thefuture
- Insert the following lines into the new file. Replace .us with appropriate keyboard binding for your region. Eg .gb for United Kingdom. For a full list of keyboard bindings, type ls /usr/share/xmodmap in a terminal. If unsure, leave as .us (United States)
#!/bin/bash
gnome-window-decorator & compiz --replace gconf decoration wobbly fade minimize cube rotate zoom scale move resize place switcher &
xmodmap /usr/share/xmodmap/xmodmap.us
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/thefuture
- To run compiz for this session
thefuture
- To have compiz load on startup
- System -> Preferences -> Sessions
- Startup Programs -> Add
/usr/bin/thefuture
- Troubleshooting
- If Xgl/Compiz doesn't seem to work, or you get errors, simply restart your machine after adding "thefuture" to Startup programs
- If moving windows slows down the system, run gconf-editor from the terminal. Find apps/compiz/general/screen0/options. Disable detect_refresh_rate and set refresh rate to 60. Everything should work fine now...
- If you are using a non default keyboard layout (other language), you might have to change it back to what you need if the keyboard acts funny at System/Settings/Keyboard.
- You can also set the Super-key to the windows button here.
- Tips
- Switch windows = Alt + Tab
- Arrange and View All Windows = F12 turns on or off; clicking a window will zoom it to the front
- Switch desktops on cube = Ctrl + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
- Switch desktops on cube - with active window following = Ctrl + Shift + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
- Rotate cube manually = Ctrl + Alt + left-click
- Make window translucent/opaque = currently only possible with the "transset" utility
- Zoom-in once = Super-key right-click
- Zoom-in manually = Super-key + wheel mouse up
- Zoom-out manually = Super-key + wheel mouse down
- Move window = Alt + left-click
- Snap Move window (will stick to borders) = Ctrl + Alt + left-click
- Resize window = Alt + right-click
How to install alternate boot splash screen
- Read #General Notes
- This installs a minimalistic splash screen that appears when the computer is booting up and shutting down. It is devoid of any text messages.
wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/usplash-minimalistic_0.1.deb
sudo dpkg -i usplash-minimalistic_0.1.deb
sudo update-alternatives --config usplash-artwork.so
- Select the minimalistic alternative (/usr/local/lib/usplash/minimalastic.so) by entering the corresponding number. If you ever want to revert back to the original splash, select the default (/usr/lib/usplash/usplash-default.so)
- Restart your computer to see the effects
Commercial Applications
How to install Windows 9X/ME/2000/XP (Win4Lin)
How to install Windows Applications (CrossOver Office)
How to install Windows Games (Cedega)
User Administration
How to set/change/enable root user password
sudo passwd root
How to disable root user account
sudo passwd -l root
How to allow root user to login into GNOME
Security Tab -> Security -> Allow root to login with GDM (Checked)
How to switch to root user in Console mode
sudo -s -H
Password: <specify user password>
How to add/edit/delete system users
- Read #General Notes
- System -> Administration -> Users and Groups
- Users and Groups
Users Tab -> Add User.../Properties/Delete
- or
sudo useradd jim
sudo userdel jim
man usermod
How to add/edit/delete system groups
- Read #General Notes
- System -> Administration -> Users and Groups
- Users and Groups
Groups Tab -> Add Group.../Properties/Delete
How to automatic login into GNOME (not secure)
Security Tab -> Enable Automatic Login (Checked)
Now choose a user from the drop-down menu.
How to allow more sudoers
export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
- Append the following line at the end of file
system_username ALL=(ALL) ALL
How to use "sudo" without prompt for password (not secure)
export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
...
system_username ALL=(ALL) ALL
...
- Replace with the following line
system_username ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
How to explicitly destroy the "sudo" session
sudo -K
How to change files/folders permissions
Right click on files/folders -> Properties
Permissions Tab -> Read/Write/Execute (Checked the permissions for Owner/Group/Others)
How to change files/folders ownership
sudo chown system_username /location_of_files_or_folders
How to change files/folders group ownership
sudo chgrp system_groupname /location_of_files_or_folders
Hardware
How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)
sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx nvidia-kernel-common
sudo nvidia-glx-config enable
How to disable NVIDIA graphics logo on GNOME startup
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
...
Section "Device"
Identifier "NVIDIA Corporation NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400]"
Driver "nvidia"
BusID "PCI:1:0:0"
...
- Add the following line below it
Option "NoLogo"
How to install Graphics Driver (ATI)
How to identify Modem chipset
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/scanModem.gz
gunzip -c scanModem.gz > scanModem
chmod +x scanModem
sudo cp scanModem /usr/bin/
- To identify Modem chipset
sudo scanModem
gedit Modem/ModemData.txt
How to install Modem Driver (SmartLink)
uname -r (must be 2.6.10-5-386)
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/sl-modem-modules-2.6.10-5-386_2.9.9a-1ubuntu2+2.6.10-34_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i sl-modem-modules-*.deb
sudo apt-get install sl-modem-daemon
How to configure PalmOS Devices
sudo gedit /etc/udev/rules.d/10-custom.rules
- Insert the following line into the new file
BUS="usb", SYSFS{product}="Palm Handheld*", KERNEL="ttyUSB*", NAME{ignore_remove}="pilot", MODE="666"
- Save the edited file
- Add the pilot-applet to the Taskbar by Right-Clicking on an empty spot
- Follow the instructions on screen
How to list partition tables
sudo fdisk -l
- You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks
How to list filesystem disk space usage
df -T -h
- You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks
How to list mounted devices
mount
How to list PCI devices
lspci
How to list USB devices
lsusb
How to speed up CD/DVD-ROM
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/cdrom
sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf
- Append the following lines at the end of file
/dev/cdrom {
dma = on
}
How to mount/unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually, and show all hidden and associated files/folders
- e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/
How to forcefully unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually
- e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/ -l
How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting
sudo mount -a
How to install a Wacom tablet
For a detailed guide with screenshots about how to configure the "Extended input devices" in your graphic applications, please follow the official Dapper guide at https://wiki.ubuntu.com//Wacom
With the version of the Linux Wacom driver (0.7.2) in Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake, if you unplug you tablet, it won't function when you plug it back in and you will have to restart X. For this reason, it is best to leave the tablet plugged in. This limitation will be removed when the 0.7.4 version of the driver is included in Ubuntu.
