CodeForces570B - Simple Game

最新推荐文章于 2018-09-28 22:03:48 发布
最新推荐文章于 2018-09-28 22:03:48 发布
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分类专栏： 算法与数学 文章标签： codeforces

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One day Misha and Andrew were playing a very simple game. First, each player chooses an integer in the range from 1 to n. Let's assume that Misha chose number m, and Andrew chose number a.

Then, by using a random generator they choose a random integer c in the range between 1 and n (any integer from 1 to n is chosen with the same probability), after which the winner is the player, whose number was closer to c. The boys agreed that if

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simple_game
03-21
简单人的简单游戏 场景类型 场景包含对象，角色，新场景的路径，描述等。 场景可以序列化和反序列化（请参见第2点） 场景在左移时序列化，在输入时反序列化 序列化 创建可序列化和可反序列化的对象 允许某人退出后继续游戏 允许我们使用反序列化来进入和离开场景。例如：检查文件是否存在，如果不存在，请从头开始创建新场景。 我们将为每个类使用一个抽象的序列化器例如： serialize(std::cout, Gun()); 可能的实现：拥有一个类似于以下内容的可序列化的抽象：b。与标准库集成。缺点需要为每种类型实现序列化器（除了std :: string，int，float等类型，因为标准库为您实现了这些序列化器） 参数解析器 提供了一种从文本中提取含义的简单方法 分割单词以允许文本中具有额外的空格（例如“ hi there”）。 使用近似字符串匹配来检测拼写错误并通知用户（例如“我不知道该命令。您的
1300*B. Simple Game（贪心&模拟）
陈进士学习的博客
10-31 63
【代码】1300*B. Simple Game（贪心&模拟）
Codeforces Round #316 (Div. 2)570B Simple Game(脑洞)
GKHack's Blog
08-14 1055
B. Simple Game time limit per test 1 second memory limit per test 256 megabytes input standard input output standard output One day Misha and Andrew were playing a very
Beginning 3D Game Development with Unity
12-28
Beginning 3D Game Development with Unity is perfect for those who would like to come to grips with programming Unity. You may be an artist who has learned 3D tools such as 3ds Max, Maya, or Cinema 4D, or you may come from 2D tools such as Photoshop and Illustrator. On the other hand, you may just want to familiarize yourself with programming games and the latest ideas in game production. This book introduces key game production concepts in an artist-friendly way, and rapidly teaches the basic scripting skills you'll need with Unity. It goes on to show how you, as an independent game artist, can create casual interactive adventure games in the style of Telltale's Tales of Monkey Island, while also giving you a firm foundation in game logic and design. * The first part of the book explains the logic involved in game interaction, and soon has you creating game assets through simple examples that you can build upon and gradually expand. * In the second part, you'll build the foundations of a point-and-click style first-person adventure game--including reusable state management scripts, load/save functionality, a robust inventory system, and a bonus feature: a dynamically configured maze and mini-map. * With the help of the provided 2D and 3D content, you'll learn to evaluate and deal with challenges in bite-sized pieces as the project progresses, gaining valuable problem-solving skills in interactive design. By the end of the book, you will be able to actively use the Unity 3D game engine, having learned the necessary workflows to utilize your own assets. You will also have an assortment of reusable scripts and art assets with which to build future games. What you'll learn * How to build interactive games that work on a variety of platforms * Take the tour around Unity user interface fundamentals, scripting and more * Create a test environment and gain control over functionality, cursor control, action objects, state management, object metadata, message text and more * What is inventory logic and how to manage it * How to handle 3D object visibility, effects and other special cases * How to handle variety of menus and levels in your games development * How to handle characters, scrollers, and more * How to create or integrate a story/walkthrough Who this book is for Students or