Ansible@一个高效的配置管理工具--Ansible configure management--翻译（十一）

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第五章 自定义模块

Using a module
Now that we have written our very first module for Ansible, we should give it a
go in a playbook. Ansible looks at several places for its modules: first it looks at the
place specified in the library key in its config file ( /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg ),
next it will look in the location specified using the --module-path argument in the
command line, then it will look in the same directory as the playbook for a library
directory containing modules, and finally it will look in the library directories for any
roles that may be set.
Let's create a playbook that uses our new module and place it in a library directory
in the same place so that we can see it in action. Here is a playbook that uses the
hostname module:
---
- name: Test the hostname file
hosts: testmachine
tasks:
- name: Set the hostname
hostname: hostname=testmachine.example.com

使用自定义模块

现在我们写完了第一个自定义模块，让我们把它放到playbook中跑一跑。Ansible会从好几个地方搜寻模块：它首先查看/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg定义的位置，接着查找-module-path参数指定的位置，然后查找playbook文件所在目录，最后查找所属角色所在的目录。

让我们使用新建的模块创建一个playbook，并把他放到library目录下面，代码如下：

---
- name: Test the hostname file
hosts: testmachine
tasks:
- name: Set the hostname
hostname: hostname=testmachine.example.com

Then create a directory named library in the same directory as the playbook file.
Place the hostname module inside the library. Your directory layout should look
like this:
<img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20140715213354437?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQvc21hbGxmaXNoMTk4Mw==/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast" alt="" />

在playbook文件所在的目录下面建立一个library的文件夹，然后把hostname模块放进去，你的目录结构看起来就像这样：

当我们运行playbook的时候，它会从libray目录中找到hostname模块，输出如下：

PLAY [Test the hostname file] ***************************************
GATHERING FACTS *****************************************************
ok: [ansibletest]
TASK: [Set the hostname] ********************************************
changed: [ansibletest]
PLAY RECAP **********************************************************
ansibletest
: ok=2
changed=1
unreachable=0
failed=0

再次运行playbook，结果会从changed变成OK。恭喜恭喜！你现在已经创建并执行了一个你自己的模块。它非常简单，但是你你可以继续扩展它来获取hostname文件，或者用其他方法在系统启动的时候修改hostname。

Writing modules in Python
All of the modules that are distributed with Ansible are written in Python. Because
Ansible is also written in Python, these modules can directly integrate with Ansible.
This increases the speed at which they can run. Here are a few other reasons why
you might write modules in Python:
•	 Modules written in Python can use boilerplate, which reduces the amount of
code required
•	 Python modules can provide documentation to be used by Ansible
•	 Arguments to your module are handled automatically
•     Output is automatically converted to JSON for you
•     Ansible upstream only accepts plugins using Python with the boilerplate
code included

使用python编写模块

所有Ansible自带的模块都是用python编写的，因为Ansible也是python编写的，这些模块可以和Ansible集成在一起。当他们运行的时候，还可以加快速度，下面是一些用python编写模块的理由：

• 使用python编写的模块可以使用引用，这可以节省大量代码
• 模块的参数可以被自动处理
• 输出格式自动被转换成JSON
• Ansible的上游插件之接受使用python的引用包含

You can still build Python modules without this integration by parsing the
arguments and outputting JSON yourself. However, with all the things you get for
free, it would be hard to make a case for it.
Let's build a Python module that lets us change the currently running init level of the
system. There is a Python module called pyutmp that will let us parse the utmp file.
Unfortunately, since Ansible modules have to be contained in a single file, we can't
use it unless we know it will be installed on the remote systems, so we will resort
to using the runlevel command and parsing its output. Setting the runlevel can be
done with the init command.
The first step is to figure out what arguments and features the module supports. For
the sake of simplicity, let's have our module only accept one argument. We'll use the
argument runlevel to get the runlevel the user wants to change to. To do this, we
instantiate the AnsibleModule class with our data.
module = AnsibleModule(
argument_spec = dict(
runlevel=dict(default=None, type='str')
)
)

你也可以不使用集成，由自己来解析参数并输出JSON。然而，既然所有这些都是免费的，你又何苦呢？

现在我们来用python写一个模块来改变系统当前的init级别。有一个叫pyutmp的模块可以让我们解析utmp文件，不过，自从Ansible的模块必须被包含在一个文件内，除非我们确定远程受管主机上也安装了它，否则我们没办法使用这个模块。所以我们只好使用runlevel命令然后再解析它的输出。设置runlevel可以使用init命令。