- 1. Using Synaptic package manager1, check if the packages xserver-xorg-input-wacom and wacom-tools are already installed - if not, install them. If you prefer using the command line, you can also execute :
sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-input-wacom wacom-tools
- 2. Save a copy of your /etc/X11/xorg.conf :
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup
- then edit it with the command line :
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
- and change all /dev/wacom occurences into /dev/input/wacom (created by wacom-tools udev scripts), then save the file.
- You should be ready to go after you have restarted X. Remember to configure the "Extended input devices" in your graphic applications (Gimp, Inkscape), however you can already check if it's working by moving your stylus on the tablet : the mouse cursor should go through the whole screen.
CD/DVD Burning
How to blank CD-RW/DVD-RW
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
sudo umount /dev/cdrom
cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast
How to burn files/folders into CD/DVD
nautilus burn:///
- File Browser: CD/DVD Creator
- Drag files/folders into window
File Menu -> Write to Disc... -> Write
How to burn Image (ISO) files into CD/DVD
Right click on Image (ISO) file -> Write to Disc... -> Write
How to duplicate CD/DVD
How to create Image (ISO) files from CD/DVD
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
sudo umount /dev/cdrom
dd if=/dev/cdrom of=file.iso bs=1024
How to create Image (ISO) files from folders
mkisofs -o file.iso /location_of_folder/
How to generate MD5 checksum files
md5sum file.iso > file.iso.md5
How to check MD5 checksum of files
- e.g. Assumed that file.iso and file.iso.md5 are in the same folder
md5sum -c file.iso.md5
How to mount/unmount Image (ISO) files without burning
sudo mkdir /media/iso
sudo modprobe loop
sudo mount file.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop
- To unmount Image (ISO) file
sudo umount /media/iso/
How to set/change the burn speed for CD/DVD Burner
- Read #General Notes
- Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
- Configuration Editor
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> default_speed (set/change the burn speed)
How to enable burnproof for CD/DVD Burner
- Read #General Notes
- Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
- Configuration Editor
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> burnproof (Checked)
How to enable overburn for CD/DVD Burner
- Read #General Notes
- Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
- Configuration Editor
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> overburn (Checked)
Networking
How to configure Google Talk
How to activate/deactivate network connections
- Read #General Notes
- System -> Administration -> Networking
- Network settings
Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Activate/Deactivate
How to configure network connections
- Read #General Notes
- System -> Administration -> Networking
- Network settings
Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Properties
Connection -> Enable this connection (Checked)
Connection Settings -> Configuration: Select "DHCP/Static IP address"
DNS Tab -> DNS Servers -> Add/Delete
How to configure dialup connections
sudo pppconfig
sudo pon provider_name
sudo poff
How to configure broadband connections
sudo pppoeconf
How to change computer name
- Read #General Notes
- System -> Administration -> Networking
- Network settings
General Tab -> Host Settings -> Hostname: Specify the computer name
- Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer
How to change computer descriptions
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
...
server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu)
...
- Replace with the following line
server string = new_computer_descriptions
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
How to change computer Domain/Workgroup
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
...
workgroup = MSHOME
...
- Replace with the following line
workgroup = new_domain_or_workgroup
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
How to assign Hostname to local machine with dynamic IP using free DynDNS service
sudo apt-get install ipcheck
sudo gedit /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
- Insert the following lines into the new file
#!/bin/sh
USERNAME=myusername
PASSWORD=mypassword
HOSTNAME=myhostname.dyndns.org
cd /root/
if [ -f /root/ipcheck.dat ]; then
ipcheck -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
else
ipcheck --makedat -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
fi
sudo chmod 700 /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
sudo sh /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
How to share folders the easy way
Right click on folder -> Share folder
Shared folder -> Share with: Select "SMB"
Share properties -> Name: Specify the share name
How to browse network computers
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- If computers or network folders could not be found, try access them directly
- Read #How to access network folders without mounting
- Places -> Network Servers
How to access network folders without mounting
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
- Shared folder's name: linux
- Press 'Alt+F2' (Run Application...) and enter:
smb://192.168.0.1/linux
How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
- Network computer's Username: myusername
- Network computer's Password: mypassword
- Shared folder's name: linux
- Local mount folder: /media/sharename
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword
- To unmount network folder
sudo umount /media/sharename/
How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read/write
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
- Network computer's Username: myusername
- Network computer's Password: mypassword
- Shared folder's name: linux
- Local mount folder: /media/sharename
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword,dmask=777,fmask=777
- To unmount network folder
sudo umount /media/sharename/
How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
- Network computer's Username: myusername
- Network computer's Password: mypassword
- Shared folder's name: linux
- Local mount folder: /media/sharename
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
- Insert the following lines into the new file
username=myusername
password=mypassword
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
- Append the following line at the end of file
//192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename smbfs credentials=/root/.smbcredentials 0 0
How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
- Network computer's Username: myusername
- Network computer's Password: mypassword
- Shared folder's name: linux
- Local mount folder: /media/sharename
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
- Insert the following lines into the new file
username=myusername
password=mypassword
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
- Append the following line at the end of file
//192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename smbfs credentials=/root/.smbcredentials,dmask=777,fmask=777 0 0
How to get ipw2200 and wpa to work
How to Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)
- OR
wget -c http://linux.edu.lv/uploads/content/pptp.tar.gz
tar zxvf pptp.tar.gz
sudo sh ./pptp/install
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/pptpconfig.desktop
- Replace content of this file with the following lines
[Desktop Entry]
Name=PPTP Client
Comment=Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)
Categories=Application;Network
Encoding=UTF-8
Exec=gksudo pptpconfig
Icon=gnome-remote-desktop.png
StartupNotify=true
Terminal=false
Type=Application
- The above lines change the default file in three ways: the application is placed in the Application/Internet category, gksudo will make the application run as superuser and we put a nice icon that appears in the menu.