artists familiar with tools such as 3ds Max or Maya who want to create games for mobile platforms, computers, or consoles, but with little or no experience in scripting or the logic behind games development. Table of Contents * Exploring the Genre * Unity UI--Basics and Getting Started * Scripting--Getting your Feet Wet * Terrain Generation--Creating a Test Environment * Navigation and Introduction to Functionality * Cursor Control * Action Objects * Managing State * Object Metadata * Message Text * Inventory Logic * Managing the Inventory * Finishing the Basic Functionality * Getting Down to the Game * Maze and Final Sequence * Menus and Levels * Beyond the Basics * Appendix A: Shader Graphs * Appendix B: Keyboard Key Names * Appendix C: Final Sequence Outline
Learning Unity Android Game Development
08-05
Chapter 1, Saying Hello to Unity and Android, explores the feature lists of the Android platform and the Unity 3D game engine and explains why they are great choices for development. We also cover the setting up of the development environment and create a simple Hello World application for your device and emulators. Chapter 2, Looking Good – The Graphical Interface, takes a detailed look at the graphical user interface. By creating a Tic-Tac-Toe game, you learn about the user interface while you make it pleasing to look at. Chapter 3, The Backbone of Any Game – Meshes, Materials, and Animations, explores how you can utilize meshes, materials, and animations in Unity. Through the creation of a Tank Battle game, we cover the core of what players will see when they play the game. Chapter 4, Setting the Stage – Camera Effects and Lighting, explains the camera effects and lighting options that are available in Unity. With the addition of shadows, lightmaps, distance fog, and a skybox, our Tank Battle environment becomes more dynamic. By utilizing special camera effects, we create extra feedback for players. Chapter 5, Getting Around – Pathfinding and AI, shows the creation of bile enemies in our Tank Battle game. We explore pathfinding and AI to give players a target that is more meaningful than a stationary dummy. Chapter 6, Specialities of the Mobile Device – Touch and Tilt, covers the features that make the modern mobile device special. We create a Monkey Ball-style game to understand the touch interface and tilt controls. Chapter 7, Throwing Your Weight Around – Physics and a 2D Camera, shows you how to create a clone of the Angry Birds game while taking a short break from the Monkey Ball game. Physics and Unity's 2D pipeline are also explored here. Chapter 8, Special Effects – Sound and Particles, returns us to the Monkey Ball game to add special effects. The inclusion of sound effects and particles allows us to create a more complete game experience. Chapter 9, Optimization, covers optimization in Unity 3D. We cover the benefits an
Codeforces 570B Simple Game 概率求解，简单数学思维
skyword的专栏
08-14 1065
题目描述了这么一个情景，给定一个范围 1~n ，两个人（简记为 a和b）各自随机选一个整数，然后再在1~n这个范围内随机找一个整数（1~n所有整数被选到的概率是相等的），这两个人谁选择的数更接近这个随机数谁就赢。 现在给出选数范围，给出其中一方（记做b）已经选好的数（记做m），问a应该选哪个数，才能使得a获胜的几率尽可能大？如果有不唯一的答案，就输出其最小值 画根数轴自己想象一下就明白了，如果
Codeforces 570B__Simple Game
Han_zhenyu的博客
08-20 425
链接请戳这里：Simple Game B. Simple Game time limit per test 1 second memory limit per test 256 megabytes input standard input output standard output One day Misha and And
CodeForces 570B Simple Game
Hzy_hzy_hzy的博客
07-13 323
#include//要想概率大就挨着放 int main(){ int n,m,ans; scanf("%d%d",&n,&m); if(n==1) {ans=1;printf("1\n");return 0;} if(n%2==0){ if(m<=n/2) ans=m+1; else ans=m-1; } e
YTU 3311Simple Game
xiaobubu2015的博客
09-28 328
问题 C: Simple Game 时间限制: 1 Sec  内存限制: 128 MB 提交: 76  解决: 20 [提交][状态][讨论版][命题人:acm4302] 题目描述 有一天Misha和Andrew正在玩一个非常简单的游戏。首先，每个玩家选择1到n范围内的整数。让我们假设Misha选择了数字m，Andrew选择了数字a。     然后，让我们通过使用随机生成器以相同的概率在...
