C语言再学习 -- dmesg 命令

dmesg 这个命令，Linux下用的还是比较多的。现在来详细看一下：

Linux dmesg命令用于显示开机信息。
kernel会将开机信息存储在ring buffer中。您若是开机时来不及查看信息，可利用dmesg来查看。开机信息亦保存在/var/log目录中，名称为dmesg的文件里。

一、语法

dmesg [-cn][-s <缓冲区大小>]

二、选项

-c ：显示信息后，清除ring buffer中的内容。
-s <缓冲区大小>：预设置为8196，刚好等于ring buffer的大小。
-n ：设置记录信息的层级。

$ dmesg -h

Usage:
 dmesg [options]

Options:
 -C, --clear                 clear the kernel ring buffer
 -c, --read-clear            read and clear all messages
 -D, --console-off           disable printing messages to console
 -d, --show-delta            show time delta between printed messages
 -E, --console-on            enable printing messages to console
 -f, --facility <list>       restrict output to defined facilities
 -h, --help                  display this help and exit
 -k, --kernel                display kernel messages
 -l, --level <list>          restrict output to defined levels
 -n, --console-level <level> set level of messages printed to console
 -r, --raw                   print the raw message buffer
 -s, --buffer-size <size>    buffer size to query the kernel ring buffer
 -T, --ctime                 show human readable timestamp (could be 
                             inaccurate if you have used SUSPEND/RESUME)
 -t, --notime                don't print messages timestamp
 -u, --userspace             display userspace messages
 -V, --version               output version information and exit
 -x, --decode                decode facility and level to readable string

Supported log facilities:
    kern - kernel messages
    user - random user-level messages
    mail - mail system
  daemon - system daemons
    auth - security/authorization messages
  syslog - messages generated internally by syslogd
     lpr - line printer subsystem
    news - network news subsystem

Supported log levels (priorities):
   emerg - system is unusable
   alert - action must be taken immediately
    crit - critical conditions
     err - error conditions
    warn - warning conditions
  notice - normal but significant condition
    info - informational
   debug - debug-level messages