- Start the client with Applications -> Internet -> PPTP Client
How to configure Network-manager with WPA 1 and 2 support
Remote Desktop
How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
- Warning! Remote Desktop will only work if there's a GNOME login session
- Leaving computer with an unattended GNOME login session is not secure
- Use (System -> Lock Screen) and switch off the monitor when computer is left unattended
- System -> Preferences -> Remote Desktop
- Remote Desktop Preferences
Sharing ->
Allow other users to view your desktop (Checked)
Allow other users to control your desktop (Checked)
Security ->
Ask you for confirmation (Un-Checked)
Require the user to enter this password: (Checked)
Password: Specify the password
How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
- Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
vncviewer -fullscreen 192.168.0.1:0
Press 'F8' -> Quit viewer
How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via Windows machine
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
- Read #How to configure remote desktop (not secure)
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
- Download VNC Viewer: Here
Windows
How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (NTFS) manually, and allow all users to read only
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
- Local mount folder: /media/windows
- To mount Windows partition
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0222
- To unmount Windows partition
sudo umount /media/windows/
How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (FAT) manually, and allow all users to read/write
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
- Local mount folder: /media/windows
- To mount Windows partition
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000
- To unmount Windows partition
sudo umount /media/windows/
How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow all users to read only
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
- Local mount folder: /media/windows
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
- Append the following line at the end of file
/dev/hda1 /media/windows ntfs nls=utf8,umask=0222 0 0
How to mount Windows partitions (FAT) on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
- Local mount folder: /media/windows
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
- Append the following line at the end of file
/dev/hda1 /media/windows vfat iocharset=utf8,umask=000 0 0
Security
What are the basic things I need to know about securing my Ubuntu
- Read #General Notes
- Ensure hard drive is first in BIOS boot-up sequence
- To prevent trespassers from using Linux Installation CD which allows them to gain root user access
- To prevent trespassers from using Linux Live CD (e.g. UBUNTU/KNOPPIX/MEPIS) which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive
- To prevent trespassers from installing another Operating System
- Ensure a password is set for BIOS
- To prevent trespassers from changing the BIOS boot-up sequence
- Ensure computer is located at a secured place
- To prevent trespassers from removing computer's hard drive which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive from a different computer
- To prevent trespassers from removing computer's on-board battery which resets the BIOS password
- Ensure passwords used on the system cannot be easily guessed
- To prevent trespassers from cracking password file using brute force attacks (e.g. John the Ripper)
- Create password with minimum length of 8 characters
- Create password with mixture of characters/numbers, and upper/lower case
- Ensure interactive editing control for GRUB menu is disabled
- Ensure history listing is disabled in Console mode
- Ensure Ctrl+Alt+Del is disabled in Console mode
- To prevent trespassers from restarting the system without permission in Console mode
- Read [[#How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode]]
- Ensure interactive option is set for remove, copy and move of files/folders in Console mode
- For day to day usage, login as a normal user
- Disable root user account, use "sudo" instead
- To reduce the amount of time spent with root privileges, and thus the risk of inadvertently executing a command as root
- "sudo" provides a more useful audit trail (/var/log/auth.log)
- Read #How to disable root user account
- Install a Firewall
- Perform vulnerability test
How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu
grub
grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
grub> quit
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
...
## password ['--md5'] passwd
# If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing
# control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the
# command 'lock'
# e.g. password topsecret
# password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
# password topsecret
...
- Add the following line below it
password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)
...
title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
root (hd0,1)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
savedefault
boot
...
- Replace with the following lines
#title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
#root (hd0,1)
#kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
#initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
#savedefault
#boot
How to disable history listing in Console mode
rm -f $HOME/.bash_history
touch $HOME/.bash_history
chmod 000 $HOME/.bash_history
How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode
sudo cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/inittab
...
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
...
- Replace with the following line
#ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
sudo telinit q
How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode
sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
sudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc
- Append the following lines at the end of file
alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'
Rescue Mode
How to gain root user access without login
- Read #General Notes
- Easiest method (will not work if GRUB menu password is set)
- Boot-up computer
- If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
- Select
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access
- Read #General Notes
- Boot-up computer
- If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
- If GRUB password is set, press 'p' to unlock the GRUB menu
- Select
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386
- Press 'e' to edit the commands before booting
- Select
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash
- Press 'e' to edit the selected command in the boot sequence
- Add "rw init=/bin/bash" to the end of the arguments
grub edit> kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash rw init=/bin/bash
How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access
- Read #General Notes
- Boot-up computer into Ubuntu Installation CD
- At "boot:" prompt, add "rescue" to the argument
boot: rescue
- Follow the instructions on screen
How to change root user/main user password if forgotten
# passwd root
- To change main user password
# passwd system_main_username
How to change GRUB menu password if forgotten
grub
grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
grub> quit
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
...
password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
...