cf 570B Simple Game 水题
一七得七
09-04 327
链接：点击打开链接 B. Simple Game time limit per test 1 second memory limit per test 256 megabytes input standard input output standard output One day Misha and Andrew were pl
Tricks of the Windows video Game Programming---part1
02-22
Tricks of the Windows video Game Programming<br><br>PART I Windows Programming Foundations 7<br>1 Journey into the Abyss 9<br>A Little History........................................................................................9<br>Designing Games ..................................................................................13<br>Types of Games ....................................................................................13<br>Brainstorming........................................................................................14<br>The Design Document and Storyboards................................................15<br>Making the Game Fun ..........................................................................16<br>The Components of a Game..................................................................16<br>Section 1: Initialization....................................................................17<br>Section 2: Enter Game Loop............................................................17<br>Section 3: Retrieve Player Input ......................................................17<br>Section 4: Perform AI and Game Logic ..........................................17<br>Section 5: Render Next Frame ........................................................18<br>Section 6: Synchronize Display ......................................................18<br>Section 7: Loop................................................................................18<br>Section 8: Shutdown ........................................................................18<br>General Game Programming Guidelines ..............................................21<br>Using Tools............................................................................................26<br>C/C++ Compilers ............................................................................26<br>2D Art Software................................................................................26<br>Sound Processing Software..............................................................26<br>3D Modelers ....................................................................................26<br>Music and MIDI Sequencing Programs ..........................................27<br>Setting Up to Get Down—Using the Compiler ....................................27<br>An Example: FreakOut..........................................................................29<br>Summary................................................................................................46<br>2 The Windows Programming Model 47<br>The Genesis of Windows ......................................................................48<br>Early Windows Versions ..................................................................48<br>Windows 3.x ....................................................................................48<br>Windows 95......................................................................................49<br>Windows 98......................................................................................50<br>Windows NT ....................................................................................50<br>Basic Windows Architecture:Win9X/NT........................................50<br>Multitasking and Multithreading ..........................................................51<br>Getting Info on the Threads ............................................................52<br>The Event Model..............................................................................53<br><br>0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page vi<br>vi<br>TRICKS OF THE WINDOWS GAME PROGRAMMING GURUS <br>Programming the Microsoft Way: Hungarian Notation........................55<br>Variable Naming ..............................................................................56<br>Function Naming..............................................................................56<br>Type and Constant Naming..............................................................57<br>Class Naming....................................................................................57<br>Parameter Naming............................................................................58<br>The World’s Simplest Windows Program..............................................58<br>It All Begins with <br>WinMain() ..........................................................59<br>Dissecting the Program....................................................................60<br>Choosing a Message Box ................................................................63<br>Real-World Windows Applications (Without Puck)..............................66<br>The Windows Class ..............................................................................66<br>Registering the Windows Class ............................................................74<br>Creating the Window ............................................................................75<br>The Event Handler ................................................................................77<br>The Main Event Loop............................................................................84<br>Making a Real-Time Event Loop..........................................................89<br>Opening More Windows........................................................................90<br>Summary................................................................................................93<br>3 Advanced Windows Programming 95<br>Using Resources....................................................................................96<br>Putting Your Resources Together ....................................................98<br>Using Icon Resources ......................................................................99<br>Using Cursor Resources ................................................................102<br>Creating String Table Resources....................................................106<br>Using Sound <br>.WAV Resources ........................................................108<br>Last, But Not Least—Using the Compiler to Create <br>.RC Files ....114<br>Working with Menus ..........................................................................116<br>Creating a Menu ............................................................................116<br>Loading a Menu..............................................................................119<br>Responding to Menu Event Messages ..........................................122<br>Introduction to GDI ............................................................................128<br>The <br>WM_PAINT Message Once Again ..............................................128<br>Video Display Basics and Color....................................................133<br>RGB and Palletized Modes............................................................135<br>Basic Text Printing ........................................................................137<br>Handling Important Events..................................................................143<br>Window Manipulation....................................................................143<br>Banging on the Keyboard ..............................................................150<br>Squeezing the Mouse......................................................................158<br>Sending Messages Yourself ................................................................161<br>Summary..............................................................................................163<br><br>0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page