三、实例

root@dm368-evm:/# dmesg
>Bad block table found at page 262080, version 0x01
Bad block table found at page 262016, version 0x01
nand_bbt: ECC error while reading bad block table
nand_read_bbt: Bad block at 0x00000ff00000
nand_read_bbt: Bad block at 0x00000ff20000
nand_read_bbt: Bad block at 0x00000ff40000
nand_read_bbt: Bad block at 0x00000ff60000
nand_read_bbt: Bad block at 0x00000ff80000
nand_read_bbt: Bad block at 0x00000ffa0000
nand_read_bbt: Bad block at 0x00000ffc0000
nand_read_bbt: Bad block at 0x00000ffe0000
Creating 5 MTD partitions on "davinci_nand.0":
0x000000000000-0x0000003c0000 : "bootloader"
0x0000003c0000-0x000000400000 : "params"
0x000000400000-0x000000820000 : "kernel"
0x000000820000-0x000008820000 : "filesystem"
0x000008820000-0x000020000000 : "zslf"
davinci_nand davinci_nand.0: controller rev. 2.3
UBI: attaching mtd3 to ubi0
UBI: physical eraseblock size:   131072 bytes (128 KiB)
UBI: logical eraseblock size:    126976 bytes
UBI: smallest flash I/O unit:    2048
UBI: VID header offset:          2048 (aligned 2048)
UBI: data offset:                4096
UBI: attached mtd3 to ubi0
UBI: MTD device name:            "filesystem"
UBI: MTD device size:            128 MiB
UBI: number of good PEBs:        1024
UBI: number of bad PEBs:         0
UBI: max. allowed volumes:       128
UBI: wear-leveling threshold:    4096
UBI: number of internal volumes: 1
UBI: number of user volumes:     1
UBI: available PEBs:             5
UBI: total number of reserved PEBs: 1019
UBI: number of PEBs reserved for bad PEB handling: 10
UBI: max/mean erase counter: 20/11
UBI: image sequence number: 0
UBI: background thread "ubi_bgt0d" started, PID 343
PPP generic driver version 2.4.2
PPP Deflate Compression module registered
PPP BSD Compression module registered
PPP MPPE Compression module registered
NET: Registered protocol family 24
tun: Universal TUN/TAP device driver, 1.6
tun: (C) 1999-2004 Max Krasnyansky <maxk@qualcomm.com>
console [netcon0] enabled
netconsole: network logging started
Initializing USB Mass Storage driver...
usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
USB Mass Storage support registered.
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbserial
USB Serial support registered for generic
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbserial_generic
usbserial: USB Serial Driver core
USB Serial support registered for GSM modem (1-port)
usbcore: registered new interface driver option
option: v0.7.2:USB Driver for GSM modems
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbtest
rtc-ds1307 1-0068: rtc core: registered ds1339 as rtc0
i2c /dev entries driver
Linux video capture interface: v2.00
ths7303 1-002c: chip found @ 0x58 (DaVinci I2C adapter)
ths7303 1-002c: ths7303 write failed
ths7303: probe of 1-002c failed with error -121
vpfe_init
vpfe-capture: vpss clock vpss_master enabled
vpfe-capture vpfe-capture: v4l2 device registered
vpfe-capture vpfe-capture: video device registered
dm365evm_enable_pca9543a
dm365evm_enable_pca9543a, status = -121
EVM: switch to HD imager video input
mt9p031 1-005d: Detected a MT9P031 chip ID 1801
mt9p031 1-005d: mt9p031 1-005d decoder driver registered !!
vpfe-capture vpfe-capture: v4l2 sub device mt9p031 registered
vpfe_register_ccdc_device: DM365 ISIF
DM365 ISIF is registered with vpfe.
af major#: 250, minor# 0
AF Driver initialized
aew major#: 249, minor# 0
AEW Driver initialized
###### osd_init ######
### VPBE OSD DRIVER INIT ###
<davinci_display_init>
Trying to register davinci display video device.
layer=c112d000,layer->video_dev=c112d170
Trying to register davinci display video device.
layer=c112d400,layer->video_dev=c112d570
davinci_init:DaVinci V4L2 Display Driver V1.0 loaded
</davinci_init>
watchdog watchdog: heartbeat 60 sec
davinci_mmc davinci_mmc.0: Using DMA, 4-bit mode
Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Version 1.0.21.
No device for DAI tlv320aic3x
No device for DAI davinci-i2s
asoc: tlv320aic3x <-> davinci-i2s mapping ok
ALSA device list:
  #0: DaVinci EVM (tlv320aic3x)
TCP cubic registered
NET: Registered protocol family 17
Clocks: disable unused mmcsd1
Clocks: disable unused spi0
Clocks: disable unused spi1
Clocks: disable unused spi2
Clocks: disable unused spi3
Clocks: disable unused spi4
Clocks: disable unused pwm0
Clocks: disable unused pwm1
Clocks: disable unused pwm2
Clocks: disable unused pwm3
Clocks: disable unused timer1
Clocks: disable unused timer3
Clocks: disable unused emac
Clocks: disable unused voice_codec
Clocks: disable unused rto
Clocks: disable unused mjcp
davinci_emac_probe: using random MAC addr: 32:be:8d:46:68:be
emac-mii: probed
rtc-ds1307 1-0068: setting system clock to 2015-12-05 11:04:18 UTC (1449313458)
UBIFS: mounted UBI device 0, volume 0, name "rootfs"
UBIFS: file system size:   126341120 bytes (123380 KiB, 120 MiB, 995 LEBs)
UBIFS: journal size:       6348800 bytes (6200 KiB, 6 MiB, 50 LEBs)
UBIFS: media format:       w4/r0 (latest is w4/r0)
UBIFS: default compressor: lzo
UBIFS: reserved for root:  4952683 bytes (4836 KiB)
VFS: Mounted root (ubifs filesystem) on device 0:14.