第一步，指出哪些参数和特性是这个模块支持的。简单起见，我们只允许我们的模块接受一个参数，我们使用runlevel参数来让用户指定他要改变的运行级别。为此，我们用我们的数据来实例化我们的AnsibleModule类。

module = AnsibleModule(
argument_spec = dict(
runlevel=dict(default=None, type='str')
)
)

Now we need to implement the actual guts of the module. The module object that
we created previously provides us with a few shortcuts. There are three that we will
be using in the next step. As there are way too many methods to document here, you
can see the whole AnsibleModule class and all the available helper functions in lib/
ansible/module_common.py .
•	 run_command : This method is used to launch external commands and retrieve
the return code, the output from stdout , and also the output from stderr .
•	 exit_json : This method is used to return data to Ansible when the module
has completed successfully.
•	 fail_json : This method is used to signal a failure to Ansible, with an error
message and return code.

第二步，接下来我们要来实现模块的实际功能，之前创建的类为我们提供了一些捷径。接下来我们就要使用这3个捷径。因为这里有太多的方法可以使用，所以我们就不一一介绍了，要想了解所有AnsibleMidule类的函数帮助，请参考lib/ansible/module_common.py 。

• run_command：这个方法用来运行一个外部命令，然后返回代码，它可以输出到stdout和stderr
• exit_json:当模块成功执行的时候，用这个方法返回数据
• fail_json:当模块执行失败的时候，用这个方法返回一个失败的信号给Ansible

The following code actually manages the init level of the system. Comments have
been included in the following code to explain what it does.
def main():
    module = AnsibleModule(
    argument_spec = dict(
<img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20140715221253046?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQvc21hbGxmaXNoMTk4Mw==/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast" alt="" />

下面这段代码现实了模块如何管理init级别，注释已经包含在代码中了：

上面这段python代码很简单，我就不解释了，有疑问的同学可以留言。

There is one final thing to add to the boilerplate to let Ansible know that it needs
to dynamically add the integration code into our module. This is the magic that
lets us use the AnsibleModule class and enables our tight integration with Ansible.
The boilerplate code needs to be placed right at the bottom of the file, with no code
afterwards. The code to do this looks as follows:
# include magic from lib/ansible/module_common.py
#<<INCLUDE_ANSIBLE_MODULE_COMMON>>
main()
So, finally, we have the code for our module built. Putting it all together, it should
look like the following code:

最后一件事是添加样板让Ansible知道它需要动态的集成代码到我们的模块。这就是我们能用AnsibleModule类和Ansible紧紧结合在一起的神奇原因。样板代码需要被正确的放在文件底部，它后面应该不存在代码了。代码如下：

# include magic from lib/ansible/module_common.py
#<<INCLUDE_ANSIBLE_MODULE_COMMON>>
main()

把所有的代码加在一起，应该是这样的：

You can test this module the same way you tested the Bash module with the test-
module script. However, you need to be careful because if you run it with sudo , you
might reboot your machine or alter the init level to something you don't want. This
module is probably better tested by using Ansible itself on a remote test machine.
We follow the same process as described in the Using a module section earlier in this
chapter. We create a playbook that uses the module, and then place the module in a
library directory that has been made in the same directory as the playbook. Here is
the playbook we should use:
---
- name: Test the new init module
hosts: testmachine
user: root
tasks:
- name: Set the init level to 5
init: runlevel=5

你可以像测试bash写的模块一样来测试python编写的模块，不过当你使用sudo的时候要小心，因为你有可能发生重启你的机器，改变你的init级别，或者其他你意料之外的事情，最好的测试办法是在远程受管主机上运行。使用模块的方法和之前提到的使用bash编写的模块一样，playbook的代码如下：

---
- name: Test the new init module
hosts: testmachine
user: root
tasks:
- name: Set the init level to 5
init: runlevel=5

Now you should be able to try and run this on a remote machine. The first time
you run it, if the machine is not already in runlevel 5, you should see it change the
runlevel. Then you should be able to run it for a second time to see that nothing has
changed. You might also want to check to make sure the module fails correctly when
not run as root.

现在你可以在远程受管主机上测试你的模块了。第一次运行的时候，如果主机没有运行在5级别，你会看到运行级别被改变了，再次运行则不会改变任何东西，你还可以使用root来测试模块时候被正确执行。