HDU 5446 Unknown Treasure(lucas定理+中国剩余定理)——2015 ACM/ICPC Asia Regional Changchun Online

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 HDU 5446 Unknown Treasure

Accept: 0    Submit: 0
Time Limit: 1500/1000 MS (Java/Others)    Memory Limit: 131072/131072 K (Java/Others)

 Problem Description

On the way to the next secret treasure hiding place, the mathematician discovered a cave unknown to the map. The mathematician entered the cave because it is there. Somewhere deep in the cave, she found a treasure chest with a combination lock and some numbers on it. After quite a research, the mathematician found out that the correct combination to the lock would be obtained by calculating how many ways are there to pick m different apples among n of them and modulo it with M. M is the product of several different primes.

 Input

On the first line there is an integer T(T≤20) representing the number of test cases.

Each test case starts with three integers n,m,k(1≤m≤n≤10^18,1≤k≤10) on a line where k is the number of primes. Following on the next line are k different primes p1,...,pk. It is guaranteed that M=p1⋅p2⋅⋅⋅pk≤10^18 and pi≤10^5 for every i∈{1,...,k}.

 Output

For each test case output the correct combination on a line.

 Sample Input

1
9 5 2
3 5

 Sample Output

6

 Problem Idea

解题思路:

【题意】
求解,M为k个不同质数的乘积

【类型】
lucas定理+中国剩余定理

【分析】
由于M为k个不同质数的乘积

所以M不一定为质数,这就导致我们无法直接使用lucas定理来求解组合数取模

那我们该怎么办呢?

先来回顾一下中国剩余定理

我们知道,对于一元模线性方程组

它的解可以写成x=a+kb(k≥0)的形式,并且

再回过头来看这道题,

在lucas定理不能直接使用的情况下,我们是否能够缩小,使得模运算可以直接计算呢?

答案显然是可以的

我们可以通过中国剩余定理,将缩小为等价的一元模线性方程组的最小解,这样就可以直接取模了

所以题目到此就转化为了求一元模线性方程组的最小解,即a

那么等价的一元模线性方程组是多少呢?如下:

于是乎,此题到此结束

【时间复杂度&&优化】

题目链接→HDU 5446 Unknown Treasure

 Source Code

/*Sherlock and Watson and Adler*/
#pragma comment(linker, "/STACK:1024000000,1024000000")
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<queue>
#include<stack>
#include<math.h>
#include<vector>
#include<map>
#include<set>
#include<bitset>
#include<cmath>
#include<complex>
#include<string>
#include<algorithm>
#include<iostream>
#define eps 1e-9
#define LL long long
#define PI acos(-1.0)
#define bitnum(a) __builtin_popcount(a)
using namespace std;
const int N = 15;
const int M = 100005;
const int inf = 1000000007;
const int mod = 7;
__int64 quick_mod(__int64 a,__int64 b,__int64 p)
{
    __int64 ans=1;
    a%=p;
    while(b)
    {
        if(b&1)
        {
            ans=ans*a%p;
            b--;
        }
        b>>=1;
        a=a*a%p;
    }
    return ans;
}
__int64 C(__int64 n,__int64 m,__int64 p)
{
    if(m>n) return 0;
    __int64 ans=1;
    for(int i=1;i<=m;i++)
    {
        __int64 a=(n+i-m)%p;
        __int64 b=i%p;
        ans=ans*(a*quick_mod(b,p-2,p)%p)%p;
    }
    return ans;
}
__int64 Lucas(__int64 n,__int64 m,__int64 p)
{
    if(m==0) return 1;
    return C(n%p,m%p,p)*Lucas(n/p,m/p,p)%p;
}
int group;
LL n[N],a[N];
LL Egcd(LL a,LL b,LL &x,LL &y)
{
    if(b==0)
    {
        x=1,y=0;
        return a;
    }
    LL d,tp;
    d=Egcd(b,a%b,x,y);
    tp=x;
    x=y;
    y=tp-a/b*y;
    return d;
}
LL solve()
{
    int i;
    bool flag = false;
    LL n1 = n[0], n2, b1 = a[0], b2, bb, d, t, k, x, y;
    for (i = 1; i < group; i++)
    {
        n2 = n[i], b2 = a[i];
        bb = b2 - b1;
        d = Egcd (n1, n2, x, y);
        if (bb % d)     //模线性解k1时发现无解
        {
            flag = true;
            break;
        }
        k = bb / d * x;    //相当于求上面所说的k1【模线性方程】
        t = n2 / d;
        if (t < 0) t = -t;
        k = (k % t + t) % t;    //相当于求上面的K`
        b1 = b1 + n1*k;
        n1 = n1 / d * n2;
    }
    if(flag)
        return -1;     //无解
/******************求正整数解******************/
    if(b1==0)    //如果解为0，而题目要正整数解，显然不行
        b1=n1;    //n1刚好为所有ni的最小公倍数，就是解了
/******************求正整数解******************/
    return b1;    //形成的解：b1, b1+n1, b1+2n1,..., b1+xni...
}
int main()
{
    int i,t;
    __int64 p,q,M;
    scanf("%d",&t);
    while(t--)
    {
        M=1;
        scanf("%I64d%I64d%d",&p,&q,&group);
        for(i=0;i<group;i++)
        {
            scanf("%I64d",&n[i]);
            M*=n[i];
            a[i]=Lucas(p,q,n[i]);
        }
        printf ("%I64d\n",solve()%M);
    }
    return 0;
}

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