Freeing init memory: 144K
udev: starting version 141
eth0: attached PHY driver [LXT971] (mii_bus:phy_addr=1:01, id=1378e2)
CMEMK module: built on Mar 24 2011 at 16:58:03
  Reference Linux version 2.6.32
  File /sdk/build/DVSDK_4_02/4_02_00_06/arago-install/arago-tmp/work/dm368-evm-none-linux-gnueabi/ti-linuxutils-1_2_26_01_02-r52d/linuxutils_2_26_01_02/packages/ti/sdo/linuxutils/cmem/src/module/cmemk.c
allocated heap buffer 0xc7000000 of size 0x4400000
heap fallback enabled - will try heap if pool buffer is not available
CMEM Range Overlaps Kernel Physical - allowing overlap
CMEM phys_start (0x1000) overlaps kernel (0x80000000 -> 0x83000000)
cmemk initialized
PHY: 1:01 - Link is Up - 100/Full
IRQK module: built on Mar 24 2011 at 16:58:17
  Reference Linux version 2.6.32
  File /sdk/build/DVSDK_4_02/4_02_00_06/arago-install/arago-tmp/work/dm368-evm-none-linux-gnueabi/ti-linuxutils-1_2_26_01_02-r52d/linuxutils_2_26_01_02/packages/ti/sdo/linuxutils/irq/src/module/irqk.c
irqk initialized
EDMAK module: built on Mar 24 2011 at 16:58:11
  Reference Linux version 2.6.32
  File /sdk/build/DVSDK_4_02/4_02_00_06/arago-install/arago-tmp/work/dm368-evm-none-linux-gnueabi/ti-linuxutils-1_2_26_01_02-r52d/linuxutils_2_26_01_02/packages/ti/sdo/linuxutils/edma/src/module/edmak.c
###### output_store ######
###### davinci_get_cur_encoder ######
<vpbe_encoder_enumoutput>
</vpbe_encoder_enumoutput>
<vpbe_encoder_enumoutput>
</vpbe_encoder_enumoutput>
VPBE Encoder de-initialized
###### vpbe_encoder_initialize ######
###### output is COMPOSITE,outindex is 0 ######
###### vpbe_encoder_setoutput ######
<vpbe_encoder_setoutput>
Setting output to Composite
Start of vpbe_encoder_setmode..
###### dm365 = 1 ######
###### mode_info->std is 1 ######
###### mode is NTSC ######
</vpbe_encoder_setmode>
</vpbe_encoder_setoutput>
VPBE Encoder initialized
###### 22VPBE Encoder initialized ######
###### vpbe_encoder_setoutput ######
<vpbe_encoder_setoutput>
Setting output to Component Video
Start of vpbe_encoder_setmode..
###### dm365 = 1 ######
###### mode_info->std is 1 ######
###### mode is 480P-60 ######
</vpbe_encoder_setmode>
</vpbe_encoder_setoutput>
<vpbe_encoder_getmode>
<vpbe_encoder_getmode/>
###### davinci_enc_set_output : next davinci_enc_set_mode_platform ######
###### davinci_enc_set_mode_platform : next davinci_enc_priv_setmode ######
###### output_show ######
###### davinci_enc_get_output ######
###### davinci_get_cur_encoder ######
<vpbe_encoder_getoutput>
</vpbe_encoder_getoutput>
###### mode_store ######
###### davinci_enc_get_mode ######
###### davinci_get_cur_encoder ######
<vpbe_encoder_getmode>
<vpbe_encoder_getmode/>
###### davinci_enc_set_mode ######
###### davinci_get_cur_encoder ######
Start of vpbe_encoder_setmode..
###### dm365 = 1 ######
###### mode_info->std is 1 ######
###### mode is 576P-50 ######
</vpbe_encoder_setmode>
<vpbe_encoder_getmode>
<vpbe_encoder_getmode/>
###### davinci_enc_set_mode : next davinci_enc_set_mode ######
###### davinci_enc_set_mode_platform : next davinci_enc_priv_setmode ######
###### mode_show ######
###### davinci_enc_get_mode ######
###### davinci_get_cur_encoder ######
<vpbe_encoder_getmode>
<vpbe_encoder_getmode/>
###### davinci_enc_get_mode ######
###### davinci_get_cur_encoder ######
<vpbe_encoder_getmode>
<vpbe_encoder_getmode/>
###### davinci_enc_get_mode ######
###### davinci_get_cur_encoder ######
<vpbe_encoder_getmode>
<vpbe_encoder_getmode/>
###### davinci_enc_set_mode ######
###### davinci_get_cur_encoder ######
Start of vpbe_encoder_setmode..
###### dm365 = 1 ######
###### mode_info->std is 1 ######
###### mode is 576P-50 ######
</vpbe_encoder_setmode>
<vpbe_encoder_getmode>
<vpbe_encoder_getmode/>
###### davinci_enc_set_mode : next davinci_enc_set_mode ######
###### davinci_enc_set_mode_platform : next davinci_enc_priv_setmode ######
###### davinci_enc_get_mode ######
###### davinci_get_cur_encoder ######
<vpbe_encoder_getmode>
<vpbe_encoder_getmode/>
###### davinci_enc_get_mode ######
###### davinci_get_cur_encoder ######
<vpbe_encoder_getmode>
<vpbe_encoder_getmode/>
###### davinci_enc_get_mode ######
###### davinci_get_cur_encoder ######
<vpbe_encoder_getmode>
<vpbe_encoder_getmode/>
davinci_resizer davinci_resizer.2: RSZ_G_CONFIG:0:1:124
davinci_previewer davinci_previewer.2: ipipe_set_preview_config
davinci_previewer davinci_previewer.2: ipipe_set_preview_config
vpfe-capture vpfe-capture: IPIPE Chained
vpfe-capture vpfe-capture: Resizer present
dm365evm_enable_pca9543a
dm365evm_enable_pca9543a, status = -121
EVM: switch to HD imager video input
######vpfe_dev->current_subdev->is_camera.
-----Exposure time = 2f2############
v4l2_device_call_until_err sdinfo->grp_id : 4.
-----Exposure time = 2f2
vpfe-capture vpfe-capture: width = 1280, height = 720, bpp = 1
vpfe-capture vpfe-capture: adjusted width = 1280, height = 720, bpp = 1, bytesperline = 1280, sizeimage = 1382400
vpfe-capture vpfe-capture: width = 1280, height = 720, bpp = 1
vpfe-capture vpfe-capture: adjusted width = 1280, height = 720, bpp = 1, bytesperline = 1280, sizeimage = 1382400
ipipe_set_resizer, resizer - A enabled