- Replace with the following line
password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)
How to restore GRUB menu after Windows installation
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda is the location of /boot partition
# grub-install /dev/hda
How to add Windows entry into GRUB menu
- e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
- Append the following lines at the end of file
title Microsoft Windows
root (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1
How to read Linux partitions (ext2, ext3) in Windows machine
- OR
Tips & Tricks
How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer
Press 'Ctrl + Alt + Backspace'
- or
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart
How to turn on Num Lock on GNOME startup
sudo apt-get install numlockx
sudo cp /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default
...
exit 0
- Add the following lines above it
if [ -x /usr/bin/numlockx ]; then
/usr/bin/numlockx on
fi
How to run programs on startup when login into GNOME
Startup Programs Tab -> Add/Edit/Delete
How to speed-up your Ubuntu box
How to switch to Console mode in GNOME
Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
- To switch between consles in Console mode
Press 'Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
- To switch back to GNOME mode
Press 'Alt + F7'
How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Backspace from restarting X in GNOME
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
- Append the following lines at the end of file
Section "ServerFlags"
Option "DontZap" "yes"
EndSection
How to enable Ctrl+Alt+Del to open System Monitor in GNOME
gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_9 "<Control><Alt>Delete"
gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_9 "gnome-system-monitor"
How to refresh GNOME desktop
killall nautilus
How to refresh GNOME panel
killall gnome-panel
How to enable autosave in Gedit and disable creation of some_file~ files
- Read #General Notes
- Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
- Configuration Editor
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> create_backup_copy (Unchecked)
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> auto_save (Checked)
How to show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus
- Read #General Notes
- Places -> Home Folder
- To temporary show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus
Press 'Ctrl + H'
- To permanently show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus
Edit Menu -> Preferences
Views Tab -> Default View -> Show hidden and backup files (Checked)
How to browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nautilus-root.desktop
-
- Insert the following lines into the new file
[Desktop Entry]
Name=File Browser (Root)
Comment=Browse the filesystem with the file manager
Exec=gksudo "nautilus --browser %U"
Icon=file-manager
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;
- To browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus
- Applications -> System Tools -> File Browser (Root)
How to change default file type "Open with" program
Right click on file -> Properties
Open With Tab -> Add
Select "Open with" program
Select "Open with" program (Checked)
How to change preferred email client to Mozilla Thunderbird
Mail Reader Tab -> Default Mail Reader -> Command: mozilla-thunderbird %s
How to open files as root user via right click
gedit $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root
- Insert the following lines into the new file
for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do
gksudo "gnome-open $uri" &
done
chmod +x $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root
Right click on file -> Scripts -> Open as root
How to disable beep sound in Terminal mode
Not for Dapper---- firingstone
Edit Menu -> Current Profile...
General Tab -> General -> Terminal bell (Un-Checked)
How to load Web site faster in Mozilla Firefox
- Read #General Notes
- Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
- Mozilla Firefox
Address Bar -> about:config
Filter: ->
network.dns.disableIPv6 -> true
network.http.pipelining -> true
network.http.pipelining.maxrequests -> 8
network.http.proxy.pipelining -> true
How to disable beep sound for link find function in Mozilla Firefox
- Read #General Notes
- Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
- Mozilla Firefox
Address Bar -> about:config
Filter: -> accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound -> false
How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)
- Read #General Notes
- System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
- To enable the extra Universe and Multiverse repositories
- Settings -> Repositories
- In the Installation Media tab, click Add. There are three separate repositories; Dapper Drake, Security Updates and Updates. Select each repository and check Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse). Ensure you click OK between each repository to save your changes
- You should now see those three repositories under Channels. Make sure Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse) appears under each repository
- To add backports and PLF (new versions of many applications. Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
- Settings -> Repositories
- Click on Add and then Custom
- Paste the following four lines into the box and click Add Repository, one line at a time:
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-free
deb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf dapper free non-free
- To refresh the list of known packages (equivalent to apt-get update)
Edit Menu -> Reload Package Information
- To install all possible upgrades (equivalent to apt-get upgrade)
Edit Menu -> Mark All Upgrades... -> Default Upgrade
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
- To search for a package (equivalent to apt-cache search package_name)
Edit Menu -> Search... Specify the package name
- To install the selected package (equivalent to apt-get install package_name)
Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Installation
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
- To remove installed package (equivalent to apt-get remove package_name)
Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Removal
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
What packages do the extra repositories provide
- The PLF repository provides
- DVD playback support (libdvdcss2)
- Skype
- Sun Java SDK (Software Development Kit) and JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
- Opera Web browser
- RealPlayer 10
- Win32 binary multimedia codecs
How to install/uninstall .deb files
sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb
sudo dpkg -r package_name
How to convert .rpm files to .deb files
sudo alien package_file.rpm
How to rename all files in directory at once
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/mvb_1.6.tgz
sudo tar zxvf mvb_1.6.tgz -C /usr/share/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/mvb_1.6/
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/mvb_1.6/mvb /usr/bin/mvb
- To rename all files in directory at once
mvb NEW_NAME
How to manipulate all image files in directory at once
sudo apt-get install imagemagick
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/bbips.0.3.2.sh
sudo cp bbips.0.3.2.sh /usr/bin/bbips
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/bbips
- To manipulate all image files in directory at once
bbips
How to set System-wide Environment Variables
sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
sudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc
- Append the System-wide Environment Variables at the end of file
- Save the edited file
How to save "man" outputs into files
man command | col -b > file.txt
How to hide GRUB menu on boot-up
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
...
#hiddenmenu
...
- Replace with the following line
hiddenmenu
How to change the timeout seconds for GRUB menu on boot-up
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
...
timeout 3
...
- Replace with the following line
timeout X_seconds
How to change default Operating System boot-up for GRUB menu
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
...
default 0
...
- Replace with the following line
default X_sequence
How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up
- e.g. Assumed that hd0,1 is the location of Ubuntu boot partition
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/ubuntu.xpm.gz
chmod 644 ubuntu.xpm.gz
sudo mkdir /boot/grub/images
sudo cp ubuntu.xpm.gz /boot/grub/images/
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
# menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8)
# grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),
# grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
# and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.
...
- Add the following line below it
splashimage (hd0,1)/boot/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz
How to convert Wallpaper to Splash Image for GRUB menu
- e.g. Assumed that wallpaper.png is the Wallpaper to be converted to Splash Image
- splashimage.xpm.gz is the Splash Image for GRUB menu
convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 wallpaper.png splashimage.xpm && gzip splashimage.xpm
How to temporary skip boot-up services
Press 'Ctrl + C'
How to permanently disable/enable boot-up services
How to clean /tmp/ folder contents on shutdown
sudo cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backup
sudo gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd
...
stop)
log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile
log_end_msg $?
