对于mmap函数错误的理解

今天在练习韦东山老师的第三期项目的时候出现了一个错误，在mmap中总是出现Can't mmap 也就是内存映射之后的返回值为(unsigned char *)-1.
找了很久终于解决了问题，出现问题的原因是因为在获取 设备数据的时候出现了错误，导致mmap中的参数出现问题。在这里我不会几下我到底出现了什么样的问题，我在这里会记录下解决的方法，以此可以推广遇到其他的问题的解决上面。

在一些Linux下的api调用的时候会出现哪一些错误，就类似mmap出现错误一样，调用失败的时候会返回一个值，但是我们总是不会知道到底真正的原因是什么，只是知道在这个地方出现了问题。Linux为了解决调用失败更方便解决问题，就提供了一个非常有用的工具，这个工具就是errno这个变量。  errno这个变量在#inlcude <errno.h> 中。当程序包含这个头文件时，然后每一次调用失败的时候，系统就会自动的用错误代码填充errno这个变量，这样只需要读取errno这个变量就可以分析失败的原因了。
例如：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h> 
int main(void)
{
int   fd;
extern int errno;
if((fd =open("/dev/dsp",O_WRONLY)) < 0)
{
   printf("errno=%d\n",errno); 
char * mesg = strerror(errno);
   printf("Mesg:%s\n",mesg); 
}