四、与管道一起使用

• 参看：Linux系统中‘dmesg’命令处理故障和收集系统信息的7种用法

（1）列出加载到内核中的所有驱动

我们可以使用如‘more’。 ‘tail’, ‘less ’或者‘grep’文字处理工具来处理‘dmesg’命令的输出。由于dmesg日志的输出不适合在一页中完全显示，因此我们使用管道（pipe）将其输出送到more或者less命令单页显示。

[root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | more
[root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | less

输出：
[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
[    0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 
(Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6)
[    0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus:
[    0.000000]   Intel GenuineIntel
[    0.000000]   AMD AuthenticAMD
[    0.000000]   NSC Geode by NSC
[    0.000000]   Cyrix CyrixInstead
[    0.000000]   Centaur CentaurHauls
[    0.000000]   Transmeta GenuineTMx86
[    0.000000]   Transmeta TransmetaCPU
[    0.000000]   UMC UMC UMC UMC
[    0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000e0000000-0x00000000efffffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fec00000-0x00000000fed003ff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed20000-0x00000000fed9ffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fee00000-0x00000000feefffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ffb00000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved
[    0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active
.....

2、 列出所有被检测到的硬件

要显示所有被内核检测到的硬盘设备，你可以使用‘grep’命令搜索‘sda’关键词，如下：

[root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | grep sda

[    1.280971] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] 488281250 512-byte logical blocks: (250 GB/232 GiB)
[    1.281014] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off
[    1.281016] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00
[    1.281039] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
[    1.359585]  sda: sda1 sda2 < sda5 sda6 sda7 sda8 >
[    1.360052] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk
[    2.347887] EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
[   22.928440] Adding 3905532k swap on /dev/sda6.  Priority:-1 extents:1 across:3905532k FS
[   23.950543] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro
[   24.134016] EXT4-fs (sda5): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
[   24.330762] EXT4-fs (sda7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
[   24.561015] EXT4-fs (sda8): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)