...
- Add the following line below it
rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*
How to scroll up and down to view previous outputs in Console mode
Press 'Shift + Page Up'
- To scroll down to view previously outputs
Press 'Shift + Page Down'
How to find out which version of Ubuntu I am using
cat /etc/issue
How to set up automatic background change (GNOME)
mkdir ~/.backgrounds
cd ~/.backgrounds
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/change_background.py
chmod +x change_background.py
- To change desktop background every time you reboot your computer
export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e
- Add the following line at the end of file
@reboot ~/.backgrounds/change_background.py
- For more information about periodic processes see
man 5 crontab
How to set up automatic background change (KDE)
- Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Desktop -> Background
- Choose Slide Show
- Press Setup...
- Press Add... to add pictures you wish to see as desktop background
- Set 'Change picture after' to desired picture rotation interval.
- Press 'OK'
How to add keyboard layouts for other languages
- Go to System -> Preferences -> Keyboard
- Choose Layouts
- Press Add... to add the secondary keyboard layout. It is simpler to have two layouts; the maximum is currently four for Xorg.
- Choose Layout Options
- Expand option Group Shift/Lock behaviour
- Choose the key combination that enables you to switch between keyboard layouts. The default is by pressing both Alt keys at the same time. A common alternative is to use Alt+Shift.
- Press Close.
See #How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet to add the Keyboard Indicator applet.
How to add keyboard layouts toggle for other languages (Xfce)
- use *.lst files on /etc/X11/xkb/rules to select 2nd_laguage_code
setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift,grp_led:scroll us,2nd_laguage_code
- you can add it to a startup file, which will be set to be executed on startup, with the following lines (remember to 'chmod +x' the file):
#!/bin/tcsh
setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift,grp_led:scroll us,il
How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet
- Right-click on empty space on the top panel so that you see the pop-up menu.
- Click Add to Panel...
- Choose Keyboard Indicator (it is under the Utilities section, at the end)
The Keyboard Indicator applet appears on the panel. The default language should be USA for U.S. English. You can either right-click on this applet for more options or see above on how to configure.
How to type extended characters
- Add the keyboard layout US English International (with dead keys)
- Make US English International (with dead keys) the default keyboard layout.
The key marked ['"] is now a dead key. When you press it, nothing happens. However if you press a consonant immediately afterwards, the consonant appears with an accent.
- ' + a = á
- ' + e = é
- and so on for i-í, o-ó, y-ý, c-ć, z-ź, n-ń, l-ĺ, u-ú, r-ŕ
- " + a = ä
- " + e = ë
- and so on for y-ÿ, u-ü, i-ï, o-ö
Similarly, ` and a consonant generates à, è, ù, ì, ò. Similarly, ~ and a consonant generates ã, ũ, ĩ, õ, ñ.
To type ' and ", press RightAlt+' and RightAlt+" respectively. To type ' and ", you may also press '+<space> and "+<space> respectively.
There are more characters available by keeping RightAlt pressed and typing a character. Therefore,
- RightAlt+q = ä
- RightAlt+w = å
- RightAlt+e = é
- RightAlt+r = ®
- RightAlt+t = þ
- RightAlt+y = ü
- RightAlt+u = ú
- RightAlt+i = í
- RightAlt+o = ó
- RightAlt+p = ö
- RightAlt+[ and ] for « and » respectively.
- RightAlt+a = á
- RightAlt+s = ß
- RightAlt+d = ð
- RightAlt+l = ø
- RightAlt+; = ¶
- RightAlt+: = °
- RightAlt+z = æ
- RightAlt+c = ©
- RightAlt+n = ñ
- RightAlt+m = µ
- RightAlt+, = ç
- RightAlt+/ = ¿
- RightAlt+1 = ¡
- RightAlt+2 = ²
- RightAlt+3 = ³
- RightAlt+4 = ¤
- RightAlt+5 = €
- RightAlt+6 = ¼
- RightAlt+7 = ½
- RightAlt+8 = ¾
- RightAlt+9 = ‘
- RightAlt+0 = ’
- RightAlt+- = ¥
- RightAlt+= = ×
- RightAlt+! = ¹
- RightAlt+@, then o = ő (and Ő).
- RightAlt+#, then a = ā (and Ā). Similarly for ēĒ, ūŪ, īĪ, ōŌ.
- RightAlt+$ = £
- RightAlt+% =
- RightAlt+^ =
- RightAlt+& =
- RightAlt+*, then a = ą (and Ą). Similarly for ęĘ, įĮ.
- RightAlt+(, then a = ă (and Ă)
- RightAlt+(, then g = ğ (and Ğ)
- RightAlt+), then a = å (and Å)
- RightAlt+_ =
- RightAlt++ = ÷
How to set the Compose key to type special characters
- Click System, Preferences, Keyboard.
- Under Layout Options, expand on Compose key position.
- Choose Right-Win key is compose, click Close.
Now you can type extended characters using the RightWin key (next to AltGr), according to this keyboard settings file. Specifically, the lines that start with GDK_Multi_key are those that we can use here. The Compose key is actually GDK_Multi_key.
Some examples,
- RightWin + C + = produces €
- RightWin + = + C produces €
- RightWin + C + O produces ©
- RightWin + O + C produces ©
- RightWin + a + ' produces á
- RightWin + a + " produces ä
- RightWin + a + ` produces à
- RightWin + a + ~ produces ã
- RightWin + a + * produces å
- RightWin + a + ^ produces â
- RightWin + a + > produces â
- RightWin + a + , produces ą
- RightWin + e + - produces ē
- RightWin + S + 1 produces ¹
- RightWin + S + 2 produces ²
- RightWin + S + 3 produces ³
Servers
AntiVirus Server
How to install ClamAV AntiVirus Server
sudo apt-get install clamav
How to manually update virus databases
sudo freshclam
How to manually scan files/folders for viruses
sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
How to automatically scan files/folders for viruses
- e.g. Automatically scan files/folders for viruses at midnight everyday
- * * * * * means minute hour date month year
export EDITOR=gedit && sudo crontab -e
- Append the following line at the end of file
00 00 * * * sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
Print Server (cupsd)
How to install cupsd
- Cupsd should be automatically installed during standard instaltion. Checkout if there is a file "/etc/init.d/cupsys". If you want to manually install it, do
sudo apt-get install cupsys*
How to add a printer
- In gnome click on "System/Administration/Printing. And choose "Add printer". A "add printer wizard" should start and tell you what to do.