vii<br>vii<br>CONTENTS<br>4 Windows GDI, Controls, and Last-Minute Gift Ideas 165<br>Advanced GDI Graphics......................................................................166<br>Under the Hood with the Graphics Device Context......................166<br>Color, Pens, and Brushes................................................................167<br>Working with Pens ........................................................................168<br>Painting with Brushes ....................................................................172<br>Points, Lines, Polygons, and Circles ..................................................173<br>Straight to the Point........................................................................173<br>Getting a Line on Things................................................................175<br>Getting Rectangular........................................................................177<br>Round and Round She Goes—Circles ..........................................180<br>Polygon, Polygon,Wherefore Art Thou, Polygon? ......................181<br>More on Text and Fonts ......................................................................182<br>Timing Is Everything ..........................................................................184<br>The <br>WM_TIMER Message ..................................................................184<br>Low-Level Timing..........................................................................187<br>Playing with Controls..........................................................................190<br>Buttons............................................................................................191<br>Sending Messages to Child Controls ............................................195<br>Getting Information ............................................................................197<br>The T3D Game Console......................................................................205<br>Summary..............................................................................................210<br>PART II DirectX and 2D Fundamentals 211<br>5 DirectX Fundamentals and the Dreaded COM 213<br>DirectX Primer ....................................................................................214<br>The HEL and HAL ........................................................................216<br>The DirectX Foundation Classes in Depth ....................................216<br>COM: Is It the Work of Microsoft… or Demons?..............................218<br>What Exactly Is a COM Object?....................................................219<br>More on Interface IDs and GUIDs ................................................223<br>Building a Quasi-COM Object ......................................................224<br>A Quick Recap of COM ................................................................226<br>A Working COM Program ............................................................226<br>Working with DirectX COM Objects..................................................231<br>COM and Function Pointers ..........................................................232<br>Creating and Using DirectX Interfaces..........................................236<br>Querying for Interfaces..................................................................237<br>The Future of COM ............................................................................238<br>Summary..............................................................................................239<br><br>0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page viii<br>viii<br>TRICKS OF THE WINDOWS GAME PROGRAMMING GURUS <br>6 First Contact: DirectDraw 241<br>The Interfaces of DirectDraw..............................................................242<br>Interface Characteristics ................................................................242<br>Using the Interfaces Together ........................................................244<br>Creating a DirectDraw Object ............................................................245<br>Error Handling with DirectDraw....................................................246<br>Getting an Interface Lift ................................................................247<br>Cooperating with Windows ................................................................250<br>Getting into the Mode of Things ........................................................255<br>The Subtleties of Color........................................................................259<br>Building a Display Surface..................................................................263<br>Creating a Primary Surface............................................................264<br>Attaching the Palette......................................................................272<br>Plotting Pixels ................................................................................272<br>Cleaning Up....................................................................................284<br>Summary..............................................................................................285<br>7 Advanced DirectDraw and Bitmapped Graphics 287<br>Working with High-Color Modes........................................................288<br>16-Bit High-Color Mode................................................................289<br>Getting the Pixel Format................................................................290<br>24/32-Bit High-Color Mode ..........................................................299<br>Double Buffering ................................................................................301<br>Surface Dynamics................................................................................307<br>Page Flipping ......................................................................................311<br>Using the Blitter ..................................................................................317<br>Using the Blitter for Memory Filling ............................................320<br>Copying Bitmaps from Surface to Surface....................................328<br>Clipper Fundamentals..........................................................................332<br>Clipping Pixels to a Viewport ........................................................332<br>Clipping Bitmaps the Hard Way....................................................334<br>Making a DirectDraw Clip with <br>IDirectDrawClipper..................339<br>Working with Bitmaps ........................................................................345<br>Loading <br>.BMP files..........................................................................345<br>Working with Bitmaps....................................................................352<br>Loading an 8-Bit Bitmap................................................................353<br>Loading a 16-Bit Bitmap................................................................354<br>Loading a 24-Bit Bitmap................................................................355<br>Last Word on Bitmaps....................................................................356<br>Offscreen Surfaces ..............................................................................356<br>Creating Offscreen Surfaces ..........................................................356<br>Blitting Offscreen Surfaces............................................................358<br>Setting Up the Blitter......................................................................359<br>Color Keys......................................................................................360<br>Source Color Keying......................................................................361<br><br>0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page ix<br>ix<br>CONTENTS<br>Destination Color Keying ..............................................................364<br>Using