注解： ‘sda’表示第一块 SATA硬盘，‘sdb’表示第二块SATA硬盘。若想查看IDE硬盘搜索‘hda’或‘hdb’关键词。

3、只输出dmesg命令的前20行日志

在‘dmesg’命令后跟随‘head’命令来显示开始几行，‘dmesg | head -20′命令将显示开始的前20行。

[root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | head  -20

[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
[    0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6)
[    0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus:
[    0.000000]   Intel GenuineIntel
[    0.000000]   AMD AuthenticAMD
[    0.000000]   NSC Geode by NSC
[    0.000000]   Cyrix CyrixInstead
[    0.000000]   Centaur CentaurHauls
[    0.000000]   Transmeta GenuineTMx86
[    0.000000]   Transmeta TransmetaCPU
[    0.000000]   UMC UMC UMC UMC
[    0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved

4、只输出dmesg命令最后20行日志

在‘dmesg’命令后跟随‘tail’命令（‘ dmesg | tail -20’）来输出‘dmesg’命令的最后20行日志，当你插入可移动设备时它是非常有用的。

[root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | tail -20

parport0: PC-style at 0x378, irq 7 [PCSPP,TRISTATE]
ppdev: user-space parallel port driver
EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode
Adding 2097144k swap on /dev/sda2.  Priority:-1 extents:1 across:2097144k
readahead-disable-service: delaying service auditd
ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team
nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (16384 buckets, 65536 max)
NET: Registered protocol family 10
lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions
e1000: eth0 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: None
Slow work thread pool: Starting up
Slow work thread pool: Ready
FS-Cache: Loaded
CacheFiles: Loaded
CacheFiles: Security denies permission to nominate security context: error -95
eth0: no IPv6 routers present
type=1305 audit(1398268784.593:18630): audit_enabled=0 old=1 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 res=1
readahead-collector: starting delayed service auditd
readahead-collector: sorting
readahead-collector: finished

5、搜索包含特定字符串的被检测到的硬件

由于‘dmesg’命令的输出实在太长了，在其中搜索某个特定的字符串是非常困难的。因此，有必要过滤出一些包含‘usb’ ‘dma’ ‘tty’ ‘memory’等字符串的日志行。grep 命令 的‘-i’选项表示忽略大小写。

[root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i usb
[root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i dma
[root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i tty
[root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i memory

输出：
[    0.000000] Scanning 1 areas for low memory corruption
[    0.000000] initial memory mapped: [mem 0x00000000-0x01ffffff]
[    0.000000] Base memory trampoline at [c009b000] 9b000 size 16384
[    0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00000000-0x000fffff]
[    0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37800000-0x379fffff]
[    0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x34000000-0x377fffff]
[    0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00100000-0x33ffffff]
[    0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37a00000-0x37bfdfff]
[    0.000000] Early memory node ranges
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009f000-0x000effff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000f0000-0x000fffff]
[    0.000000] please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups
[    0.000000] Memory: 2003288K/2059928K available (6352K kernel code, 607K rwdata, 2640K rodata, 880K init, 908K bss, 56640K reserved, 1146920K highmem)
[    0.000000] virtual kernel memory layout:
[    0.004291] Initializing cgroup subsys memory
[    0.004609] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 28K (c1a3e000 - c1a45000)
[    0.899622] Freeing initrd memory: 23616K (f51d0000 - f68e0000)
[    0.899813] Scanning for low memory corruption every 60 seconds
[    0.946323] agpgart-intel 0000:00:00.0: detected 32768K stolen memory
[    1.360318] Freeing unused kernel memory: 880K (c1962000 - c1a3e000)
[    1.429066] [drm] Memory usable by graphics device = 2048M

6、清空dmesg缓冲区日志

我们可以使用如下命令来清空dmesg的日志。该命令会清空dmesg环形缓冲区中的日志。但是你依然可以查看存储在‘/var/log/dmesg’文件中的日志。你连接任何的设备都会产生dmesg日志输出。

[root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg -c

7、实时监控dmesg日志输出

在某些发行版中可以使用命令‘tail -f /var/log/dmesg’来实时监控dmesg的日志输出。

[root@tecmint.com log]# watch "dmesg | tail -20"

结论： dmesg命令在系统dmesg记录实时更改或产生的情况下是非常有用的。你可以使用man dmesg来获取更多关于dmesg的信息。