How to print on remote Ubuntu machine from another Ubuntu machine
- Make sure your local printer is well configured.
- Server ip address: 192.168.0.1
- Client ip address: 192.168.0.23
sudo cp /etc/cups/cupsd.conf /etc/cups/cupsd.conf.backup
sudo gedit /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
- find the block
<Location />
...
Allow localhost
...
</Location>
- and add the following line into it.
Allow 192.168.0.23
- Restart cups.
sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
sudo cp /etc/cups/client.conf /etc/cups/client.conf.backup
sudo gedit /etc/cups/client.conf
- And add the following line into it.
ServerName 192.168.0.1
- Restart cups.
sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
- Now try "lpq" and you should see something like
vitek@lightfox:~$ lpq
HPLJ6P is ready
no entries
How to print on remote Ubuntu machine from a Windows machine
Samba Server
How to install Samba Server for files/folders sharing service
sudo apt-get install samba
sudo apt-get install smbfs
How to add/edit/delete network users
sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smbusers
-
- Insert the following line into the new file
system_username = "network username"
sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
sudo smbpasswd -x system_username
How to share home folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
...
; security = user
...
- Replace with the following lines
security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
How to share home folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
...
; security = user
...
- Replace with the following lines
security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
...
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
writable = no
...
- Replace with the following lines
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
writable = yes
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
How to share group folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)
sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
...
; security = user
...
- Replace with the following lines
security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
- Append the following lines at the end of file
[Group]
comment = Group Folder
path = /home/group
public = yes
writable = no
valid users = system_username1 system_username2
create mask = 0700
directory mask = 0700
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
How to share group folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)
sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
...
; security = user
...
- Replace with the following lines
security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
- Append the following lines at the end of file
[Group]
comment = Group Folder
path = /home/group
public = yes
writable = yes
valid users = system_username1 system_username2
create mask = 0700
directory mask = 0700
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)
sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
...
; security = user
...
- Replace with the following lines
security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
- Append the following lines at the end of file
[public]
comment = Public Folder
path = /home/public
public = yes
writable = no
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)
sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
...
; security = user
...
- Replace with the following lines
security = user
username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
- Append the following lines at the end of file
[public]
comment = Public Folder
path = /home/public
public = yes
writable = yes
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=No)
sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
...
; security = user
...
- Replace with the following line
security = share
- Append the following lines at the end of file
[public]
comment = Public Folder
path = /home/public
public = yes
writable = no
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=No)
sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
...
; security = user
...
- Replace with the following line
security = share
- Append the following lines at the end of file
[public]
comment = Public Folder
path = /home/public
public = yes
writable = yes
create mask = 0777
directory mask = 0777
force user = nobody
force group = nogroup
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
How to print on remote Ubuntu machine via samba
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf.backup
gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
- Find the following lines
...
# printing = cups
# printcap name = cups
...
- and uncomment them.
printing = cups
printcap name = cups
- Restart cups server
sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
- Now printers working on your Ubuntu machine should be acessible via samba.
SSH Server
How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
sudo apt-get install ssh
How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
ssh username@192.168.0.1
How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (scp)
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
- Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
- Local machine save location: . (current directory)
scp -r username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .
How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (scp)
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
- Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/
scp -r localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/
How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (rsync)
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
- Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
- Local machine save location: . (current directory)
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .
How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (rsync)
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
- Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
- Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/
How to mount remote folders into local Ubuntu machine (sshfs)
- e.g. Assumed that remote machine has installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
- Remote machine: 192.168.0.1
- Remote machine folder location: /media/music
sudo apt-get install sshfs
- Load kernel driver for sshfs
sudo modprobe fuse
- For permanent use add 'fuse' at the end of /etc/modules
sudo gedit /etc/modules
- Join the 'fuse' user group
sudo adduser your_user_name fuse
- Create local mountpoint in your home directory
mkdir ~/remote_music
- Mount the remote folder into ~/remote_music
sshfs 192.168.0.1:/meida/music ~/remote_music
How to SSH into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
How to copy files/folders from/into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed SSH Server service
- Read #How to install SSH Server for remote administration service
How to limit the user accounts that can connect through ssh remotely
- e.g. If you enable the SSH server, then any user with a valid account can connect remotely
- This can lead to security risks, as there exist remote password cracking tools that
- try common username/password pairs.
- Keep a backup of the ssh server configuration file with
sudo cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.ORIGINAL
- Edit the configuration file
sudo gedit /etc/ssh/sshd_config
- Change the parameter PermitRootLogin from yes to no. The superuser must not be able to connect directly from remote.
- Add the parameter AllowUsers and specify the usernames (space separated) that can connect remotely.
- You can also use DenyUsers for fine-grained selection of users.
- If you enable the openssh server and you have no intention for now to enable remote connections, you may add AllowUsers nosuchuserhere to disable anyone connecting.
DHCP Server
How to install DHCP Server for automatic IP addresses assignment
- e.g. Assumed that "eth0" is the interface for network card
- IP Address Range: 192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.200
- Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
- DNS Servers: 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5
- Domains: tm.net.my
- Gateway Address: 192.168.0.1
sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server
sudo cp /etc/default/dhcp3-server /etc/default/dhcp3-server_backup
sudo gedit /etc/default/dhcp3-server
...