the Blitter (Finally!) ............................................................365<br>Bitmap Rotation and Scaling ..............................................................366<br>Discrete Sampling Theory ..................................................................368<br>Color Effects........................................................................................373<br>Color Animation in 256-Color Modes ..........................................373<br>Color Rotation in 256-Color Modes..............................................379<br>Tricks with RGB Modes ................................................................381<br>Manual Color Transforms and Lookup Tables....................................381<br>The New DirectX Color and Gamma Controls Interface....................382<br>Mixing GDI and DirectX ....................................................................383<br>Getting the Lowdown on DirectDraw ................................................386<br>The Main DirectDraw Object ........................................................386<br>Surfing on Surfaces........................................................................388<br>Playing with Palettes......................................................................389<br>Using DirectDraw in Windowed Modes..............................................390<br>Drawing Pixels in a Window..........................................................392<br>Finding the Real Client Area (51)..................................................395<br>Clipping a DirectX Window ..........................................................397<br>Working with 8-Bit Windowed Modes..........................................398<br>Summary..............................................................................................400<br>8 Vector Rasterization and 2D Transformations 401<br>Drawing Lines......................................................................................402<br>Bresenham’s Algorithm..................................................................403<br>Speeding Up the Algorithm............................................................409<br>Basic 2D Clipping................................................................................411<br>Computing the Intersection of Two Lines Using the Point <br>Slope Form ..................................................................................413<br>Computing the Intersection of Two Lines Using <br>the General Form ........................................................................416<br>Computing the Intersection of Two Lines Using <br>the Matrix Form ..........................................................................416<br>Clipping the Line............................................................................419<br>The Cohen-Sutherland Algorithm..................................................420<br>Wireframe Polygons............................................................................427<br>Polygon Data Structures ................................................................428<br>Drawing and Clipping Polygons....................................................430<br>Transformations in the 2D Plane ........................................................432<br>Translation......................................................................................433<br>Rotation..........................................................................................435<br>Scaling............................................................................................445<br>Introduction to Matrices......................................................................446<br>The Identity Matrix........................................................................448<br>Matrix Addition..............................................................................449<br><br>0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page x<br>x<br>TRICKS OF THE WINDOWS GAME PROGRAMMING GURUS <br>Matrix Multiplication ....................................................................449<br>Transformations Using Matrices....................................................452<br>Translation ..........................................................................................454<br>Scaling..................................................................................................455<br>Rotation................................................................................................455<br>Solid Filled Polygons ..........................................................................458<br>Types of Triangles and Quadrilaterals............................................459<br>Drawing Triangles and Quadrilaterals............................................461<br>Triangular Deconstruction Details ................................................464<br>The General Case of Rasterizing a Quadrilateral..........................472<br>Triangulating Quads ......................................................................473<br>Collision Detection with Polygons......................................................478<br>Proximity AKA Bounding Sphere/Circle ......................................478<br>Bounding Box ................................................................................481<br>Point Containment..........................................................................484<br>More on Timing and Synchronization ................................................486<br>Scrolling and Panning..........................................................................488<br>Page Scrolling Engines ..................................................................488<br>Homogeneous Tile Engines............................................................489<br>Sparse Bitmap Tile Engines ..........................................................494<br>Fake 3D Isometric Engines..................................................................496<br>Method 1: Cell-Based, Totally 2D ................................................496<br>Method 2: Full-Screen-Based, with 2D or 3D <br>Collision Networks......................................................................498<br>Method 3: Using Full 3D Math, with a Fixed Camera View ........500<br>The T3DLIB1 Library ........................................................................500<br>The Engine Architecture ................................................................500<br>Basic Definitions............................................................................501<br>Working Macros ............................................................................502<br>Data Types and Structures..............................................................503<br>Global Domination ........................................................................506<br>The DirectDraw Interface ..............................................................507<br>2D Polygon Functions....................................................................511<br>2D Graphic Primitives....................................................................513<br>Math and Error Functions..............................................................517<br>Bitmap Functions............................................................................519<br>Palette Functions............................................................................522<br>Utility Functions ............................................................................525<br>The BOB (Blitter Object) Engine........................................................527<br>Summary..............................................................................................535<br>9 Uplinking with DirectInput and Force Feedback 537<br>The Input Loop Revisited....................................................................538<br>DirectInput