exit(0);
}
dsp设备忙的话将输出如下：
errno=16
Mesg:Device or resource busy

    就会返回相应的值代表出现错误的类型，
    下面罗列常见的一些错误类型：

#ifndef _I386_ERRNO_H
#define _I386_ERRNO_H
#define EPERM   1 /* Operation not permitted */
#define ENOENT   2 /* No such file or directory */
#define ESRCH   3 /* No such process */
#define EINTR   4 /* Interrupted system call */
#define EIO       5 /* I/O error */
#define ENXIO   6 /* No such device or address */
#define E2BIG   7 /* Arg list too long */
#define ENOEXEC   8 /* Exec format error */
#define EBADF   9 /* Bad file number */
#define ECHILD 10 /* No child processes */
#define EAGAIN 11 /* Try again */
#define ENOMEM 12 /* Out of memory */
#define EACCES 13 /* Permission denied */
#define EFAULT 14 /* Bad address */
#define ENOTBLK 15 /* Block device required */
#define EBUSY 16 /* Device or resource busy */
#define EEXIST 17 /* File exists */
#define EXDEV 18 /* Cross-device link */
#define ENODEV 19 /* No such device */
#define ENOTDIR 20 /* Not a directory */
#define EISDIR 21 /* Is a directory */
#define EINVAL 22 /* Invalid argument */
#define ENFILE 23 /* File table overflow */
#define EMFILE 24 /* Too many open files */
#define ENOTTY 25 /* Not a typewriter */
#define ETXTBSY 26 /* Text file busy */
#define EFBIG 27 /* File too large */
#define ENOSPC 28 /* No space left on device */
#define ESPIPE 29 /* Illegal seek */
#define EROFS 30 /* Read-only file system */
#define EMLINK 31 /* Too many links */
#define EPIPE 32 /* Broken pipe */
#define EDOM 33 /* Math argument out of domain of func */
#define ERANGE 34 /* Math result not representable */
#define EDEADLK 35 /* Resource deadlock would occur */
#define ENAMETOOLONG 36 /* File name too long */
#define ENOLCK 37 /* No record locks available */
#define ENOSYS 38 /* Function not implemented */
#define ENOTEMPTY 39 /* Directory not empty */
#define ELOOP 40 /* Too many symbolic links encountered */
#define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN /* Operation would block */
#define ENOMSG 42 /* No message of desired type */
#define EIDRM 43 /* Identifier removed */
#define ECHRNG 44 /* Channel number out of range */
#define EL2NSYNC 45 /* Level 2 not synchronized */
#define EL3HLT 46 /* Level 3 halted */
#define EL3RST 47 /* Level 3 reset */
#define ELNRNG 48 /* Link number out of range */
#define EUNATCH 49 /* Protocol driver not attached */
#define ENOCSI 50 /* No CSI structure available */
#define EL2HLT 51 /* Level 2 halted */
#define EBADE 52 /* Invalid exchange */
#define EBADR 53 /* Invalid request descriptor */
#define EXFULL 54 /* Exchange full */
#define ENOANO 55 /* No anode */
#define EBADRQC 56 /* Invalid request code */
#define EBADSLT 57 /* Invalid slot */
#define EDEADLOCK EDEADLK
#define EBFONT 59 /* Bad font file format */
#define ENOSTR 60 /* Device not a stream */
#define ENODATA 61 /* No data available */
#define ETIME 62 /* Timer expired */
#define ENOSR 63 /* Out of streams resources */
#define ENONET 64 /* Machine is not on the network */
#define ENOPKG 65 /* Package not installed */
#define EREMOTE 66 /* Object is remote */
#define ENOLINK 67 /* Link has been severed */
#define EADV 68 /* Advertise error */
#define ESRMNT 69 /* Srmount error */
#define ECOMM 70 /* Communication error on send */
#define EPROTO 71 /* Protocol error */
#define EMULTIHOP 72 /* Multihop attempted */
#define EDOTDOT 73 /* RFS specific error */
#define EBADMSG 74 /* Not a data message */
#define EOVERFLOW 75 /* Value too large for defined data type */
#define ENOTUNIQ 76 /* Name not unique on network */
#define EBADFD 77 /* File descriptor in bad state */
#define EREMCHG 78 /* Remote address changed */
#define ELIBACC 79 /* Can not access a needed shared library */
#define ELIBBAD 80 /* Accessing a corrupted shared library */
#define ELIBSCN 81 /* .lib section in a.out corrupted */
#define ELIBMAX 82 /* Attempting to link in too many shared libraries */
#define ELIBEXEC 83 /* Cannot exec a shared library directly */
#define EILSEQ 84 /* Illegal byte sequence */
#define ERESTART 85 /* Interrupted system call should be restarted */
#define ESTRPIPE 86 /* Streams pipe error */
#define EUSERS 87 /* Too many users */
#define ENOTSOCK 88 /* Socket operation on non-socket */
#define EDESTADDRREQ 89 /* Destination address required */
#define EMSGSIZE 90 /* Message too long */
#define EPROTOTYPE 91 /* Protocol wrong type for socket */
#define ENOPROTOOPT 92 /* Protocol not available */
#define EPROTONOSUPPORT 93 /* Protocol not supported */
#define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 94 /* Socket type not supported */
#define EOPNOTSUPP 95 /* Operation not supported on transport endpoint */
#define EPFNOSUPPORT 96 /* Protocol family not supported */
#define EAFNOSUPPORT 97 /* Address family not supported by protocol */
#define EADDRINUSE 98 /* Address already in use */
#define EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 /* Cannot assign requested address */
#define ENETDOWN 100 /* Network is down */
#define ENETUNREACH 101 /* Network is unreachable */
#define ENETRESET 102 /* Network dropped connection because of reset */
#define ECONNABORTED 103 /* Software caused connection abort */
#define ECONNRESET 104 /* Connection reset by peer */
#define ENOBUFS 105 /* No buffer space available */
#define EISCONN 106 /* Transport endpoint is already connected */
#define ENOTCONN 107 /* Transport endpoint is not connected */
#define ESHUTDOWN 108 /* Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown */
#define ETOOMANYREFS 109 /* Too many references: cannot splice */
#define ETIMEDOUT 110 /* Connection timed out */
#define ECONNREFUSED 111 /* Connection refused */
#define EHOSTDOWN 112 /* Host is down */
#define EHOSTUNREACH 113 /* No route to host */
#define EALREADY 114 /* Operation already in progress */
#define EINPROGRESS 115 /* Operation now in progress */
#define ESTALE 116 /* Stale NFS file handle */
#define EUCLEAN 117 /* Structure needs cleaning */
#define ENOTNAM 118 /* Not a XENIX named type file */
#define ENAVAIL 119 /* No XENIX semaphores available */
#define EISNAM 120 /* Is a named type file */
#define EREMOTEIO 121 /* Remote I/O error */
#define EDQUOT 122 /* Quota exceeded */
#define ENOMEDIUM 123 /* No medium found */
#define EMEDIUMTYPE 124 /* Wrong medium type */
#endif

    还有一些mmap出现常见的错误类型：

EACCES：访问出错

EAGAIN：文件已被锁定，或者太多的内存已被锁定

EBADF：fd不是有效的文件描述词

EINVAL：一个或者多个参数无效 这里的参数常指的是start len        offset 但是按照unlinx高级环境编程中描述，start一般会被命名为null的空指针，这样告诉内核自己去选择起始地址，offset一般情况下设置为；那么出现这个问题通常就是len出错了，那么可以用printf大法来找到具体的错误。

ENFILE：已达到系统对打开文件的限制

ENODEV：指定文件所在的文件系统不支持内存映射

ENOMEM：内存不足，或者进程已超出最大内存映射数量

EPERM：权能不足，操作不允许

ETXTBSY：已写的方式打开文件，同时指定MAP_DENYWRITE标志

SIGSEGV：试着向只读区写入

SIGBUS：试着访问不属于进程的内存区