INTERFACES=""
- Replace with the following line
INTERFACES="eth0"
sudo cp /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf
...
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "example.org";
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;
default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
...
- Replace with the following lines
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
#option domain-name "example.org";
#option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;
#default-lease-time 600;
#max-lease-time 7200;
...
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
#subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
# range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30;
# option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org;
# option domain-name "internal.example.org";
# option routers 10.5.5.1;
# option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31;
# default-lease-time 600;
# max-lease-time 7200;
#}
...
- Replace with the following lines
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.200;
option domain-name-servers 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5;
option domain-name "tm.net.my";
option routers 192.168.0.1;
option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;
default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
}
sudo /etc/init.d/dhcp3-server restart
Database Server
How to install MYSQL Database Server
sudo apt-get install mysql-server
- MySQL initially only allows connections from the localhost (127.0.0.1). We'll need to remove that restriction if you wish to make it accessible to everyone on the internet. Open the file /etc/mysql/my.cnf
sudo gedit /etc/mysql/my.cnf
- Find the line bind-address = 127.0.0.1 and comment it out
...
#bind-address = 127.0.0.1
...
- MySQL comes with no root password as default. This is a huge security risk. You'll need to set one. So that the local computer gets root access as well, you'll need to set a password for that too. The local-machine-name is the name of the computer you're working on. For more information see here
mysqladmin -u root password your-new-password
mysqladmin -h root@local-machine-name -u root password your-new-password
sudo /etc/init.d/mysql restart
How to install MYSQL Administrator
sudo apt-get install mysql-admin
Apache HTTP Server
How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service
sudo apt-get install apache2
How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server
How to install PHP4
sudo apt-get install php4
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
- To test if php4 installed correctly
sudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
- Insert the following line into the new file
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
How to install PHP5
sudo apt-get install php5
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
- To test if php5 installed correctly
sudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
- Insert the following line into the new file
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
How to install MYSQL for Apache HTTP Server
sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql
- Select either php4-mysql or php5-mysql depending on which version of PHP you installed
sudo apt-get install php<version-number>-mysql
sudo apt-get install phpmyadmin
- To get PHP to work with MySQL, open the file (where <version> is either 4 or 5 depending on which PHP you installed)
sudo gedit /etc/php<version>/apache2/php.ini
- You'll need to uncomment the ";extension=mysql.so" line so that it looks like this
...
extension=mysql.so
...
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
How to map URLs to folders outside /var/www/
sudo gedit /etc/apache2/conf.d/alias
- Insert the following lines into the new file
Alias /URL-path /location_of_folder/
<Directory /location_of_folder/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride All
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
</Directory>
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
How to change the default port number for Apache HTTP Server
- e.g. Assumed that new port number is 78
sudo cp /etc/apache2/ports.conf /etc/apache2/ports.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/apache2/ports.conf
Listen 80
- Replace with the following line
Listen 78
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
How to parse RSS into PHP for Apache HTTP Server
- e.g. Assumed that RSS is DistroWatch.com - News
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz
sudo mkdir /var/www/feeds
sudo tar zxvf magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz -C /var/www/feeds/
sudo mv /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/* /var/www/feeds/
sudo rm -fr /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/
sudo chown -R www-data:root /var/www/feeds/
sudo gedit /var/www/feeds/index.php
- Insert the following lines into the new file
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<title>DistroWatch.com - News</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"/>
<style type="text/css">
/*<![CDATA[*/
/*
DEFAULT TAG STYLES
*/
body {
background: #ffffff;
margin-left: 20px;
font-family: bitstream vera sans,sans-serif;
font-size: 9pt;
}
h1 {
font-family: luxi sans,sans-serif;
font-size: 15pt;
}
/*]]>*/
</style>
</head>
<body>
<?php
require_once 'rss_fetch.inc';
error_reporting(E_ERROR);
$url = 'http://distrowatch.com/news/dw.xml';
$rss = fetch_rss($url);
if ($rss) {
echo "<h1>";
echo "<a href=$url>", $rss->channel[title], "</a><br/>";
echo "</h1>";
foreach ($rss->items as $item ) {
$url = $item[link];
$title = $item[title];
$description = $item[description];
echo "<li>";
echo "<b>Topic:</b> <a href=$url><b><u>$title</u></b></a><br/><br/>";
echo "$description<br/><br/>";
echo "</li>";
}
}
else {
echo "<a href=$url>", $url, "</a> - Server Down!<br/>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
FTP Server
How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service
sudo apt-get install proftpd
How to configure FTP user to be "jailed" (chrooted) into their home directory
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
...
DenyFilter \*.*/
...