Overture............................................................................539<br>The Components of DirectInput ....................................................541<br>The General Steps for Setting Up DirectInput ..............................542<br><br>0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page xi<br>xi<br>CONTENTS<br>Data Acquisition Modes ................................................................544<br>Creating the Main DirectInput Object............................................544<br>The 101-Key Control Pad ..............................................................546<br>Problem During Reading: Reacquisition........................................554<br>Trapping the Mouse........................................................................556<br>Working the Joystick......................................................................561<br>Massaging Your Input ....................................................................576<br>Going Deeper with Force Feedback....................................................579<br>The Physics of Force Feedback......................................................580<br>Setting Up Force Feedback............................................................580<br>A Force Feedback Demo................................................................581<br>Writing a Generalized Input System:<br>T3DLIB2.CPP ............................582<br>The T3D Library at a Glance ........................................................588<br>Summary..............................................................................................588<br>10 Sounding Off with DirectSound and DirectMusic 589<br>Sound Programming on the PC ..........................................................589<br>And Then There Was Sound…............................................................590<br>Digital versus MIDI—Sounds Great, Less Filling..............................594<br>Digital Sound—Let the Bits Begin................................................594<br>Synthesized Sound and MIDI........................................................596<br>It’s MIDI Time!..............................................................................597<br>Sound Hardware..................................................................................598<br>Wave Table Synthesis ....................................................................598<br>Wave Guide Synthesis....................................................................598<br>Digital Recording: Tools and Techniques............................................599<br>Recording Sounds ..........................................................................600<br>Processing Your Sounds ................................................................600<br>DirectSound on the Mic ......................................................................601<br>Starting Up DirectSound......................................................................602<br>Understanding the Cooperation Level............................................604<br>Setting the Cooperation Level........................................................605<br>Primary and Secondary Sound Buffers ..............................................606<br>Working with Secondary Buffers ..................................................606<br>Creating Secondary Sound Buffers................................................607<br>Writing Data to Secondary Buffers................................................610<br>Rendering Sounds................................................................................612<br>Playing a Sound..............................................................................612<br>Stopping a Sound............................................................................612<br>Controlling the Volume..................................................................612<br>Freaking with the Frequency..........................................................613<br>Panning in 3D ................................................................................614<br>Making DirectSound Talk Back..........................................................614<br>Reading Sounds from Disk..................................................................616<br>The <br>.WAV Format ............................................................................616<br>Reading <br>.WAV Files ........................................................................617<br><br>0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page xii<br>xii<br>TRICKS OF THE WINDOWS GAME PROGRAMMING GURUS <br>DirectMusic: The Great Experiment ..................................................622<br>DirectMusic Architecture ....................................................................622<br>Starting Up DirectMusic......................................................................624<br>Initializing COM............................................................................624<br>Creating the Performance ..............................................................625<br>Adding a Port to the Performance..................................................626<br>Loading a MIDI Segment....................................................................626<br>Creating the Loader........................................................................627<br>Loading the MIDI File ..................................................................627<br>Manipulating MIDI Segments ............................................................630<br>Playing a MIDI Segment................................................................630<br>Stopping a MIDI Segment..............................................................631<br>Checking the Status of a MIDI Segment ......................................631<br>Releasing a MIDI Segment............................................................631<br>Shutting Down DirectMusic ..........................................................631<br>A Little DirectMusic Example ......................................................632<br>The <br>T3DLIB3 Sound and Music Library ..............................................632<br>The Header ....................................................................................633<br>The Types ......................................................................................633<br>Global Domination ........................................................................634<br>The DirectSound API Wrapper......................................................635<br>The DirectMusic API Rapper—Get It?..........................................640<br>Summary..............................................................................................643<br>PART III Hard Core Game Programming 645<br>11 Algorithms, Data Structures, Memory Management, <br>and Multithreading 647<br>Data Structures ....................................................................................648<br>Static Structures and Arrays ..........................................................648<br>Linked Lists....................................................................................649<br>Algorithmic Analysis ..........................................................................657<br>Recursion ............................................................................................659<br>Trees ....................................................................................................662<br>Building BSTs................................................................................666<br>Searching BSTs..............................................................................668<br>Optimization Theory............................................................................671<br>Using Your Head ............................................................................671<br>Mathematical Tricks ......................................................................672<br>Fixed-Point Math............................................................................673<br>Unrolling the Loop ........................................................................677<br>Look-Up Tables..............................................................................678<br>Assembly Language ......................................................................679<br>Making Demos ....................................................................................680<br>Prerecorded Demos........................................................................680<br>AI-Controlled Demos ....................................................................682<br><br>0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page xiii<br>xiii<br>CONTENTS<br>Strategies for Saving the Game ..........................................................682<br>Implementing Multiple Players ..........................................................683<br>Taking Turns ..................................................................................683<br>Split-Screen Setups ........................................................................684<br>Multithreaded Programming Techniques ............................................685<br>Multithreaded Programming Terminology ....................................686<br>Why Use Threads in a Game?........................................................687<br>Conjuring a Thread from the Plasma Pool ....................................689<br>Sending Messages from Thread to Thread ....................................697<br>Waiting for the Right Moment ......................................................702<br>Multithreading and DirectX ..........................................................709<br>Advanced Multithreading ..............................................................711<br>Summary..............................................................................................711<br>12 Making Silicon Think with Artificial Intelligence 713<br>Artificial Intelligence Primer ..............................................................714<br>Deterministic AI Algorithms................................................................715<br>Random Motion..............................................................................716<br>Tracking Algorithms ......................................................................717<br>Anti-Tracking: Evasion Algorithms ..............................................722<br>Patterns and Basic Control Scripting ..................................................722<br>Basic Patterns ................................................................................723<br>Patterns with Conditional Logic Processing..................................727<br>Modeling Behavioral State Systems....................................................729<br>Elementary State Machines............................................................730<br>Adding More Robust Behaviors with Personality..........................734<br>Modeling Memory and Learning with Software ................................736<br>Planning and Decision Trees ..............................................................740<br>Coding Plans ..................................................................................742<br>Implementing a Real Planner ........................................................745<br>Pathfinding ..........................................................................................747<br>Trial and Error................................................................................748<br>Contour Tracing..............................................................................749<br>Collision Avoidance Tracks............................................................749<br>Waypoint Pathfinding ....................................................................750<br>A Racing Example..........................................................................753<br>Robust Pathfinding ........................................................................754<br>Advanced AI Scripting ........................................................................759<br>Designing the Scripting Language ................................................759<br>Using the C/C++ Compiler............................................................762<br>Artificial Neural Networks..................................................................767<br>Genetic Algorithms..............................................................................770<br>Fuzzy Logic ........................................................................................772<br>Normal Set Theory ........................................................................773<br>Fuzzy Set Theory............................................................................774<br><br>0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page xiv<br>xiv<br>TRICKS OF THE WINDOWS GAME PROGRAMMING GURUS <br>Fuzzy Linguistic Variables and Rules............................................776<br>Fuzzy Manifolds and Membership ................................................779<br>Fuzzy Associative Matrices............................................................783<br>Processing the FAM with the Fuzzified Inputs..............................787<br>Warm and Fuzzy ............................................................................794<br>Building Real AI for Games................................................................794<br>Summary..............................................................................................795<br>13 Playing God: Basic Physics Modeling 797<br>Fundamental Laws of Physics ............................................................798<br>Mass (m) ........................................................................................799<br>Time (t) ..........................................................................................799<br>Position (s)......................................................................................800<br>Velocity (v) ....................................................................................802<br>Acceleration (a)..............................................................................804<br>Force (F) ........................................................................................807<br>Forces in Higher Dimensions ........................................................808<br>Momentum (P)................................................................................809<br>The Physics of Linear Momentum: Conservation and Transfer ........810<br>Modeling Gravity Effects....................................................................813<br>Modeling a Gravity Well................................................................815<br>Modeling Projectile Trajectories....................................................818<br>The Evil Head of Friction....................................................................821<br>Basic Friction Concepts..................................................................821<br>Friction on an Inclined Plane (Advanced) ....................................823<br>Basic Ad Hoc Collision Response ......................................................828<br>Simple x,y Bounce Physics............................................................828<br>Computing the Collision Response with Planes of <br>Any Orientation ..........................................................................830<br>An Example of Vector Reflection..................................................834<br>Intersection of Line Segments........................................................835<br>Real 2D Object-to-Object Collision Response (Advanced)................841<br>Resolving the n-t Coordinate System..................................................846<br>Simple Kinematics ..............................................................................853<br>Solving the Forward Kinematic Problem ......................................854<br>Solving the Inverse Kinematic Problem ........................................858<br>Particle Systems ..................................................................................859<br>What Every Particle Needs ............................................................859<br>Designing a Particle Engine ..........................................................860<br>The Particle Engine Software ........................................................861<br>Generating the Initial Conditions ..................................................866<br>Putting the Particle System Together ............................................869<br>Playing God: Constructing Physics Models for Games......................870<br>Data Structures for Physics Modeling............................................870<br>Frame-Based Versus Time-Based Modeling..................................871<br>Summary..............................................................................................873<br><br>0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page xv<br>xv<br>CONTENTS<br>14 Putting It All Together: You Got Game! 875<br>The Initial Design of Outpost..............................................................876<br>The Story........................................................................................876<br>Designing the Gameplay................................................................877<br>The Tools Used to Write the Game ....................................................877<br>The Game Universe: Scrolling in Space..............................................878<br>The Player’s Ship: “The Wraith” ........................................................880<br>The Asteroid Field ..............................................................................882<br>The Enemies........................................................................................884<br>The Outposts ..................................................................................885<br>The Predator Mines........................................................................886<br>The Gunships..................................................................................888<br>The Power-Ups....................................................................................891<br>The HUDS ..........................................................................................892<br>The Particle System ............................................................................896<br>Playing the Game ................................................................................896<br>Compiling Outpost ..............................................................................897<br>Compilation Files ..........................................................................897<br>Runtime Files..................................................................................898<br>Epilogue ..............................................................................................898<br>P<br>ART IV Appendixes 901<br>A What’s on the CD 903<br>B Installing DirectX and Using the C/C++ Compiler 907<br>Using the C/C++ Compiler..................................................................908<br>C Math and Trigonometry Review 911<br>Trigonometry ......................................................................................911<br>Vectors..................................................................................................915<br>Vector Length ................................................................................916<br>Normalization ................................................................................917<br>Scalar Multiplication......................................................................917<br>Vector Addition ..............................................................................918<br>Vector Subtraction..........................................................................919<br>The Inner Product, or the “Dot” Product ......................................919<br>The Cross Product..........................................................................921<br>The Zero Vector..............................................................................923<br>Position Vectors..............................................................................923<br>Vectors as Linear Combinations ....................................................924<br><br>0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page xvi<br>xvi<br>TRICKS OF THE WINDOWS GAME PROGRAMMING GURUS <br>D C++ Primer 925<br>What Is C++? ......................................................................................925<br>The Minimum You Need to Know About C++ ..................................928<br>New Types, Keywords, and Conventions............................................929<br>Comments ......................................................................................929<br>Constants........................................................................................929<br>Referential Variables ......................................................................929<br>Creating Variables On-the-Fly........................................................930<br>Memory Management..........................................................................931<br>Stream I/O............................................................................................932<br>Classes..................................................................................................934<br>The New Struct in Town ................................................................934<br>Just a Simple Class ........................................................................935<br>Public Versus Private......................................................................936<br>Class Member Functions (A.K.A. Methods) ................................937<br>Constructors and Destructors ........................................................938<br>Writing a Constructor ....................................................................939<br>Writing a Destructor ......................................................................941<br>The Scope Resolution Operator ..........................................................943<br>Function and Operator Overloading....................................................945<br>Summary..............................................................................................947<br>E Game Programming Resources 949<br>Game Programming Sites....................................................................949<br>Download Points..................................................................................950<br>2D/3D Engines ....................................................................................950<br>Game Programming Books..................................................................951<br>Microsoft DirectX Multimedia Exposition..........................................951<br>Usenet Newsgroups ............................................................................951<br>Keeping Up with the Industry: Blues News........................................952<br>Game Development Magazines ..........................................................952<br>Game Web Site Developers ................................................................953<br>Xtreme Games LLC ............................................................................953<br>F ASCII Tables 955<br>Index 961
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