- Add the following line below it
DefaultRoot ~
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read only
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
- Append the following lines at the end of file
<Anonymous ~ftp>
User ftp
Group nogroup
UserAlias anonymous ftp
DirFakeUser on ftp
DirFakeGroup on ftp
RequireValidShell off
MaxClients 10
DisplayLogin welcome.msg
DisplayFirstChdir .message
<Directory *>
<Limit WRITE>
DenyAll
</Limit>
</Directory>
</Anonymous>
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
How to configure FTP Server to allow anonymous FTP user to read/write
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
- Append the following lines at the end of file
<Anonymous ~ftp>
User ftp
Group nogroup
UserAlias anonymous ftp
DirFakeUser on ftp
DirFakeGroup on ftp
RequireValidShell off
MaxClients 10
DisplayLogin welcome.msg
DisplayFirstChdir .message
</Anonymous>
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
How to map anonymous FTP user to folders outside /home/ftp/
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
- Append the following lines at the end of file
<Anonymous /location_of_folder/>
User ftp
Group nogroup
UserAlias anonymous ftp
DirFakeUser on ftp
DirFakeGroup on ftp
RequireValidShell off
MaxClients 10
DisplayLogin welcome.msg
DisplayFirstChdir .message
<Directory *>
<Limit WRITE>
DenyAll
</Limit>
</Directory>
</Anonymous>
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
How to change the default port number for FTP Server
- e.g. Assumed that new port number is 77
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
Port 21
- Replace with the following line
Port 77
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart
How to ftp into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine
- e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have installed FTP Server service
- Read #How to install FTP Server for File Transfer service
Streaming Media Server
How to install GNUMP3d for Streaming Media Server service
- e.g. /var/music/ is the directory containing multimedia files
sudo apt-get install gnump3d
How to change the default directory containing multimedia files for GNUMP3d
- e.g. Assumed that new directory containing multimedia files is /home/music/
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
root = /var/music
- Replace with the following line
root = /home/music
user = gnump3d
- Replace with the following line
user = root
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart
How to change the default port number for GNUMP3d
- e.g. Assumed that new port number is 7878
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
port = 8888
- Replace with the following line
port = 7878
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart
Image Gallery Server
- For a comparison between Gallery1 and Gallery2 see here
Gallery1
How to install Gallery1 for Image Gallery Server service
sudo apt-get install gallery (when prompted to restart Apache, choose No or Cancel)
sudo apt-get install imagemagick
sudo apt-get install jhead
sudo apt-get install libjpeg-progs
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
sudo sh /usr/share/gallery/configure.sh
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 1
Next Step ->
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 2
General settings Tab ->
Admin password: Specify the password
Locations and URLs Tab ->
Album directory: /var/www/albums/
Temporary directory: /tmp/
Gallery URL: http://localhost/gallery
Albums URL: http://localhost/albums
Next Step -->
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 3
Next Step -->
Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 4
Save Config ->
How to configure Gallery1 to be accessible via Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP)
- e.g. Assumed that network and internet connections have been configured properly
- Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP): http://www.url.com
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
...
- Replace with the following lines
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://www.url.com/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://www.url.com/albums";
How to configure Gallery1 to be accessible via LAN (dynamic IP)
- e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
- LAN (dynamic IP): 192.168.0.1
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
...
- Replace with the following lines
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "/albums";
How to backup/restore Gallery1 data
sudo tar zcvf gallery.tgz /var/www/albums/ /etc/gallery/
sudo tar zxvf gallery.tgz -C /
Gallery2
How to install Gallery2
How to configure Gallery2
Troubleshooting
Configuring network interfaces... (taking too long to load)
Synchronizing clock to ntp.ubuntulinux.org... (taking too long to load)
service_name = ntpdate
How to disable system time/date from being reset to UTC (GMT)
sudo cp /etc/default/rcS /etc/default/rcS_backup
sudo gedit /etc/default/rcS
...
UTC=yes
...
- Replace with the following line
UTC=no
- Save the edited file
- System -> Administration -> Time and Date
Set the correct time/date
sudo /etc/init.d/hwclock.sh restart
How to configure sound to work properly in GNOME
sudo killall esd
sudo cp /etc/esound/esd.conf /etc/esound/esd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/esound/esd.conf
...
auto_spawn=0
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 5
...
- Replace with the following lines
auto_spawn=1
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 2 -d default
sudo apt-get install libesd-alsa0
sudo gedit /etc/asound.conf
- Insert the following lines into the new file
pcm.card0 {
type hw
card 0
}
pcm.!default {
type plug
slave.pcm "dmixer"
}
pcm.dmixer {
type dmix
ipc_key 1025
slave {
pcm "hw:0,0"
period_time 0
period_size 2048
buffer_size 32768
rate 48000
}
bindings {
0 0
1 1
}
}
sudo ln -fs /usr/lib/libesd.so.0 /usr/lib/libesd.so.1
System -> Preferences -> Sound
Sound preferences
General Tab -> Sounds for events (Un-Checked)
- Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer
How to forcefully empty Trash in GNOME
sudo rm -fr $HOME/.Trash/
How to remove duplicate menu/menu items in GNOME
rm -f $HOME/.config/menus/applications.menu
How to refresh Places menu in GNOME (if mounts to /media/ in /etc/fstab does not show up)
sudo /etc/init.d/dbus-1 restart
How to consume static (not dhcp) wireless LAN (WLAN) connection (KDE)
- I assume you have successfully consumed WLAN connection in Windows
- To enable the network device please follow the following steps
- Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Network Settings
- Enable Administrator mode
- Select Network Interfaces tab and the wireless interface (usually ath0) to configure
- Click Configure Interface...
- Choose Manual or Automatic. Choose Manual
- Fill the preferred IP address to identify your computer and the netmask. Choose to activate when computer starts
- Click Advanced Settings to for more properties
- Select Routes tab and fill the gateway IP address
- Make sure you choose the correct device in the right dropdown (e.g. ath0)
- Click apply to commit all changes
- To choose wireless connection please follow the following steps
- Go to K-menu -> Internet -> Wireless Assistant
- Right click on preferred connection ssid
- Choose and complete fields for Manual connection
- Click Ok
- Create connection configuration
sudo gedit /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
- Insert the following lines into the new file
network={
ssid="YOUR_PREFERRED_CONNECTION_SSID"
scan_ssid=1
proto=WPA
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
psk="STRING_TO_GENERATE_PASSWORD"
#psk=123456789 #you have option to use connection key instead of connection password
}
- Save the edited file
- Create script to easily activate connection
sudo gedit /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh
- Insert the following lines into the new file
#! /bin/sh
# wifi: wpa_supplicant init
echo " * [Wifi]: Enabling WPA supplicant..."
if [ -x /sbin/wpa_supplicant ]; then
/sbin/wpa_supplicant -B -i ath0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -D madwifi -w
fi
exit 0
- Save the edited file
- Make sure both file readable and executable
sudo chmod +r /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh
- make wireless connection automaticaly starts when computer starts
sudo ln -s /etc/init.d/wifi_wpa.sh /etc/rcS.d/S40netwifiwpa
- Close all opened applications, Reboot computer
发表于 @ 2006年07月05日 16:20:00|评论(loading...)